特朗普在11月8日美国大选中获得了第45任美国总统职位入主白宫。本周三(11月9日)大选失败的希拉里及其竞选团队举行了迟到的“承认失败”演讲。

　　希拉里表示，大选失败的确是非常痛苦的结果，她承认这种痛苦将会持续很长时间。她向年轻人提出建议，尽管人生中总有失败，但为了理想，为了自己认为正确的事业而奋斗绝对值得。我们需要带着开放心态给予特朗普领导的机会。

 

　　Hillary Clinton’s concession speech 2016

　　CLINTON: Thank you. Thank you all. Thank you.

　　希拉里：谢谢，谢谢你们!谢谢!

 

　　Thank you all very much. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you so much.

　　谢谢，非常感谢你们!谢谢!

 

　　Very rowdy group. Thank you, my friends. Thank you. Thank you, thank you so very much for being here and I love you all, too.

　　谢谢你们的欢呼和掌声!感谢你们，我的朋友们!谢谢!非常感谢你们与我一同在此!我也爱你们!

 

　　Last night, I congratulated Donald Trump and offered to work with him on behalf of our country. I hope that he will be a successful president for all Americans. This is not the outcome we wanted or we worked so hard for and I’m sorry that we did not win this election for the values we share and the vision we hold for our country.

　　我已于昨晚祝贺唐纳德·特朗普成功当选总统，并且主动提出与他共事，一同为这个国家服务。我希望他能成为一名成功的总统，一位服务所有美国人的总统。我们为这次竞选付出了艰苦卓绝的努力，却没有得到我们想要的结果。对此，我感到非常抱歉。我们没有凭借所认可的价值观和为美国设计的愿景而赢得这次选举。

 

　　But I feel pride and gratitude for this wonderful campaign that we built together, this vast, diverse, creative, unruly, energized campaign. You represent the best of America and being your candidate has been one of the greatest honors of my life.

　　但是，我们共同创造了一次无与伦比的竞选活动，对此我深感骄傲，并心存感激。这次竞选活动涉及范围广阔、富有变化、别出新意、灵活多变、并且充满活力。在你们身上能看到美国人最优秀的品质，而能够成为你们的候选人是我这辈子最大的荣耀之一。

 

　　I know how disappointed you feel because I feel it too, and so do tens of millions of Americans who invested their hopes and dreams in this effort. This is painful and it will be for a long time, but I want you to remember this. Our campaign was never about one person or even one election, it was about the country we love and about building an America that’s hopeful, inclusive and big-hearted.

　　我知道你们有多沮丧，因为我也切身体会。想必，寄希望和梦想于这次竞选的千百万美国人也和我们一样伤感。落选是痛苦的，并且痛苦将持续很长一段时间。但是，我希望你们记住，我们竞选从来不是为了某一个人或者某一次选举，而是为了这个我们所热爱的国家，是为了建成一个充满希望、充满善意、兼容并包的国家。

 

　　We have seen that our nation is more deeply divided than we thought. But I still believe in America and I always will. And if you do, then we must accept this result and then look to the future. Donald Trump is going to be our president. We owe him an open mind and the chance to lead.

　　我们都有目共睹，我们国家的割裂程度比我们想象的要严重。但我仍然并将一直对美国抱有信心。如果你和我一样抱有信心，那么我们就必须接受落选的结果，然后朝前看。唐纳德·特朗普将成为我们的下一任总统。我们本该用更开放的心态看待他，他也应该得到一次领导美国的机会。

 

　　Our constitutional democracy enshrines the peaceful transfer of power and we don’t just respect that, we cherish it. It also enshrines other things; the rule of law, the principle that we are all equal in rights and dignity, freedom of worship and expression. We respect and cherish these values too and we must defend them.

　　我们的宪政民主制度要求：权力交接必须和平进行。我们尊重并且珍视这样的规定。此外，该制度还规定了法治，规定了人人享有平等权利和尊严的原则，规定了宗教自由和表达自由。我们也同样尊重并珍视这些价值观，而且我们必须要捍卫它们。

 

　　Now — and let me add, our constitutional democracy demands our participation, not just every four years but all the time. So let’s do all we can to keep advancing the causes and values we all hold dear; making our economy work for everyone not just those at the top, protecting our country and protecting our planet and breaking down all the barriers that hold any American back from achieving their dreams.

　　不仅如此，宪政制度要求我们参与其中，不仅仅是四年一次的参与，而是要始终如一的参与。因此，让我们继续共同努力：为我们所珍视的事业和价值观不懈奋斗;让每个人、而不仅仅是上层人士，都能从经济发展中受益;保护我们的国家和地球;并破除一切阻碍我们实现美国梦的障碍。

 

　　CLINTON: We’ve spent a year and a half bringing together millions of people from every corner of our country to say with one voice that we believe that the American dream is big enough for everyone — for people of all races and religions, for men and women, for immigrants, for LGBT people, and people with disabilities. For everyone.

　　希拉里：过去一年半的时间里，在我们的号召和引领下，来自全国各个地方的人们汇集在一起，发出共同的声音：我们相信美国梦大到可以容纳下每一个美国人—不论来自什么种族，不论有着怎样的信仰，不论是男还是女，不论是不是移民，不论是不是同性恋或是变性者，不论是不是残疾人，美国梦是每个人的美国梦!

 

　　So now, our responsibility as citizens is to keep doing our part to build that better, stronger, fairer America we seek. And I know you will.

　　那么，作为美国公民的一份子，我们需要各尽其责，为打造一个更好、更强、更公平的美国而奋斗。我知道，你们会为此而不懈努力。

 

　　I am so grateful to stand with all of you. I want to thank Tim Kaine and Anne Holton for being our partners on this journey. It has been a joy getting to know them better, and it gives me great hope and comfort to know that Tim will remain on the front lines of our democracy representing Virginia in the Senate.

　　我很感激能和你们站在一起。我还要感谢竞选搭档蒂姆·凯恩和安妮·霍尔顿夫妻的一路陪伴。在我们增进对彼此了解的过程中，我们相处甚欢。得知蒂姆将会继续担任弗吉尼亚州议员，为民主党奋战在前线，我感到巨大的希望和安慰。

 

　　To Barack and Michelle Obama, our country owes you an enormous debt of gratitude. We — we thank you for your graceful, determined leadership that has meant so much to so many Americans and people across the world.

　　让我们向奥巴马夫妇致敬，非常感谢你们为国家作出的一切。感谢你们的坚强领导，这对美国以及世界都有着非常重要的意义。

 

　　And to Bill and Chelsea, Mark, Charlotte, Aidan, our brothers and our entire family, my love for you means more than I can ever express. You crisscrossed this country on our behalf and lifted me up when I needed it most — even four-month-old Aidan who traveled with his mom.

　　谢谢比尔、切尔莎、马克、夏洛特和艾丹，谢谢我的两个弟弟，谢谢所有的家人。我对你们的爱已经无法用言语来表达。你们代表竞选团队在全国四处奔走，在我最需要的时候给予我支持和鼓励—就连仅4岁的小艾丹都跟随他的妈妈四处奔波。

 

　　I will always be grateful to the creative, talented, dedicated men and women at our headquarters in Brooklyn and across our country.

　　我将永远心存感激，感谢所有在纽约布鲁克林以及全国其他地方总部辛勤工作的你们，谢谢你们的创意、才华和奉献!

 

　　You poured your hearts into this campaign. For some of you who are veterans, it was a campaign after you had done other campaigns. Some of you, it was your first campaign. I want each of you to know that you were the best campaign anybody could have ever expected or wanted.

　　你们为这次竞选倾注了心血。在你们当中，有些人是第一次参加竞选活动，有些人是退伍军人，曾经参加过其他的竞选活动。不管怎样，我想让你们每个人知道，这次竞选是任何人所能期待和参与的最佳竞选。

 

　　And to the millions of volunteers, community leaders, activists and union organizers who knocked on doors, talked to neighbors, posted on Facebook, even in secret, private Facebook sites…

　　感谢千千万万的志愿者、社区领导、政治活动家、集会组织者!谢谢你们到户宣传、劝说邻居，在脸书甚至是秘密的私人脸书网站上发帖……

 

　　… I want everybody coming out from behind that and make sure your voices are heard going forward.

　　……我想要每个人都从幕后走到台前，让你们的声音都被聆听。

 

　　To everyone who sent in contributions as small at $5 and kept us going, thank you. Thank you from all of us.

　　感谢所有捐款者，即便是5美元，也是让我们继续前行的动力。我仅代表我们团队的所有人谢谢你们!

 

　　And to the young people in particular, I hope you will hear this. I have, as Tim said, spent my entire adult life fighting for what I believe in. I’ve had successes and I’ve had setbacks. Sometimes, really painful ones. Many of you are at the beginning of your professional public and political careers. You will have successes and setbacks, too.

　　我还要特别感谢所有的年轻人。我希望你们能听到这一部分的内容。正如蒂姆所说的，我这辈子都在为我的信条而奋斗。有过成功，也有过挫折，有时候甚至是非常严重的挫折。你们当中许多人都处在公共领域工作或政治生涯的早期。同样地，你们会得到成功，也会遭受挫折。

 

　　This loss hurts, but please never stop believing that fighting for what’s right is worth it.

　　这次落选令人心痛，但是请千万不要放弃相信：为正义奋斗是值得的。

 

　　CLINTON: It is — it is worth it.

　　希拉里：是的，是值得的。

 

　　And so we need — we need you to keep up these fights now and for the rest of your lives.

　　因此，我们需要你们继续为正义而奋斗，为之奋斗终生。

 

　　And to all the women, and especially the young women, who put their faith in this campaign and in me, I want you to know that nothing has made me prouder than to be your champion.

　　谢谢所有的女性，尤其是年轻女性，谢谢你们对这次竞选和对我的支持和信心。我想要你们知道，成为你们的斗士是我最大的骄傲。

 

　　Now, I — I know — I know we have still not shattered that highest and hardest glass ceiling, but some day someone will and hopefully sooner than we might think right now.

　　我知道，我们还没有打碎最高和最硬的玻璃天花板(指女性当选总统)，但终有一天，有人会打碎，希望这一天能比我们期待的更早到来。

 

　　And — and to all the little girls who are watching this, never doubt that you are valuable and powerful and deserving of every chance and opportunity in the world to pursue and achieve your own dreams.

　　我还要谢谢所有正在观看此次演讲的小女孩们。我想告诉你们，永远都不要质疑你自己的价值和能力，你配得上每一个帮助你追逐和实现梦想的机会。

 

　　Finally…

　　最后……

　　Finally, I am so grateful for our country and for all it has given to me. I count my blessings every single day that I am an American. And I still believe as deeply as I ever have that if we stand together and work together with respect for our differences, strength in our convictions and love for this nation, our best days are still ahead of us.

　　最后，我要感谢国家，感谢国家给我的一切。我每天都在为我自己是美国人而感到幸运。并且，我仍然坚信不疑，只要我们齐心协力，尊重差异，相信并热爱这个国家，我们还会取得更伟大的成就。

 

　　Because, you know — you know, I believe we are stronger together and we will go forward together. And you should never, ever regret fighting for that. You know, scripture tells us, “Let us not grow weary in doing good, for in due season, we shall reap if we do not lose heart.”

　　因为我相信“众人拾柴火焰高”，我相信我们会一起向前。并且，永远也不要后悔你为这个目标奋斗过。圣经上说，“我们行善，不可丧志。若不灰心，到了时候，就要收成”。

 

　　So my friends, let us have faith in each other, let us not grow weary, let us not lose heart, for there are more seasons to come. And there is more work to do.

　　朋友们，让我们相信彼此，让我们保持斗志，让我们保持信心，因为未来还有机会。而我们也还有更多的工作需要去做。

 

　　I am incredibly honored and grateful to have had this chance to represent all of you in this consequential election.

　　能够有机会代表你们参与这次至关重要的选举，我感到无比荣幸、无比感激!

 

　　May God bless you and may God bless the United States of America.

　　上帝保佑你们，保佑美利坚。

 

 

2、双语美文：与人打交道，最怕没有底线等
　　

      1、与人打交道，最怕没有底线

　　The worst thing you can encounter when you interact with people is your own lack of a base line.

　　人际交往中最不能做的第一件事，就是没有底线。

　　No matter who you are interacting with, be it your family, your friend or strangers, you should know:

　　无论你是和亲人、朋友还是陌生人打交道，你都应该明白：

　　1. You have your own boundaries which others have no right to pass unless you authorize them to.

　　你有自己的权力边界，这是别人不能够侵犯的。

　　2. What you do is your own business. And you are the one who decides how to do them.

　　你的事就是你的事，它们的最终决定权在你。

　　3. What others do is their own business. If you don't want to help, you have the right not to.

　　别人的事就是别人的事，如果你不想帮忙，那你就可以不帮忙。

　　There is no need in maintaining all those pointless relationships and making yourself miserable.

　　你没有必要委屈自己去维护太多无意义的关系。

　　You don't need to please everyone.

　　你没有必要去讨好所有人。

　　Your energy is limited.

　　一个人的精力是有限的。

　　And it's impossible to get along with everyone.

　　一个人也不可能和所有人都保持融洽。

　　This is life. It may not be the life that we imagine our lives should be like. But it's the true life that we have to live.

　　这就是人生，它可能不是大多数人想象中的那个“应该的人生”，它是那个“现实的人生”。

　　2、有一种魅力，叫做修养

　　A person's purest charm comes from his manners.

　　一个人最根本的魅力，来自他的修养。

　　This kind of charm doesn't need any decoration. It comes out of your heart and reaches directly into others' hearts.

　　这种魅力不需要任何外在的修饰，它发源于内心，也直抵其他人的心。

　　Spending time with someone who has good manners makes one feel comfortable.

　　与一个有教养的人相处，会让人觉得舒服。

　　And isn't comfort what we want the most in our daily life?

　　而舒服难道不是我们在生活中最想得到的东西吗?

　　People like this know how to stand in others' shoes. They know when they should reach out a helping hand.

　　这样的人，知道怎样站在别人的角度想问题，知道什么时候应该伸出援手。

　　And what is the most basic manner that one can have?

　　而一个人最基本的修养是什么?

　　It's knowing to respect people.

　　那就是懂得尊重。

　　No one can survive in this world all by himself. We all need help sometimes.

　　没有谁能独立地生活在这个世界上，我们总会在某些时候需要别人的帮忙。

　　And it takes respect to make others help you.

　　而让别人帮忙的前提，就是尊重。

　　Respect is the most baseline manner.

　　尊重，是最基本的修养。

　　And manner is the last kind of charm which a person can afford to lose.

　　而修养，是最不可或缺的魅力。

　　3、真正有意义的生活

　　What will matter?

　　什么才重要?

　　Ready or not, some day it will all come to an end. There will be no more sunrises, no days, no hours or minutes. All the things you collected, whether treasured or forgotten, will pass to someone else.

　　无论是否准备好，总有一天它都会走到尽头。 那里没有日出，没有白天，没有小时和分钟。 你收集的所有东西，不管你珍惜或忘记与否，它们都将流入他人手中。

　　Your wealth, fame and temporal power will shrivel to irrelevance. It will not matter what you owned or what you were owed.

　　不管是你得到的或是你欠别人的，可你的财产、名誉和权势也都会变成和你毫不相干的东西。

　　Your grudges, resentments, frustrations, and jealousies will finally disappear.

　　你的怨恨、愤慨、挫折和妒忌最终也将消失。

　　So, too, your hopes, ambitions, plans, and to-do lists will all expire.The wins and losses that once seemed so important will fade away.

　　因此，你的希望、抱负、计划以及行动日程表也将全部结束。 当初看得比较重的成功得失也会消失。

　　It won't matter where you came from, or on what side of the tracks you lived.

　　你来自何方，住在穷人区还是富人区也都不重要了。

　　It won't matter whether you were beautiful or brilliant. Your gender, skin color, ethnicity will be irrelevant.

　　你昔日的漂亮与辉煌也都不重要了，你的性别、肤色、种族地位也将消失。

　　So what will matter? How will the value of your days be measured?

　　因此，什么重要呢? 怎么衡量你有生之年的价值呢?

　　What will matter is not what you bought, but what you built; not what you got, but what you gave.

　　重要的不是你买了什么，而是你创造了什么; 不是你得到了什么，而是你给予了什么。

　　What will matter is not your success, but your significance.

　　重要的不是你成功了，而是你生命的意义。

　　What will matter is not what you learned, but what you taught.

　　重要的不是你学到了什么，而是你传授了什么。

　　What will matter is every act of integrity, compassion, courage and sacrifice that enriched, empowered or encouraged others to emulate your example.

　　重要的是每个行动之中都有正直和勇气的气概，伟大的同情心和牺牲精神，并且鼓励他人遵从榜样。

　　What will matter is not your competence, but your character.

　　重要的不是你的能力，而是你的性格。

　　What will matter is not how many people you knew, but how many will feel a lasting loss when you're gone.

　　重要的不是你认识多少人，而是在你离开后，多少人会怅然若失。

　　What will matter is not your memories, but the memories of those who loved you.

　　重要的不是你的回忆，而是爱你的人对你的追思。

　　What will matter is how long you will be remembered, by whom and for what.

　　重要的是别人会记你多长时间，谁记着你，为什么记着你。

　　Living a life that matters doesn’ t happen by accident.

　　过有意义的生活不是一桩偶然。

　　It s not a matter of circumstance but of choice.

　　是因为你选择了它。

　　Choose to live a life that matters.

　　选择有意义的人生吧!

　4、学会原谅，过更好的生活

　　When we are born, we are unblemished. As we grow, we develop many complexities due to many influences in our lives. During childhood, we are repeatedly discouraged, chided, and in some cases, abused. As we grow older, we develop our own version of right and wrong. We create a world of our own.

　　当我们出生时，我们是纯洁无瑕的。当我们长大了，生活中的很多因素影响着我们，使我们变得复杂。在孩童时，我们常常遭到阻止、指责和责骂。随着年龄增长，我们有了自己的是非观，我们有了我们自己的世界。

　　Our brain collects and retains all visual, auditory information from the moment we are born and to the smallest of the details. Apart from our brain having memory, cells in our body, in billions, have their own memory. In other words, our body store both physiological and psychological memories. We are complex emotional beings in nature compared to any other living animal.

　　从出生那刻起，我们的大脑就收集和保存着所有的听到的和看到的信息，以及那些极小的细节。不仅我们的大脑有记忆，我们身体中的数十亿个细胞也有记忆。换句话说，我们的身体既有生理记忆，也有心理记忆。我们天生就比其它生物的情感更为复杂。

　　Apparently, physical and psychological memories strongly influence our emotions! Interestingly, we can create, store, and release emotion like energy. Moreover, if we do not process our emotions properly and suppressed for long time, they can find a way out violently and unexpectedly.

　　显然，身体和心理的记忆强烈地影响着我们的情感!有趣地是，我们可以创造、储存情感，还可以像释放能量一样释放情感。然而，若我们不能妥善地处理好我们的情感，长期地压抑着情感，它们可能会猛然迸发出来。

　　Unfortunately, we carry our guilt throughout our lives effecting ever-increasing burden on our shoulders. We become heavy with guilt and anger for things we could or did not achieve, for things we cannot have, to cite few examples. Evidently, everyone carry his or her own sack of guilt and anger.

　　不幸的是，我们一辈子带着内疚的情感，使我们的包袱越来越重。比如，对那些我们得到或得不到的东西，对那些我们不能拥有的东西，都充满了内疚与愤怒的情感。显然，每个人都有一麻袋的内疚和愤怒。

　　One must question our nature of accumulating and carrying our guilt and anger until the end. Both guilt and anger are useless for us. They give us no advantage. Therefore, one may ask: is there a way to put down the sack from our weary shoulders? It is possible, indeed. Importantly, since our guilt and anger inside us neither addressed nor given attention, they are stored. Actually, we should process and address our emotions in order to remove from our system. We cannot just wish them away.

　　人们必须质疑我们不断积压或产生的内疚与愤怒的本质。内疚和愤怒是没有用的，对我们无任何益处。因此，也许有人会问：有没有方法让我们放下压在我们脆弱肩上的这个包袱?答案是，有的。重点是，我们的内疚和愤怒的情感既没有被释放也没有被重视，而是被储存了。实际上，我们应该处理并释放我们的情感，这样才能把它们从我们自身消除。我们不能只是希望它们消失。

　　In fact, by acknowledging their presence and providing a channel for them to dissipate, we can dissolve our emotions gradually. Taking drugs, consuming alcohol only aggravates situation. They only provide transient solace. Is there a better way to unload our burden? Luckily, we have natural gift to process our feeling and emotions. Forgiveness stands first of all other natural remedies.

　　其实，承认它们的存在，并为其提供一个消散的通道，我们才能逐渐化解这些情感。吸毒、饮酒只会使我们的状况变得更遭。这样也只能提供短暂的慰藉。有没有更好的方法来卸下包袱呢?很幸运，我们天生就有处理感受和情感的能力。在所有自然疗法中，原谅排在第一。

　　Indeed, there is no better way than forgiving ourselves. Notwithstanding, we should learn to readily forgive others. When we learn to forgive ourselves, we also naturally forgive others.

　　确实没有比原谅自己更好的办法了。尽管如此，我们应学会欣然原谅他人。当我们学会原谅自己，也就自然地会原谅他人了。

　　In summary, there is no benefit carrying our years of emotional baggage. By forgiving, we can throw away the emotional baggage we carry for years, if not decades. Forgive your past mistakes. The moment you start forgiving, you feel lot lighter and years of heaviness lifted magically! To your surprise, you start feeling lot energetic and optimistic in your daily life.

　　总之，背着多年的情感包袱对我们毫无益处。原谅，可以让我们丢掉背了多年的情感包袱。原谅过去所犯的错。而从开始原谅的那刻起，你会感觉轻松了许多，多年的沉重包袱也神奇的不见了!更让人惊喜的是，你从此开始感觉到每天的生活精力充沛，且乐观向上。

 

2018年11月2日 14:10

 

 

3、Samuel Johnson：letter to the right honorable the earl of chesterfield
　 

    　塞缪尔·约翰逊(英文：Samuel Johnson，1709年9月7日-1784年12月3日[1])，常称为约翰逊博士(Dr. Johnson)，英国历史上最有名的文人之一，集文评家、诗人、散文家、传记家于一身，前半生名不经传，但他花了九年时间独力编出的《约翰逊字典》(A Dictionary of the English Language)，为他赢得了文名及“博士”的头衔，博斯韦尔(James Boswell)后来为他写的传记《约翰逊传》记录了他后半生的言行，使他成为家喻户晓的人物。

　　《致切斯特菲尔德大人函》是约翰逊于1755年2月7日写给切斯特菲尔德伯爵菲力浦·多墨·斯坦厚甫(Philip Dormer Stanhope) 的一封信。切斯特菲尔德伯爵开始对约翰逊编辞典一事冷眼相看。约翰逊艰辛奋斗7年，终于独立完成辞典编写，出版在即。这时，切斯特菲尔德伯爵在当时的《世界报》上连写两篇文章，对约翰逊的辞典大加吹捧，希望约翰逊将来能把英国的第一部英语辞典献给他。约翰逊得知此事后，义愤填膺，挥笔写下了这篇名传千秋的著名信函。信中数落了伯爵对他的冷淡，嘲讽了伯爵的傲慢与专横，对比了约翰逊自己对伯爵的热情与诚恳，从而宣布了约翰逊的辞典与伯爵无关，是他独立完成的，对伯爵无恩可感，无情可载。约翰逊的信是一个穷作家对大人物的控诉状，表现了作家对权贵的蔑视，有着我国著名诗人李白一样的“安能摧眉折腰事权贵”的反叛精神。在实质上，约翰逊的这种精神代表了英国新兴的资产阶级对封建权势的反抗。人们将约翰逊的这封信比做是“作家的独立宣言”。事实上，此后，英国文坛上的保护人制度(Patronage)在英国，在欧洲大陆逐渐消失了。

　　约翰逊的信不仅思想性深刻，而且文笔优美、语句典雅，不长的信中，三联排比的结构被两次运用。文中的反语、讽刺、幽默含义加强了语句的感染力，而且约翰逊所用的比喻含有高深的典故性和哲理性。为了表达自己对伯爵“一往情深”的仰慕，约翰逊引用了古罗马诗人维吉尔诗中的牧童“发现爱神只不过是荒山野岭中的野蛮人”的故事，用以喻指伯爵的铁石心肠，是不通情理的人。

　　这封信中的句子结构上，约翰逊还显示了他高超的安排技巧，信正文的最后一段是一个句子，在末尾的一个定语从句中，作者把书信中的客套结尾语和签名巧妙地变成了这个句子的组成部分。

　　To The Right Honourable The Earl Of Chester

　　7th February, 1755.

　　My Lord,

　　I have been lately informed, by the proprietor of The World, that two papers, in which my Dictionary is recommended to the public, were written by your lordship. To be so distinguished is an honour which, being very little accustomed to favours from the great, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge.

　　When, upon some slight encouragement, I first visited your lordship, I was overpowered, like the rest of mankind, by the enchantment of your address, and could not forbear to wish that I might boast myself Le vainqueur du vainqueur de la terre;—that I might obtain that regard for which I saw the world contending; but I found my attendance so little encouraged, that neither pride nor modesty would suffer me to continue it. When I had once addressed your Lordship in public, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess. I had done all that I could; and no man is well pleased to have his all neglected, be it ever so little.

　　Seven years, my lord, have now passed, since I waited in your outward rooms, or was repulsed from your door; during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it, at last, to the verge of publication, without one act of assistance , one word of encouragement, or one smile of favour. Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a patron before.

　　The shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with Love, and found him a native of the rocks.

　　Is not a patrons my lord, one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and, when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help? The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labours, had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it: till I am solitary, and cannot impart it; till I am known, and do not want it. I hope it is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received, or to be unwilling that the public should consider me as owing that to a patron, which providence has enabled me to do for myself.

　　Having carried on my work thus far with so little obligation to any favourer of learning, I shall not be disappointed though I should conclude it, if less be possible, with less; for I have been long wakened from that dream of hope, in which I once boasted myself with so much exultation, My Lord,

　　Your lordship's most humble,

　　most obedient servant,

　　SAM. JOHNSON.

　　辜正坤先生白话体译文

　　伯爵大人：

　　近日从《世界报》馆主得知，该报刊载了两篇文章，对拙编词典颇多举荐滥美之词，这些文章据悉均出自阁下您的手笔。承蒙您如此的推崇，本应是一种荣耀，只可惜在下自来无缘得到王公大人的青睐，所以真不知道该如何来领受这份荣耀，也不知道该用些什么言辞来聊表谢意。

　　回想当年，也不知哪来的勇气，我竟第一次拜访了大人阁下。我像所有的人一样，深为大人的言谈丰采所倾倒，不禁玄想他年能口出大言“吾乃天下征服者之征服者也。”——虽知此殊荣是举世学人所欲得，仍希望有朝一日能侥幸获取。然而我很快发现自己的趋走逢迎根本没有得到鼓励。不管是出于自尊也好，自矜也好，我反正无法再周旋下去。我本是一个与世无争、不善逢迎的书生，但那时我也曾用尽平生所学的阿谀奉承的言辞，当众赞美过阁下。能做的一切我都做了。如果一个人在这方面付出的一切努力(不管是多么微不足道)受到完全的忽视，他是绝不会感到舒服的。

　　大人阁下，从我第一次候立于贵府门下，或者说被您拒于门外时算起，已经7年过去。7年多来，我一直苦苦地撑持着我的编撰工作。这些苦楚，现在再来倾诉，已经没有用处。所幸我的劳作而今终于快要出版，在这之前我没有获得过一个赞助的行为，一句鼓励的话语，一抹称许的微笑。我固然不曾指望这样的礼遇，因为我从未有过一位赞助人。

　　维吉尔笔下的牧童最后终于和爱神相识，这才发现所谓爱神只不过是岩穴土人而已。

　　大人阁下，有的人眼见落水者在水中拼命挣扎而无动于衷，等他安全抵岸之后，却才多余地伸出所谓援手，莫非这就叫赞助人么?大人而今忽有雅兴来关照在下的劳作，这原本是一桩美意，只可惜太迟了一点。迟到我已经意懒心灰，再无法快乐地消受;迟到我已经是孤身一人，无从与家人分享;迟到我已经名闻海内，再不需阁下附丽张扬。我既然本来就没有得到过实惠，自然母需怀感恩之心;既然是上帝助我独立完成这桩大业，我自然不愿让公众产生错觉，似乎我曾受惠于某一赞助人。但愿上面这番话不致被认为太苛刻、太不近人情。

　　我已经在根本没有所谓学术赞助人赞助的情况下使自己的工作完成到目前这个地步，那么，尽管我将要在更艰难无助的情况下—假如还有可能更艰难无助的话—完成全稿，我也绝不会感到沮丧。因为我已经早就从那个赞助的美梦里幡然猛醒;曾几何时，我还在那梦中得意非凡地自诩是大人。

　　您门下最卑微

　　最驯顺的仆人

　　塞缪尔·约翰逊

　　1755年2月7日

 

2018年11月25日 21:29

 

 

4、海伦·凯勒自传《我的生活》

　　

 

　　Chapter 1

　　第1章

　　It is with a kind of fear that I begin to write the history of my life. I have, as it were, asuperstitious hesitation in lifting the veil that clings about my childhood like a golden mist. The task of writing an autobiography is a difficult one. When I try to classify my earliestimpressions, I find that fact and fancy look alike across the years that link the past with thepresent. The woman paints the child's experiences in her own fantasy. A few impressionsstand out vividly from the first years of my life; but "the shadows of the prison-house are onthe rest." Besides, many of the joys and sorrows of childhood have lost their poignancy; andmany incidents of vital importance in my early education have been forgotten in theexcitement of great discoveries. In order, therefore, not to be tedious I shall try to present in aseries of sketches only the episodes that seem to me to be the most interesting and important.

　　我是怀着惴惴不安的心情书写我生活的历史的。在我整个的童年时代，生活犹如笼罩在我身边的一团金色雾霭。冥冥之中，我是懵懂而迟疑地揭开生活的迷帐的。每当我试图分辨孩童时期记忆的时候，我就会发现，往昔的时光美好而真实，它如同一条纽带，同此时此刻的我紧紧相连。女人们通常会以富于想象力的方式来描述自己的童年经历。虽然，那些鲜活而生动的记忆来自我生命的最初时光，但是，“牢房一般的阴暗将伴随着我的余生”。此外，童年时代的欢乐和悲伤大都成为往事前尘，它们已然失去了当时的锋芒;在我接受早期教育过程中的那些重大事件，已经随着更加激动人心的伟大发现而被淡忘。因此，从这个意义上来说，将我生活中那些至关重要的章节做一个全盘性的勾勒，于我倒并不是一件枯燥乏味的工作。

　　I was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, a little town of northern Alabama.

　　我于1880年6月27日出生在亚拉巴马州北部的一个叫做图斯康比亚的小镇。

　　The family on my father's side is descended from Caspar Keller, a native of Switzerland, whosettled in Maryland. One of my Swiss ancestors was the first teacher of the deaf in Zurich andwrote a book on the subject of their education—rather a singular coincidence; though it istrue that there is no king who has not had a slave among his ancestors, and no slave who hasnot had a king among his.

　　我父亲家的先人是来自瑞士的卡斯帕·凯勒家族，他们最初定居在马里兰州。在我的瑞士祖先中，有一个人曾是苏黎世聋哑学校的首位教师，他曾写过一本有关教学生涯的书——这似乎具有某种一脉相承的偶然性;尽管在他的祖先中没有王者，也不曾豢养过一个奴隶，而且，在早期先民之中，也没有奴隶曾隶属于一位王者。

　　My grandfather, Caspar Keller's son, "entered" large tracts of land in Alabama and finallysettled there. I have been told that once a year he went from Tuscumbia to Philadelphia onhorseback to purchase supplies for the plantation, and my aunt has in her possession manyof the letters to his family, which give charming and vivid accounts of these trips.

　　我的祖父，卡斯帕·凯勒家族之子，“进入”了亚拉巴马州这片广袤的土地并最终在此定居。我后来得知，曾经有那么一年，祖父骑马从图斯康比亚前往费城，为的是给种植园添置一些耕作用具。在我姑妈寄来的许多家信中，曾对祖父的这些旅行有过生动而清晰的记述。

　　My Grandmother Keller was a daughter of one of Lafayette's aides, Alexander Moore, andgranddaughter of Alexander Spotswood, an early Colonial Governor of Virginia. She was alsosecond cousin to Robert E. Lee.

　　我的祖母凯勒是一个侍从武官的女儿，那名军官叫亚历山大·穆尔;祖母也是亚历山大·斯鲍茨伍德的孙女，这位斯鲍茨伍德先生曾是弗吉尼亚州最早的殖民总督。此外，祖母也是罗伯特·E.李将军的二表妹。

　　My father, Arthur H. Keller, was a captain in the Confederate Army, and my mother, KateAdams, was his second wife and many years younger. Her grandfather, Benjamin Adams, married Susanna E. Goodhue, and lived in Newbury, Massachusetts, for many years. Their son, Charles Adams, was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts, and moved to Helena, Arkansas. When the Civil War broke out, he fought on the side of the South and became a brigadier-general. He married Lucy Helen Everett, who belonged to the same family of Everetts asEdward Everett and Dr. Edward Everett Hale. After the war was over the family moved toMemphis, Tennessee.

　　我的父亲，亚瑟·H.凯勒是联邦军队中的一个上尉，而我的母亲凯特·亚当斯是他的第二个妻子，两人年龄相差悬殊。母亲的祖父是本杰明·亚当斯，他娶了苏姗娜·E.古德休为妻，他们在马萨诸塞州的纽伯里住了很多年。他们的儿子查尔斯·亚当斯就出生在马萨诸塞州的纽伯里波特，后来他搬到了阿肯色州的海伦娜。当时正值南北战争爆发，他代表南军参战，后来官至准将军衔。他娶了露西·海伦·埃弗里特为妻，露西同爱德华·埃弗里特和爱德华·埃弗里特·黑尔博士同宗同门。战争结束后，夫妻俩搬到了田纳西州的孟菲斯。

　　I lived, up to the time of the illness that deprived me of my sight and hearing, in a tiny houseconsisting of a large square room and a small one, in which the servant slept. It is a custom inthe South to build a small house near the homestead as an annex to be used on occasion. Sucha house my father built after the Civil War, and when he married my mother they went to livein it. It was completely covered with vines, climbing roses and honeysuckles. From the gardenit looked like an arbour. The little porch was hidden from view by a screen of yellow roses andSouthern smilax. It was the favourite haunt of humming-birds and bees.

　　我一直住在一个狭小的房子里面，直到疾病令我丧失了视觉和听觉。当时的家园是由一个巨大的四方形房间和一个小房间构成的，仆人们都睡在那个小房间里。这源自南方人的习俗，挨着宅第建一座附属的小房子，以备不时之需。宅第是我父亲在内战结束后建造的，在娶了我母亲后，他们就在此定居了。房子完全被葡萄藤、攀爬的蔷薇和金银花覆盖了，从花园望去，那里就像一个巨大的凉亭。而那个小门廊则被满眼的黄玫瑰和南方天冬草所遮蔽。因此这里就变成了蜂雀和蜜蜂最常出没的地方。

　　The Keller homestead, where the family lived, was a few steps from our little rose-bower. Itwas called "Ivy Green" because the house and the surrounding trees and fences were coveredwith beautiful English ivy. Its old-fashioned garden was the paradise of my childhood.

　　凯勒家的宅第距我们家的玫瑰小凉亭只有几步之遥。这里也被叫做“常春藤绿地”，因为房子和周围的树丛及篱笆被美丽的英格兰常春藤所缠绕覆盖。这个老式的花园正是我童年时代的天堂

Even in the days before my teacher came, I used to feel along the square stiff boxwood hedges, and, guided by the sense of smell, would find the first violets and lilies. There, too, after a fit of temper, I went to find comfort and to hide my hot face in the cool leaves and grass. What joy it was to lose myself in that garden of flowers, to wander happily from spot to spot, until, coming suddenly upon a beautiful vine, I recognized it by its leaves and blossoms, and knew it was the vine which covered the tumble-down summer-house at the farther end of the garden! Here, also, were trailing clematis, drooping jessamine, and some rare sweet flowers called butterfly lilies, because their fragile petals resemble butterflies' wings. But the roses—they were loveliest of all. Never have I found in the greenhouses of the North such heart-satisfying roses as the climbing roses of my southern home. They used to hang in long festoons from our porch, filling the whole air with their fragrance, untainted by any earthysmell; and in the early morning, washed in the dew, they felt so soft, so pure, I could not help wondering if they did not resemble the asphodels of God's garden.

直到我的老师出现之前，我一直习惯于沿着正方形的黄杨木树篱摸索前行。嗅觉是我的向导，通过它，我发现了生命中的第一株紫罗兰花和百合花。正是在这个小花园里，在经历了暴躁情绪的发作之后，我继续寻找令我舒适的感觉，我把自己温热的脸埋进凉飕飕的树叶和草丛之中。将自己迷失在花丛中是如此地令人愉悦，从一个地方寻觅到又一个地方也带给我其乐无穷的*。就在探寻的过程中，我会突然碰到一枝美丽的藤蔓，我会通过它的叶子和花蕾来辨别其形状，而且我知道，这就是那株覆盖着摇摇欲坠的凉亭，远在花园尽头的葡萄藤！在我身边，还有触手可及的铁线莲，垂落于枝叶间的茉莉花，以及一些叫做蝴蝶百合的稀有花卉，这种花的花瓣因其形似蝴蝶那对脆弱易折的翅膀而得名。而玫瑰，则是花园中最傲人的花魁。我从来没有在北方的温室里见过长势如此繁茂的玫瑰，花朵沿着门廊形成了一道长长的花径，空气中弥漫着沁人的芳香，那种清醇的味道丝毫不沾染泥土的浊气。每天早晨，在露水的沐浴中，玫瑰娇柔淳美，这时我就会禁不住展开神思遐想，这些花儿是不是很像上帝花园中的常春花呢？

The beginning of my life was simple and much like every other little life. I came, I saw, I conquered, as the first baby in the family always does. There was the usual amount of discussion as to a name for me. The first baby in the family was not to be lightly named, every one was emphatic about that. My father suggested the name of Mildred Campbell, an ancestor whom he highly esteemed, and he declined to take any further part in the discussion. My mother solved the problem by giving it as her wish that I should be called after her mother, whose maiden name was Helen Everett. But in the excitement of carrying me to church my father lost the name on the way, very naturally, since it was one in which he had declined to have a part. When the minister asked him for it, he just remembered that it had been decided to call me after my grandmother, and he gave her name as Helen Adams.

就像诸多弱小的生命一样，我生命的伊始朴素而单纯；我来了，我观察，我奋争，如同很多百姓家中第一个孩子所做的一样。为了给我起名字，家人还煞费了一番周章。一个家庭里第一个孩子的名字当然马虎不得，家里的每一个人都参与其中。我的父亲建议给我取名米尔德莱德·坎贝尔，此人是父亲极为崇敬的一位祖先，对于这个名字，父亲拒绝做进一步的商榷。而我的母亲则按照她自己的意愿解决这个问题，她认为我应该随她母亲的姓氏。她母亲少女时代的名字是海伦·埃弗里特。没想到的是，就在一家人兴高采烈地带我去教堂洗礼的路上，父亲把起好的名字给弄丢了，这再自然不过了，因为这是一个父亲本不喜欢的名字。所以，当牧师问他的时候，他才记起来，我的名字还是应该随我外祖母的姓氏，这是早就定好了的，于是他给婴儿取名叫海伦·亚当斯。

I am told that while I was still in long dresses I showed many signs of an eager, self-asserting disposition. Everything that I saw other people do I insisted upon imitating. At six months I could pipe out "How d'ye," and one day I attracted every one's attention by saying "Tea, tea, tea" quite plainly. Even after my illness I remembered one of the words I had learned in these early months. It was the word "water," and I continued to make some sound for that word after all other speech was lost. I ceased making the sound "wah-wah" only when I learned to spell the word.

我从家人口中得知，当我尚在襁褓中的时候，我就显示出了急躁而固执的个性。我会执意模仿别人做的每一件事情。在六个月大时，我就能咿呀说出“你——好”之类的词句。有一天，我十分清晰地说出了“茶，茶，茶”，这引起了家里每一个人的注意。即便是在我生病之后，我仍然记得在我生命最初几个月里所学到的一个词，这个词就是“水”。此后，在我所有的语言功能丧失殆尽后，我就一直模糊地发出“水”这个词的声音，只有在学习拼读的时候，我才会停止说“水——水”。

They tell me I walked the day I was a year old. My mother had just taken me out of the bath-tub and was holding me in her lap, when I was suddenly attracted by the flickering shadows of leaves that danced in the sunlight on the smooth floor. I slipped from my mother's lap and almost ran toward them. The impulse gone, I fell down and cried for her to take me up in her arms.

家人还对我讲了我一岁时学走路的情景。那天，母亲把我从澡盆里抱出来，把我放在她的膝盖上。当时，林木婆娑，光影摇曳，我被眼前的景象吸引住了，于是，我从母亲的腿上挣脱出来，试图追逐地上的阴影。这种冲动付出了代价，我跌倒在地，哭叫着扑进母亲的怀里。

These happy days did not last long. One brief spring, musical with the song of robin and mocking-bird, one summer rich in fruit and roses, one autumn of gold and crimson sped by and left their gifts at the feet of an eager, delighted child. Then, in the dreary month of February, came the illness which closed my eyes and ears and plunged me into the unconsciousness of a new-born baby. They called it acute congestion of the stomach and brain. The doctor thought I could not live. Early one morning, however, the fever left me as suddenly and mysteriously as it had come. There was great rejoicing in the family that morning, but no one, not even the doctor, knew that I should never see or hear again.

快乐的日子并没有持续多久。一个短暂的春天，知更鸟和嘲鸫的啁啾余音缭绕；一个花果繁盛的夏天；一个金黄色的秋天——时光倏忽即逝，在一个如饥似渴、欣喜异常的幼儿脚下，季节留下了自己最后的礼物。随后，在一个阴沉萧索的二月，疾病封闭了我的眼睛和耳朵，重新将我抛进一个新生婴儿般的无意识状态。家人们管这种病叫做胃和脑的急性阻塞症。医生认为我活不了了，然而造化弄人，就在某天早晨，我身上的烧突然退了，就像它到来时那样神秘莫测。那天早晨，家中充满了喜悦祥和的气氛，但是没有一个人，连同医生在内，全都不知道我再也看不见，再也听不见了。

I fancy I still have confused recollections of that illness. I especially remember the tenderness with which my mother tried to soothe me in my waking hours of fret and pain, and the agony and bewilderment with which I awoke after a tossing half sleep, and turned my eyes, so dry and hot, to the wall, away from the once-loved light, which came to me dim and yet more dim each day. But, except for these fleeting memories, if, indeed, they be memories, it all seems very unreal, like a nightmare. Gradually I got used to the silence and darkness that surrounded me and forgot that it had ever been different, until she came—my teacher—who was to set my spirit free. But during the first nineteen months of my life I had caught glimpses of broad, green fields, a luminous sky, trees and flowers which the darkness that followed could not wholly blot out. If we have once seen, "the day is ours, and what the day has shown."

如今，对疾病的回忆仍然会令我感到困惑。我特别记得母亲的悉心呵护，她在我一连数小时的焦躁和疼痛之中尽量抚慰我。我会在睡觉过程中惊悸着醒来，随之而来的是巨大的痛楚和迷惑，我试图转动眼睛，然而它是如此地干涩灼热；我把头扭向墙壁，因为那里曾有迷人的亮光，但是我只能看到暗淡模糊的一片，而且每天都在变暗。除了这些短暂的记忆，也就不曾剩下别样的东西了。事实上，这些回忆如梦似幻，恰如一场噩梦。渐渐地，我变得习惯于被寂静和黑暗所围裹，我也没有意识到这种生活有什么与众不同，直到她——我的老师到来的那一天——她引导我进入了精神自由的境界。总之，在我生命的最初十九个月中，我曾对这个世界匆匆一瞥，广袤的绿色田野，明亮的天空，树木和花丛的印记是随后而来的黑暗所无法抹煞掉的。假如我们曾经看见，“那一天就属于我们，那一天所展示的一切就属于我们”。

 

　　

 

　　Chapter II

　　第二章

　　I cannot recall what happened during the first months after my illness. I only know that I sat inmy mother's lap or clung to her dress as she went about her household duties. My hands feltevery object and observed every motion, and in this way I learned to know many things. Soon Ifelt the need of some communication with others and began to make crude signs. A shake ofthe head meant "No" and a nod, "Yes," a pull meant "Come" and a push, "Go." Was it breadthat I wanted? Then I would imitate the acts of cutting the slices and buttering them. If Iwanted my mother to make ice-cream for dinner I made the sign for working the freezer andshivered, indicating cold. My mother, moreover, succeeded in making me understand a gooddeal. I always knew when she wished me to bring her something, and I would run upstairs oranywhere else she indicated. Indeed, I owe to her loving wisdom all that was bright and good inmy long night.

　　在我生病之后的头一个月里发生了什么，我已经记不得了。我只知道我曾坐在母亲的腿上，或者在她做家务的时候紧紧地依附在她的衣服上。我的双手可以感知每一种物体的形状，也可以“观察”每一个移动的物体，正是通过这种方式，我了解了许多事情。后来，我觉得我需要同他人进行交流，于是我开始做出一些简单的举动。比如用摇头表示“不”，用点头表示“行”;往回拉的动作表示“回来”，向外推则表示“去”。如果我想吃面包怎么办?我会模仿切面包片，然后往上涂抹黄油的动作。假如我想让母亲在晚餐时做点冰激凌吃，我就会做出搅动和浑身颤抖的动作，这表示“冰凉”。此外，我的母亲也成功地让我领会了很多事情。当她想让我为她拿东西的时候，我马上就能理解，我会跑到楼上或者她告诉我的其他任何地方。事实上，在夤夜漫漫的生活中，我要感谢母亲用她富于智慧的无私之爱驱除掉我身边的黑暗，让我体会到生命的美好。

　　I understood a good deal of what was going on about me. At five I learned to fold and putaway the clean clothes when they were brought in from the laundry, and I distinguished myown from the rest. I knew by the way my mother and aunt dressed when they were going out, and I invariably begged to go with them. I was always sent for when there was company, andwhen the guests took their leave, I waved my hand to them, I think with a vagueremembrance of the meaning of the gesture. One day some gentlemen called on my mother, and I felt the shutting of the front door and other sounds that indicated their arrival. On asudden thought I ran upstairs before any one could stop me, to put on my idea of a companydress. Standing before the mirror, as I had seen others do, I anointed mine head with oil andcovered my face thickly with powder. Then I pinned a veil over my head so that it covered myface and fell in folds down to my shoulders, and tied an enormous bustle round my smallwaist, so that it dangled behind, almost meeting the hem of my skirt. Thus attired I went downto help entertain the company.

　　我明白我的未来所面临的巨大考验。在我五岁的时候，我学会了把干净的衣服叠好并且收起来，而且，在洗衣房送来的衣物中，我会辨别出哪些是自己的衣服。通过这种方式，我也顺便知道了母亲和姨妈会在什么时候外出。我总是央求她们带我一起去。家里有客人来的时候，我会主动打招呼;当他们走的时候，我会朝他们挥手道别。当然，关于那些手势的记忆是含混不清的。有一天，一些绅士邀请我母亲外出，我感觉到了大门关闭的震动和他们离去的声音。一个突如其来的念头令我跑上了楼，我穿上了外出的礼服，站在镜子前。就像其他人做的那样，我往自己的头上抹油，还往自己的脸上涂满厚厚的香粉。随后，我在头上别了一块面纱，于是我的脸和肩膀全都埋进了面纱的褶皱里。我还在腰间系了一个硕大的绳结，绳结悬垂在身后，几乎碰到了裙角。带着这身打扮，我会下楼逗众人开心。

　　I do not remember when I first realized that I was different from other people; but I knew itbefore my teacher came to me. I had noticed that my mother and my friends did not use signsas I did when they wanted anything done, but talked with their mouths. Sometimes I stoodbetween two persons who were conversing and touched their lips. I could not understand, and was vexed. I moved my lips and gesticulated frantically without result. This made me soangry at times that I kicked and screamed until I was exhausted.

　　至于我第一次意识到自己同别人不同时的感受，我已经不记得了;但是在我的老师到来之前，我就知道自己与众不同。我注意到我的母亲和我的朋友们都不像我这样，她们在做事时不会使用手势，而是用嘴交谈就行了。有时候，我会站在两个谈话的大人之间，用手去摸他们的嘴唇。我无法理解，而且懊恼异常。于是，我试着移动自己的嘴唇，并且疯狂而徒劳地进行模仿。无奈的举动令我如此愤怒，我又踢又叫，直至筋疲力尽。

　　I think I knew when I was naughty, for I knew that it hurt Ella, my nurse, to kick her, and whenmy fit of temper was over I had a feeling akin to regret. But I cannot remember any instancein which this feeling prevented me from repeating the naughtiness when I failed to get what Iwanted.

　　我想，那时候我知道自己的乖戾顽皮，因为我记得我伤害过我的保姆埃拉，我曾踢过她。狂暴过后，我就会生出几分懊悔，但是我不记得这种歉疚感有没有令我的胡闹收敛一些。

　　In those days a little coloured girl, Martha Washington, the child of our cook, and Belle, an oldsetter and a great hunter in her day, were my constant companions. Martha Washingtonunderstood my signs, and I seldom had any difficulty in making her do just as I wished. Itpleased me to domineer over her, and she generally submitted to my tyranny rather than riska hand-to-hand encounter. I was strong, active, indifferent to consequences. I knew my ownmind well enough and always had my own way, even if I had to fight tooth and nail for it. Wespent a great deal of time in the kitchen, kneading dough balls, helping make ice-cream, grinding coffee, quarreling over the cake-bowl, and feeding the hens and turkeys that swarmedabout the kitchen steps. Many of them were so tame that they would eat from my hand andlet me feel them. One big gobbler snatched a tomato from me one day and ran away with it. Inspired, perhaps, by Master Gobbler's success, we carried off to the woodpile a cake whichthe cook had justfrosted, and ate every bit of it. I was quite ill afterward, and I wonder ifretribution also overtook the turkey.

　　在早年的岁月，我有两个忠实的伙伴，那个打扮得花枝招展的小姑娘叫玛莎·华盛顿，她是我家厨师的孩子;还有贝拉，她是一只非常出色的老猎犬。玛莎·华盛顿明白我的手势，所以同她交流我很少遇到困难，她总是能够听命于我。在她面前发号施令让我感到高兴。在通常情况下，她总是迁就于我的蛮横和专制，而且不会冒险同我作正面冲突。我感受着自己的强大，进取，而并不在意后果如何。我十分清楚自己的念头，但总是一意孤行，我甚至会用牙齿和指甲相胁，以此来满足自己的要求。我们花了大量的时间在厨房里帮工，揉面团儿，做冰激凌，研磨咖啡豆，为烤制蛋糕争吵不休，给聚集在厨房台阶上的母鸡和火鸡喂食。这些家禽都很温顺，它们会从我手里取食，从而让我感受到它们的存在。有一天，一只硕大的雄火鸡从我手里叼走了一个番茄，然后迅速跑掉了。当时，或许是受到了“高博勒先生”成功经验的鼓舞，我们赢得了一个蛋糕，厨子刚刚在上面撒了一层糖霜，蛋糕被我们一点一点地吃掉了。后来我生了一场大病，我不知道这是不是因为追赶火鸡而遭受的报应。

　　The guinea-fowl likes to hide her nest in out-of-the-way places, and it was one of my greatest delights to hunt for the eggs in the long grass. I could not tell Martha Washington when I wanted to go egg-hunting, but I would double my hands and put them on the ground, which meant something round in the grass, and Martha always understood. When we were fortunate enough to find a nest I never allowed her to carry the eggs home, making her understand by emphatic signs that she might fall and break them.

　　珍珠鸡喜欢把巢藏匿在偏僻角落里，我最大的快乐之一就是搜寻草窝里的鸡蛋。我找鸡蛋的时候无法直接对玛莎·华盛顿说，我会攥起拳头，再把它们放在草地上，这表示有什么东西在草地上滚动，而玛莎总能领会我的意图。运气好的话，我们就会找到一个鸡窝，可是我从来不会让玛莎把鸡蛋带回家，我会做出强烈的手势让她明白，她应该把鸡蛋扔在地上打碎。

　　The sheds where the corn was stored, the stable where the horses were kept, and the yard where the cows were milked morning and evening were unfailing sources of interest to Martha and me. The milkers would let me keep my hands on the cows while they milked, and I often got well switched by the cow for my curiosity.

　　像谷仓，马厩，还有每天早晚给奶牛挤奶的庭院都是我和玛莎最感兴趣的地方。挤奶工给牛挤奶的时候会让我把两手放在牛身上。为了满足自己的好奇心，我经常对牛又拧又掐。

　　The making ready for Christmas was always a delight to me. Of course I did not know what it was all about, but I enjoyed the pleasant odours that filled the house and the tidbits that were given to Martha Washington and me to keep us quiet. We were sadly in the way, but that did not interfere with our pleasure in the least. They allowed us to grind the spices, pick over the raisins and lick the stirring spoons. I hung my stocking because the others did; I cannot remember, however, that the ceremony interested me especially, nor did my curiosity cause me to wake before daylight to look for my gifts.

　　为圣诞节做准备总会令我欢欣鼓舞。当然，我并不知道这是一个什么样的节日，但是弥漫在房子里的香味令我陶醉其中，而花样繁多的美食也会让我和玛莎·华盛顿安静下来。我们俩也会有不顺心的时候，但是这丝毫也不妨碍我们享受节日的快乐。大人们会允许我们俩帮他们研磨香料，挑拣葡萄干，或者用勺子搅拌馅料。我也像其他人那样把自己的长袜挂起来，虽然不知道为什么这么做，可是这种仪式令我兴味盎然。这倒不是为了好奇，而是因为一觉醒来，我就可以在袜子里找到礼物。

　　Martha Washington had as great a love of mischief as I. Two little children were seated on the veranda steps one hot July afternoon. One was black as ebony, with little bunches of fuzzy hair tied with shoestrings sticking out all over her head like corkscrews. The other was white, with long golden curls. One child was six years old, the other two or three years older. The younger child was blind--that was I--and the other was Martha Washington. We were busy cutting out paper dolls; but we soon wearied of this amusement, and after cutting up our shoestrings and clipping all the leaves off the honeysuckle that were within reach, I turned my attention to Martha's corkscrews. She objected at first, but finally submitted. Thinking that turn and turn about is fair play, she seized the scissors and cut off one of my curls, and would have cut them all off but for my mother's timely interference.

　　玛莎·华盛顿同我一样喜欢搞恶作剧。记得那年7月一个炎热的午后，有两个小孩儿坐在走廊的台阶上，一个是黑人小姑娘，梳着一束束俏皮的像螺丝锥一样的头发;另一个是白人小姑娘，有着一头长长的金色鬈发。其中一个孩子六岁，另一个只有两岁或三岁大。那个年幼的小孩是个盲童——这个孩子就是我——另一个孩子是玛莎·华盛顿。当时我们俩正埋头剪纸娃娃玩儿，可是没多久我们就厌倦了这个游戏，于是，我们俩又开始剪树叶，我们把能够到的金银花叶子都剪了下来。接着，我开始把注意力转到玛莎那像螺丝锥的头发上，起初她反对我打她头发的主意，但最终还是屈服了。就这样，我们俩轮流玩起了公平的游戏，她抓过剪刀剪掉我的一束鬈发。我想，要不是妈妈及时制止，她一定会把我的头发都剪光的。

　　Belle, our dog, my other companion, was old and lazy and liked to sleep by the open fire rather than to romp with me. I tried hard to teach her my sign language, but she was dull and inattentive. She sometimes started and quivered with excitement, then she became perfectly rigid, as dogs do when they point a bird. I did not then know why Belle acted in this way; but I knew she was not doing as I wished. This vexed me and the lesson always ended in a one-sided boxing match. Belle would get up, stretch herself lazily, give one or two contemptuous sniffs, go to the opposite side of the hearth and lie down again, and I, wearied and disappointed, went off in search of Martha.

　　贝拉是我们家的狗，也是我的另一个伙伴，她又老又懒，喜欢在壁炉旁睡觉，而不太愿意同我玩耍。于是我努力教她我的“手势语言”，但是她总是反应迟钝，心不在焉。有时候，她会兴奋得浑身颤抖，变得跃跃欲试，就像狗儿们将目标锁定在一只鸟时所做的那样。我并不知道贝拉为什么会有如此表现，但是我知道她肯定没有按照我的要求去做。这令我十分懊恼，所以，我的训练课总是以对贝拉一通乱捶作为结束。而贝拉则会爬起来伸伸懒腰，然后轻蔑地打一两个响鼻儿，再跑到壁炉的另一边就地一躺。为此，我感到既无奈又失望，最后我只有丢下贝拉去找玛莎玩。

　　Many incidents of those early years are fixed in my memory, isolated, but clear and distinct, making the sense of that silent, aimless, dayless life all the more intense.

　　早年的很多事情都被我牢牢地记在心里，虽然互不相干，但是它们是如此清晰，宛如历历在目，它们加剧了我对沉寂、无助而迷惘的生活的思考。

　　One day I happened to spill water on my apron, and I spread it out to dry before the fire which was flickering on the sitting-room hearth. The apron did not dry quickly enough to suit me, so I drew nearer and threw it right over the hot ashes. The fire leaped into life; the flames encircled me so that in a moment my clothes were blazing. I made a terrified noise that brought Viny, my old nurse, to the rescue. Throwing a blanket over me, she almost suffocated me, but she put out the fire. Except for my hands and hair I was not badly burned.

　　记得有一天，我不小心把围裙弄湿了，于是，我把围裙铺在客厅的壁炉边烘烤。湿围裙不会那么快就被烤干的，所以我就让它离火源更近一些，结果正好碰到了余烬。围裙一下子烧着了，火苗围绕在我身边，甚至连我的衣服都被引燃了。我惊慌失措的吵闹惊动了我的老保姆维妮，她急忙跑过来救我。维妮把一条毯子盖在我身上，我给憋得几近窒息，不过她还是把火给扑灭了。所以除了双手和头发被烧了一下外，我并无大碍。

　　About this time I found out the use of a key. One morning I locked my mother up in the pantry, where she was obliged to remain three hours, as the servants were in a detached part of the house. She kept pounding on the door, while I sat outside on the porch steps and laughed with glee as I felt the jar of the pounding. This most naughty prank of mine convinced my parents that I must be taught as soon as possible. After my teacher, Miss Sullivan, came to me, I sought an early opportunity to lock her in her room. I went upstairs with something which my mother made me understand I was to give to Miss Sullivan; but no sooner had I given it to her than I slammed the door to, locked it, and hid the key under the wardrobe in the hall. I could not be induced to tell where the key was. My father was obliged to get a ladder and take Miss Sullivan out through the window--much to my delight. Months after I produced the key.

　　就是在那个时候，我发现自己会使用钥匙了。一天早晨，我把母亲锁在了储藏室里，她被迫在里面待了三个小时，因为那时仆人们都出去干活了。母亲不停地敲打房门，我能感觉到敲击房门的震动声，可我却坐在走廊的台阶上咯咯地笑。这类令人头疼的恶作剧使我的父母意识到，我必须尽快接受教育。记得在我的老师苏立文小姐到来后，我还找了一个机会把她锁在了自己房间里。当时母亲领我上楼去见苏立文小姐，她想让我明白她要把我交给老师。可是没多久我就砰地一下把门关上，而且还上了锁。然后，我又把钥匙藏在了走廊里的衣橱里。家人并没有哄我交出钥匙。结果，我的父亲只得搬了一把梯子，把苏立文小姐从窗口接了出来。这出小把戏让我高兴了好一阵儿。几个月之后我才交出了钥匙。

　　When I was about five years old we moved from the little vine-covered house to a large new one. The family consisted of my father and mother, two older half-brothers, and, afterward, a little sister, Mildred. My earliest distinct recollection of my father is making my way through great drifts of newspapers to his side and finding him alone, holding a sheet of paper before his face. I was greatly puzzled to know what he was doing. I imitated this action, even wearing his spectacles, thinking they might help solve the mystery. But I did not find out the secret for several years. Then I learned what those papers were, and that my father edited one of them.

　　在我五岁大的时候，我们从藤萝覆盖的小房子搬到了一个新建的大房子里。这个家庭由我的父母，两个同父异母的哥哥，还有后来出生的小妹妹米尔德莱德组成。我最早而且印象最深的有关父亲的记忆，就是我摇摇晃晃地穿过一堆堆的报纸来到他身边，这时我就会发现他总是独自拿着一沓报纸摆在面前。我会感到极其迷惑，很想知道他在做什么。我也会模仿他的动作，甚至戴上了他的眼镜，因为我想眼镜或许能帮我解开未知的秘密。但是若干年过去了，我没有发现什么秘密。后来我才了解到那些报纸的来历——我的父亲是在对文章进行编辑校对。

　　My father was most loving and indulgent, devoted to his home, seldom leaving us, except in the hunting season. He was a great hunter, I have been told, and a celebrated shot. Next to his family he loved his dogs and gun. His hospitality was great, almost to a fault, and he seldom came home without bringing a guest. His special pride was the big garden where, it was said, he raised the finest watermelons and strawberries in the county; and to me he brought the first ripe grapes and the choicest berries. I remember his caressing touch as he led me from tree to tree, from vine to vine, and his eager delight in whatever pleased me.

　　我的父亲是那种极其眷顾家庭的人，除了狩猎季节，他很少离开我们。他是一个出色的猎人，有着一手好枪法。在家庭之外，他最爱他的狗和猎枪。另外，他还是一个极其好客的人，这几乎成了他的一个性格弱点，他很少有不带客人回家的时候。他最引以为豪的地方就是我们家的大花园，据说，他培育的西瓜和草莓是全县最好的，我还记得他把最先成熟的葡萄和精选的浆果摘给我吃。他充满慈爱地领着我在果树和藤萝之间穿行，他积极乐观的情绪时刻感染着我。

　　He was a famous story-teller; after I had acquired language he used to spell clumsily into my hand his cleverest anecdotes, and nothing pleased him more than to have me repeat them at an opportune moment.

　　父亲是一个很会讲故事的人，在我掌握了语言以后，他常常会笨拙地在我手上拼写字词，并以此来讲述他的那些奇闻逸事。在“讲完”故事后，他会让我马上“复述”出来，再也没有什么比重复故事更令他高兴的事了。

　　I was in the North, enjoying the last beautiful days of the summer of 1896, when I heard the news of my father's death. He had had a short illness, there had been a brief time of acute suffering, then all was over. This was my first great sorrow--my first personal experience with death.

　　1896年，当时我住在北方，正惬意地享受着夏日最后的时光，就是在那个时候，我听到了父亲的死讯。他死于一次突发疾病，经历了短暂的痛苦后，人就这么离去了。父亲的死亡是我人生中第一次感受到的巨大悲恸——也使我第一次对死亡有了自己的认识。

　　How shall I write of my mother? She is so near to me that it almost seems indelicate to speak of her.

　　我又如何描述我的母亲呢?她离我是那么近，对我而言，用语言来描述她是近乎失礼的举动。

　　For a long time I regarded my little sister as an intruder. I knew that I had ceased to be my mother's only darling, and the thought filled me with jealousy. She sat in my mother's lap constantly, where I used to sit, and seemed to take up all her care and time. One day something happened which seemed to me to be adding insult to injury.

　　有很长一段时间，我都把我的小妹妹视做一个入侵者。当时，我知道我已经不再是母亲唯一的宝贝，我的心里充满了嫉妒。妹妹总是坐在母亲的膝盖上，那里本是我坐的位置，而现在却被她完全占领了，她受到了所有的呵护与关爱。有一天，发生了一件不愉快的事情，那件事使我觉得受到了莫大的侮辱。

　　At that time I had a much-petted, much-abused doll, which I afterward named Nancy. She was, alas, the helpless victim of my outbursts of temper and of affection, so that she became much the worse for wear. I had dolls which talked, and cried, and opened and shut their eyes; yet I never loved one of them as I loved poor Nancy. She had a cradle, and I often spent an hour or more rocking her. I guarded both doll and cradle with the most jealous care; but once I discovered my little sister sleeping peacefully in the cradle. At this presumption on the part of one to whom as yet no tie of love bound me I grew angry. I rushed upon the cradle and over-turned it, and the baby might have been killed had my mother not caught her as she fell. Thus it is that when we walk in the valley of twofold solitude we know little of the tender affections that grow out of endearing words and actions and companionship. But afterward, when I was restored to my human heritage, Mildred and I grew into each other's hearts, so that wewere content to go hand-in-hand wherever caprice led us, although she could not understand my finger language, nor I her childish prattle.

　　那时我有一个成天抱在手里，既宠又恨的洋娃娃，后来我给她起名叫南希。唉，实际上，这个娃娃只是供我发脾气的牺牲品，所以，她总是一副破衣烂衫的样子。我有会说话的洋娃娃，也有会哭和会眨眼睛的洋娃娃，但是我从来都不会像爱我的破南希那样爱她们。南希有一个摇篮，我经常花一个小时甚至更多的时间把她放在摇篮里摇动。我无比关切地守护着娃娃和她的摇篮。但是有一次，我发现我的小妹妹安静地躺在摇篮里熟睡。现在只能做出这样的推测，那时根本就没有爱和亲情的纽带能束缚住我的愤怒。于是，我冲过去把摇篮翻了个个儿，要不是母亲上前抓住了她，妹妹也许会被我杀死。所以说，当我们行走在备感孤独的幽谷之中，我们才会逐渐了解到充满关爱的言行以及友情所带给我们的感动。后来，当我重新恢复了人类友爱的本性后，我和米尔德莱德已经成长为彼此交心的姊妹。无论世事如何变化，我们俩都愿意手拉手地面对眼前的一切，虽然她不懂我的手语，而我也不明白她那些孩子气的语言。

 

 

 

 

 

　　Chapter 3

　　第3章

　　Meanwhile the desire to express myself grew. The few signs I used became less and lessadequate, and my failures to make myself understood were invariably followed by outburstsof passion. I felt as if invisible hands were holding me, and I made frantic efforts to freemyself. I struggled--not that struggling helped matters, but the spirit of resistance was strongwithin me; I generally broke down in tears and physical exhaustion. If my mother happened tobe near I crept into her arms, too miserable even to remember the cause of the tempest. Afterawhile the need of some means of communication became so urgent that these outburstsoccurred daily, sometimes hourly.

　　在成长的过程中，我越来越渴望表达自己的意愿，但是我使用的几个简单的手势已经远远不够用了;而且，当我无法表明自己的意图时，我就会气急败坏。我感到似乎有一双看不见的手正在抓着我，而我则拼命地想挣脱束缚。我努力抗争——当然并不是希求解决问题，而是想为我内心深处强烈的反抗精神寻找出路。我通常会哭闹不止，直至筋疲力尽。如果母亲碰巧在身边，我会悄悄地钻进她的怀里。我伤心至极，乃至于忘记了愤怒的原因。后来，这种情绪的爆发在每天，或者每小时都会发生，因此，对于交流的需求于我是如此地迫切。

　　My parents were deeply grieved and perplexed. We lived a long way from any school for theblind or the deaf, and it seemed unlikely that any one would come to such an out-of-the-wayplace as Tuscumbia to teach a child who was both deaf and blind. Indeed, my friends andrelatives sometimes doubted whether I could be taught. My mother's only ray of hope camefrom Dickens's "American Notes." She had read his account of Laura Bridgman, andremembered vaguely that she was deaf and blind, yet had been educated. But she alsoremembered with a hopeless pang that Dr. Howe, who had discovered the way to teach thedeaf and blind, had been dead many years. His methods had probably died with him; and ifthey had not, how was a little girl in a far-off town in Alabama to receive the benefit of them?

　　我的父母陷入了深深的痛苦和困惑之中。当时，我们家离任何一所盲人或聋哑学校都很远，而且，似乎也不会有任何人能跑到像图斯康比亚这种偏僻的地方，就为了教一个又聋又瞎的小孩子。事实上，我的朋友和亲属们一度怀疑我真的能否接受教育。我母亲唯一的希望来自狄更斯的《美国札记》，她曾读过他写的劳拉·布里吉曼的故事，而且她隐约记得那个女孩子也是又聋又瞎，然而却接受了正规教育。不过她也感到希望渺茫，因为豪博士，也就是探索传授盲聋人知识的先驱，已经去世很多年了。而豪博士的教育方法也许会随着他的去世而消亡，果真如此，那么一个住在亚拉巴马偏远小镇的小姑娘又如何从中受益呢?

　　When I was about six years old, my father heard of an eminent oculist in Baltimore, who hadbeen successful in many cases that had seemed hopeless. My parents at once determined totake me to Baltimore to see if anything could be done for my eyes.

　　我六岁大的时候，我的父亲听说在巴尔的摩有一个著名的眼科医生，他曾成功地医治过许多看似无望的病人。于是，我的父母决定带我去巴尔的摩，看看是不是能治好我的眼睛。

　　The journey, which I remember well, was very pleasant. I made friends with many people onthe train. One lady gave me a box of shells. My father made holes in these so that I couldstring them, and for a long time they kept me happy and contented. The conductor, too, was kind. Often when he went his rounds I clung to his coat tails while he collected andpunched the tickets. His punch, with which he let me play, was a delightful toy. Curled up in acorner of the seat I amused myself for hours making funny little holes in bits of cardboard.

　　那是一次愉快的旅行，我依然有着十分清晰的记忆。在火车上，我同许多人成了朋友。有位女士送给我一盒贝壳。我父亲在上面钻出孔洞，这样我就可以把贝壳串在一起，很长时间我都沉醉其中，乐此不疲。列车长也是个友善的人，当他在车厢里四处走动，为乘客检票打孔的时候，我常会靠在他的衣摆上。他还让我玩他的打孔器，那实在是一种很有趣的玩具。我蜷缩在座位的角落里自得其乐，一连好几个小时在一片片纸板上打洞玩。

　　My aunt made me a big doll out of towels. It was the most comical shapeless thing, this improvised doll, with no nose, mouth, ears or eyes—nothing that even the imagination of a child could convert into a face. Curiously enough, the absence of eyes struck me more than all the other defects put together. I pointed this out to everybody with provoking persistency, but no one seemed equal to the task of providing the doll with eyes. A bright idea, however, shot into my mind, and the problem was solved. I tumbled off the seat and searched under it until I found my aunt's cape, which was trimmed with large beads. I pulled two beads off and indicated to her that I wanted her to sew them on my doll. She raised my hand to her eyes in a questioning way, and I nodded energetically. The beads were sewed in the right place and I could not contain myself for joy; but immediately I lost all interest in the doll. During the whole trip I did not have one fit of temper, there were so many things to keep my mind and fingers busy.

　　我的姑妈用毛巾给我做了一个大布娃娃。这是一个滑稽而怪异的玩偶，大概是准备得过于仓促，娃娃没有鼻子、嘴、耳朵和眼睛——甚至凭借一个小孩子的想象力都无法拼凑出娃娃的脸孔。可十分奇怪的是，我并不在乎娃娃头上的其他器官，唯独眼睛的缺失深深触动了我。我固执地向大家指出我的发现，可是似乎没有一个人能够为娃娃添加一双眼睛。然而，由于我的灵机一动，难题终于得到了解决。我翻下座位开始摸索，直到发现了姑妈的披肩，而披肩上面装饰着不少大珠子。我揪下来两颗珠子，并且示意姑妈帮我把它缝到娃娃身上。于是姑妈把我的手放在了她的眼睛上面，而我则使劲地点头。结果，珠子被缝到了恰当的位置，我简直无法抑制住自己的兴奋。可是很快我就失去了对布娃娃的所有兴趣。在旅途中，我没有发过一次脾气，因为有太多的事情让我的头脑和手指忙于应付。

　　When we arrived in Baltimore, Dr. Chisholm received us kindly: but he could do nothing. He said, however, that I could be educated, and advised my father to consult Dr. Alexander Graham Bell of Washington, who would be able to give him information about schools and teachers of deaf or blind children. Acting on the doctor's advice, we went immediately to Washington to see Dr. Bell, my father with a sad heart and many misgivings, I wholly unconscious of his anguish, finding pleasure in the excitement of moving from place to place. Child as I was, I at once felt the tenderness and sympathy which endeared Dr. Bell to so many hearts, as his wonderful achievements enlist their admiration. He held me on his knee while I examined his watch, and he made it strike for me. He understood my signs, and I knew it and loved him at once. But I did not dream that that interview would be the door through which I should pass from darkness into light, from isolation to friendship, companionship, knowledge, love.

　　我们来到巴尔的摩，切斯霍尔姆医生热情地接待了我们，但是他并没有对我做任何治疗。他对父亲说，我应该接受教育，并且建议父亲向华盛顿的亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔博士进行咨询，他可以告诉我们关于聋哑和盲童学校的师资情况。按照医生的建议，我们立刻前往华盛顿去见贝尔博士。我的父亲疑虑重重，感到前途未卜。而我完全没有意识到他的痛苦，只是觉得在路途间往来其乐无穷。虽然是个小孩子，可我马上就感到了贝尔博士的善良和强烈的同情心，当时他功成名就，深受世人敬仰。他把我抱在他的膝盖上，我对他的怀表产生了兴趣，为了让我明白，他不停地敲打怀表。他理解我的手势，我知道这一点，立刻就喜欢上了他。但是我并不抱什么幻想，把这次会晤当成是一扇引领我从黑暗走向光明，从孤独走向友谊、关怀、知识和爱的大门。

　　Dr. Bell advised my father to write to Mr. Anagnos, director of the Perkins Institution in Boston, the scene of Dr. Howe's great labours for the blind, and ask him if he had a teacher competent to begin my education. This my father did at once, and in a few weeks there came a kind letter from Mr. Anagnos with the comforting assurance that a teacher had been found. This was in the summer of 1886. But Miss Sullivan did not arrive until the following March.

　　贝尔博士建议我父亲给阿纳戈诺斯先生写封信，他是波士顿帕金斯学院的院长，也是豪博士伟大事业的继承人。贝尔博士的意思是，看看阿纳戈诺斯先生那里有没有一位能够教我的老师。我的父亲立即写了信。几个星期后，阿纳戈诺斯先生便回了一封热情洋溢的信，他让我们放心，说已经为我们找到了一位老师。这件事发生在1886年夏天，那时苏立文小姐还没有来，她是来年三月才到的。

　　Thus I came up out of Egypt and stood before Sinai, and a power divine touched my spirit and gave it sight, so that I beheld many wonders. And from the sacred mountain I heard a voice which said, "Knowledge is love and light and vision."

　　就这样，我走出埃及，站在了西奈山前。一股神圣的力量触摸着我的灵魂，它不但带给了我光明，还让我“看”到了许多奇迹。我似乎听到了那个来自圣山的声音：“知识是爱，是光，是佳地。”

 

　　Chapter IV

　　第四章

　　The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher, Anne Mansfield Sullivan, came to me. I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrasts between the two lives which it connects. It was the third of March, 1887, three months before I was seven years old.

　　在我的一生中，最令我刻骨铭心的一天就是我的老师，安妮·曼斯菲尔德·苏立文的到来。我心里充满了惊奇，我认为在两个将命运联系在一起的人之间一定存在着无限的差异。那天是1887年3月3日，三个月后我就满七岁了。

　　On the afternoon of that eventful day, I stood on the porch, dumb, expectant. I guessed vaguely from my mother's signs and from the hurrying to and fro in the house that something unusual was about to happen, so I went to the door and waited on the steps. The afternoon sun penetrated the mass of honeysuckle that covered the porch, and fell on my upturned face. My fingers lingered almost unconsciously on the familiar leaves and blossoms which had just come forth to greet the sweet southern spring. I did not know what the future held of marvel or surprise for me. Anger and bitterness had preyed upon me continually for weeks and a deep languor had succeeded this passionate struggle.

　　那天下午，我站在门廊里，似乎在默默地期待着什么。我从房间里人们忙前忙后的动静，以及母亲的手势里隐约地猜到，家里要有什么事发生。所以，我就走出房门坐在台阶上等着。午后的阳光穿透门廊上茂密的金银花藤，暖暖地洒落在我仰起的脸上。我的手指不由自主地游移在那些熟悉的叶片和花蕾之间，初生的枝蔓似乎也忙不迭地向南方的春日致意。我不知道我的未来会发生什么样的奇迹，一连好几个星期，懊恼和苦闷折磨着我，深深的无助感令我抗争不得。

　　Have you ever been at sea in a dense fog, when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you in, and the great ship, tense and anxious, groped her way toward the shore with plummet and sounding-line, and you waited with beating heart for something to happen? I was like that ship before my education began, only I was without compass or sounding-line, and had no way of knowing how near the harbour was. "Light! give me light!" was the wordless cry of my soul, and the light of love shone on me in that very hour.

　　你是否曾到过浓雾笼罩的海面?一团白色的雾霭将你彻底封闭，而你脚下的那条大船，则焦虑不安地摸索前行，它边走边用铅锤和探深绳寻找着靠岸的航道。那么你呢?就带着怦怦的心跳等待着未知事物的发生?在接受正式教育之前，我就像那艘漂荡在迷雾中的船，只是我没有指南针和探深绳，也无从知晓港口的远近。“光!给我光明!”这是发自我灵魂深处无言的呐喊，每分每秒，我都想把自己沐浴在爱的光明之中。

　　I felt approaching footsteps. I stretched out my hand as I supposed to my mother. Some one took it, and I was caught up and held close in the arms of her who had come to reveal all things to me, and, more than all things else, to love me.

　　我感觉到了走近的脚步声，我伸出手，就像迎接母亲那样。有个人抓住了我的手，我被她紧紧地抱在怀中，她就是来向我揭示万事万物的人。事实上，比揭示万事万物更为重要的是，她爱我。

　　The morning after my teacher came she led me into her room and gave me a doll. The little blind children at the Perkins Institution had sent it and Laura Bridgman had dressed it; but I did not know this until afterward. When I had played with it a little while, Miss Sullivan slowly spelled into my hand the word "d-o-l-l." I was at once interested in this finger play and tried to imitate it. When I finally succeeded in making the letters correctly I was flushed with childish pleasure and pride. Running downstairs to my mother I held up my hand and made the letters for doll. I did not know that I was spelling a word or even that words existed; I was simply making my fingers go in monkey-like imitation. In the days that followed I learned to spell in this uncomprehending way a great many words, among them pin, hat, cup and a few verbs like sit, stand and walk. But my teacher had been with me several weeks before I understood that everything has a name.

　　我记得在老师到来之后的次日早晨，她领我来到了她的房间，还给了我一个布娃娃。这个娃娃是帕金斯学院的一个小盲童送给苏立文小姐的。劳拉·布里吉曼还给娃娃做了衣服穿，我也是后来才知道娃娃的来历的。当时，我玩了一会儿手上的娃娃，苏立文小姐则慢慢地在我手上拼写“doll”这个词。我立刻对这种手指游戏产生了兴趣，并且努力模仿。最终，我正确地拼写出了单词，我难以抑制我的快乐和自豪。后来，我跑到楼下母亲身旁，我举起手，然后在上面拼写出“娃娃”的单词。当时，我并不知道我拼写的是一个单词，我甚至不知道那些字词是否存在，我只是调皮地用手指加以模仿而已。在随后的几天里，我用这种懵懂的方式学会了拼写很多词，其中有像“pin，bat，cup”这样的名词，还有一些像“sit，stand，walk”之类的动词。事实上，我是在和老师待了好几星期后，才知道每件东西都有一个名字。

　　One day, while I was playing with my new doll, Miss Sullivan put my big rag doll into my lap also, spelled "d-o-l-l" and tried to make me understand that "d-o-l-l" applied to both. Earlier in the day we had had a tussle over the words "m-u-g" and "w-a-t-e-r." Miss Sullivan had tried to impress it upon me that "m-u-g" is mug and that "w-a-t-e-r" is water, but I persisted in confounding the two. In despair she had dropped the subject for the time, only to renew it at the first opportunity. I became impatient at her repeated attempts and, seizing the new doll, I dashed it upon the floor. I was keenly delighted when I felt the fragments of the broken doll at my feet. Neither sorrow nor regret followed my passionate outburst. I had not loved the doll. In the still, dark world in which I lived there was no strong sentiment or tenderness. I felt my teacher sweep the fragments to one side of the hearth, and I had a sense of satisfaction that the cause of my discomfort was removed. She brought me my hat, and I knew I was going out into the warm sunshine. This thought, if a wordless sensation may be called a thought, made me hop and skip with pleasure.

　　有一天，我正在和我的新布娃娃玩的时候，苏立文小姐就把我的那个大破娃娃放在了我的膝盖上，她教我拼写“doll”，而且试图使我明白，这两个娃娃都叫“doll”。还有一次，我们在单词“mug”和“water”之间争得不可开交。苏立文小姐极力向我强调“水杯是水杯，水是水”，可是我固执地把两样东西混为一谈。无奈之下，她不再同我争辩，而是从头开始教我。我对她翻来覆去的重复不胜厌烦，于是我一把抓过新娃娃，把它猛地摔在地上。我感觉到了娃娃在我脚下四分五裂，只觉得心里十分痛快。既不悲伤，也不愧疚，我的情绪就那样爆发了，我不再爱那个娃娃。显然，在我生活的寂静、黑暗的世界里，是没有强烈的柔情和关爱的。我感觉到我的老师把娃娃的残肢扫到了壁炉旁边。我的懊恼也随之被移走了，我感到心满意足。后来，老师拿来了我的帽子，我知道我要去外面晒太阳了。这样的念头——如果这种无声的感觉能够被称作一个念头的话，那么它会令我感到欢欣鼓舞。

　　We walked down the path to the well-house, attracted by the fragrance of the honeysuckle with which it was covered. Some one was drawing water and my teacher placed my hand under the spout. As the cool stream gushed over one hand she spelled into the other the word water, first slowly, then rapidly. I stood still, my whole attention fixed upon the motions of her fingers. Suddenly I felt a misty consciousness as of something forgotten--a thrill of returning thought; and somehow the mystery of language was revealed to me. I knew then that "w-a-t-e-r" meant the wonderful cool something that was flowing over my hand. That living word awakened my soul, gave it light, hope, joy, set it free! There were barriers still, it is true, but barriers that could in time be swept away.*

　　我们走在通往大房子的路上，金银花的芬芳令人心旷神怡。有人开始压水，我的老师则把我的手放在了水管边上。当一股清冽的水流喷涌到我的一只手上时，她就在我的另一只手上拼写“water”这个词，起初是慢慢地，后来变得飞快。蓦然间，我感觉到一种被遗忘了的朦胧意识——或者说，一种沉睡意识的回归和觉醒;神秘的语言世界展现在我面前。于是我知道了“water”的意思是奇妙而凉爽的东西从我的手上流过。这个具有生命力的词语唤醒了我的灵魂，它带给了我光明、希望、欢乐，将我置于一个无限自由的空间!虽然感官的藩篱依然存在，但是藩篱必将会被及时地清理干净。

　　I left the well-house eager to learn. Everything had a name, and each name gave birth to a new thought. As we returned to the house every object which I touched seemed to quiver with life. That was because I saw everything with the strange, new sight that had come to me. On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken. I felt my way to the hearth and picked up the pieces. I tried vainly to put them together. Then my eyes filled with tears; for I realized what I had done, and for the first time I felt repentance and sorrow.

　　我离开了大房子，极其渴望了解更广阔的世界。对我而言，每一样东西都有一个名字，每一个名字都是一种新思想的诞生。当我们回到家里，我碰到的每一件物体似乎都对我的生命产生了触动。这是因为我以一种陌生而新奇的眼光来看待这些东西。进门的时候，我想起了那个被我摔坏的洋娃娃。我摸索着走到壁炉前，蹲在地上捡起了娃娃的碎片。我徒劳地想把它们拼凑在一起，我的眼里噙满了泪水，因为我意识到了自己的所作所为，有生以来第一次，我感到既懊悔又伤心。

　　I learned a great many new words that day. I do not remember what they all were; but I do know that mother, father, sister, teacher were among them--words that were to make the world blossom for me, "like Aaron's rod, with flowers." It would have been difficult to find a happier child than I was as I lay in my crib at the close of that eventful day and lived over the joys it had brought me, and for the first time longed for a new day to come.

　　那天，我学习了大量的新词汇。虽然已经记不全了，但是有几个词我永远都不会忘记——“母亲，父亲，姐妹，老师”——这些词语把我带进了一个缤纷的世界，“就像亚伦的魔杖，一挥之下，遍生花丛”。不妨说，你很难找到一个像我这般快乐的小孩。在具有意义的那一天结束之时，我躺在自己的儿童床里。它把我带进了喜悦的生活之中，我第一次迫不及待地期盼着新的一天的来临。

 

　　Chapter V

　　第五章

　　I recall many incidents of the summer of 1887 that followed my soul's sudden awakening. I didnothing but explore with my hands and learn the name of every object that I touched; andthe more I handled things and learned their names and uses, the more joyous and confidentgrew my sense of kinship with the rest of the world.

　　我想起了许多1887年夏天发生的事，正是这些事激发了我灵魂的觉醒。那时我做不了什么，可是我会用自己的双手去探索，去认知我触摸到的每一件物体。我摸到的东西越多，了解这些东西的名称和用途越广，我对自己同世界血脉相连的感受就越强烈，我的喜悦之情和信心也随之增长。

　　When the time of daisies and buttercups came Miss Sullivan took me by the hand across thefields, where men were preparing the earth for the seed, to the banks of the Tennessee River, and there, sitting on the warm grass, I had my first lessons in the beneficence of nature. Ilearned how the sun and the rain make to grow out of the ground every tree that is pleasant tothe sight and good for food, how birds build their nests and live and thrive from land to land, how the squirrel, the deer, the lion and every other creature finds food and shelter. As myknowledge of things grew I felt more and more the delight of the world I was in. Long before Ilearned to do a sum in arithmetic or describe the shape of the earth, Miss Sullivan had taughtme to find beauty in the fragrant woods, in every blade of grass, and in the curves anddimples of my baby sister's hand. She linked my earliest thoughts with nature, and made mefeel that "birds and flowers and I were happy peers."

　　当雏菊和毛茛争芳吐艳的时候，苏立文小姐牵着我的手穿过田野。沿着田纳西河的两岸，农人们正在做着播种的准备。坐在温暖的草地上，我首次感受到了大自然对人类的馈赠。我了解到了阳光和雨水如何滋润土地上的每一棵树木，令它们长势繁茂，开花结果。我还知道了鸟儿们如何搭建巢穴，如何迁徙生存;松鼠、鹿、狮子和各种动物如何觅食逃生。随着知识的增长，我对我所生存的这个世界越来越感兴趣。很早以前我就学会了做算术题，或者描述大地的轮廓。苏立文小姐教我学会了发现之美——在芬芳林木的拥抱中，在每一片草叶上，在我小妹妹蜷曲柔弱、像长了酒窝的小手上，我的确找到了美。她将我人生最初的思想同大自然连接在一起，她让我感受到了“鸟儿、花朵和我都是快乐的同伴”。

　　But about this time I had an experience which taught me that nature is not always kind. Oneday my teacher and I were returning from a long ramble. The morning had been fine, but itwas growing warm and sultry when at last we turned our faces homeward. Two or three timeswe stopped to rest under a tree by the wayside. Our last halt was under a wild cherry tree ashort distance from the house. The shade was grateful, and the tree was so easy to climb thatwith my teacher's assistance I was able to scramble to a seat in the branches. It was so coolup in the tree that Miss Sullivan proposed that we have our luncheon there. I promised to keepstill while she went to the house to fetch it.

　　正是在那个时候，我也有了一种个人体验，那就是大自然并不总是温情脉脉的。一天，我和老师正从一次长距离散步中返回。那天一早的天气还是好好的，但是当我们往家走的时候就变得燠热难耐起来。有那么两三次，我们停在路边的大树下歇息。最后，我们来到了离家不远的一棵野生樱桃树下。树荫下凉爽宜人，那棵树也很容易攀爬，在老师的帮助下，我还能爬到树上骑在枝桠间。坐在树枝间的感觉妙不可言，苏立文小姐打算在这里进行我们的午餐。我答应她坐在树杈上不动，于是老师去家里拿午饭。

　　Suddenly a change passed over the tree. All the sun's warmth left the air. I knew the sky wasblack, because all the heat, which meant light to me, had died out of the atmosphere. A strangeodour came up from the earth. I knew it, it was the odour that always precedes athunderstorm, and a nameless fear clutched at my heart. I felt absolutely alone, cut off frommy friends and the firm earth. The immense, the unknown, enfolded me. I remained still andexpectant; a chilling terror crept over me. I longed for my teacher's return; but above allthings I wanted to get down from that tree.

　　突然，有一种变化从树丛之间扫过。周围所有的光和热都散去了，我知道天色变黑了，因为所有的热度，对我而言也意味着光，已经消失在了空气之中。接着，地上也泛起一股奇怪的味道，在一场雷雨到来之前，我总会闻到这种味道。一种难以名状的恐惧攫住了我的心，我感到了彻底的孤立无助，某种力量切断了我同朋友和坚实大地的联系。浩瀚、未知的气氛将我紧紧围裹，我伫立不动，翘首企盼，一阵惊骇感袭遍了我的全身。我急切地盼着老师快些返回，一心想从树上爬下来。

　　There was a moment of sinister silence, then a multitudinous stirring of the leaves. A shiver ran through the tree, and the wind sent forth a blast that would have knocked me off had I not clung to the branch with might and main. The tree swayed and strained. The small twigs snapped and fell about me in showers. A wild impulse to jump seized me, but terror held me fast. I crouched down in the fork of the tree. The branches lashed about me. I felt the intermittent jarring that came now and then, as if something heavy had fallen and the shock had traveled up till it reached the limb I sat on. It worked my suspense up to the highest point, and just as I was thinking the tree and I should fall together, my teacher seized my hand and helped me down. I clung to her, trembling with joy to feel the earth under my feet once more. I had learned a new lesson--that nature "wages open war against her children, and under softest touch hides treacherous claws."

　　接着，是片刻的宁静，令人产生不祥的预感。随后，周围的树叶大肆抖动起来，我身下的樱桃树发出一阵震颤，如果不是我用尽力气紧紧抱住树干，迎面而来的一股狂风就会把我掀到地上。树摇晃得很厉害，在风雨的裹挟下，我身边的小树枝噼啪作响，似乎在嘲笑我的渺小。一阵狂暴的悸动攫住了我，恐惧感令我难以自抑。我蜷缩在树杈之间，任凭枝叶的鞭打。我断断续续地感到了身边强烈的震动，仿佛有某种重物坠落。震颤在头顶上划过，一直传到了我身下的树杈上。我的不安已经达到了极限，因为我觉得我和大树会一起倒下。幸好我的老师及时抓住了我的手，把我从树上弄下来。我紧紧地依附在老师身边，高兴得浑身颤抖，我又一次感受到了脚下坚实的土地。我想我已经学会了新的一课——大自然时常会“向她的子民公然发起战争，在其最温柔的触摸之下，隐藏着一双险恶的利爪”。

　　After this experience it was a long time before I climbed another tree. The mere thought filled me with terror. It was the sweet allurement of the mimosa tree in full bloom that finally overcame my fears. One beautiful spring morning when I was alone in the summer-house, reading, I became aware of a wonderful subtle fragrance in the air. I started up and instinctively stretched out my hands. It seemed as if the spirit of spring had passed through the summer-house. "What is it?" I asked, and the next minute I recognized the odour of the mimosa blossoms. I felt my way to the end of the garden, knowing that the mimosa tree was near the fence, at the turn of the path. Yes, there it was, all quivering in the warm sunshine, its blossom-laden branches almost touching the long grass. Was there ever anything so exquisitely beautiful in the world before! Its delicate blossoms shrank from the slightest earthly touch; it seemed as if a tree of paradise had been transplanted to earth. I made my way through a shower ofpetals to the great trunk and for one minute stood irresolute; then, putting my foot in the broad space between the forked branches, I pulled myself up into the tree. I had some difficulty in holding on, for the branches were very large and the bark hurt my hands. But I had a delicious sense that I was doing something unusual and wonderful, so I kept on climbing higher and higher, until I reached a little seat which somebody had built there so long ago that it had grown part of the tree itself. I sat there for a long, long time, feeling like a fairy on a rosy cloud. After that I spent many happy hours in my tree of paradise, thinking fair thoughts and dreaming bright dreams.

　　在经历了这件事之后，有很长一段时间，我都没有再爬树。我留下来的唯一记忆就是恐惧。但是，金合欢树盛开的花朵和迷人的芬芳终于使我战胜了恐惧。那是一个春天的早晨，我正独自在凉亭里阅读。渐渐地，我觉察到空气中弥漫着一股淡淡的香气。于是，我一下子站起来，本能地伸出双手，仿佛在探寻着穿过凉亭的春天的气息。“这是什么东西?”我在心里发出疑问。紧接着，我就认出了这是金合欢花的气味。我摸索着来到花园尽头，我知道那棵金合欢树就在篱笆附近小路的拐角处。不错，它就在那里，在和煦的阳光下，金合欢树轻轻摇曳，它那缀满花朵的枝桠几乎垂到了长长的草丛上。世上怎么会有如此精巧美丽的花朵!即使是最轻微的触动，它那精致的花瓣也会立刻回缩并拢，就像是一棵天堂之树被移植到了人间。拨开繁茂的花枝，我走到了巨大的树干下面。我先是犹豫地站了一小会，然后，我把双脚放在了树杈之间的宽阔地带，并且开始向上攀。保持攀登姿态相当吃力，因为树干非常粗大，树皮还磨破了我的双手。可是我依然斗志昂扬，沉浸在征服困难的喜悦之中。我继续往高处爬，一直爬到了一个凳子上。这个小凳子是很早以前的什么人绑在这里的，如今，它已经长成了大树的一部分。在高高的树杈之间，我坐了很长时间，我觉得自己就像一个坐在玫瑰祥云上的仙女。一连好几个小时，我在这棵天堂之树上展开神思遐想，做了一个又一个有关光明的梦。

 

　　Chapter VI

　　第6章

　　I had now the key to all language, and I was eager to learn to use it. Children who hear acquire language without any particular effort; the words that fall from others' lips they catch on the wing, as it were, delightedly, while the little deaf child must trap them by a slow and often painful process. But whatever the process, the result is wonderful. Gradually from naming an object we advance step by step until we have traversed the vast distance between our first stammered syllable and the sweep of thought in a line of Shakespeare.

　　如今，我已经掌握了学习所有语言的关键，而且我渴望学以致用。对那些正常的孩子而言，他们学习语言并不需要特别的努力，就能够领会从别人唇间吐出的词汇，这是一个令人欣喜的过程。而对于一个聋哑小孩而言，掌握语言必须要经过一番缓慢而痛苦的学习过程。但无论是哪一种过程，其结果都会令人无比愉悦。渐渐地，我们从说出一种物体的名字，一步步发展到在更广阔的疆域里自由驰骋——从第一次发出结结巴巴的音节，到在莎士比亚的诗行间沉思，我们穿越了遥远的征途。

　　At first, when my teacher told me about a new thing I asked very few questions. My ideas were vague, and my vocabulary was inadequate; but as my knowledge of things grew, and I learned more and more words, my field of inquiry broadened, and I would return again and again to the same subject, eager for further information. Sometimes a new word revived an image that some earlier experience had engraved on my brain.

　　起初，当我的老师讲解一件新事物时，我几乎问不出什么问题。我的意识是模糊的，我的词汇也是贫乏的，但是随着接触事物的增加，我学会的词汇也越来越多。我问询的范围变宽广了，我一次又一次地周旋于同一个主题，我渴望深入了解事物的方方面面。有时候，一个新词会勾起我对早期经历的一些记忆。

　　I remember the morning that I first asked the meaning of the word, "love." This was before I knew many words. I had found a few early violets in the garden and brought them to my teacher. She tried to kiss me; but at that time I did not like to have any one kiss me except my mother. Miss Sullivan put her arm gently round me and spelled into my hand, "I love Helen."

　　我记得有一天早上，我第一次询问“爱”这个词的含义，这是我早就知道的一个词。当时，我在花园里发现了几株刚刚开放的紫罗兰，于是我把花朵带给了我的老师。老师试图吻我，但是在那个时候，除了母亲，我不喜欢被任何人亲吻。苏立文小姐轻轻地用胳膊揽着我，并且在我手上拼写“我爱海伦”。

　　"What is love?" I asked.

　　“爱是什么?”我“问”道。

　　She drew me closer to her and said, "It is here," pointing to my heart, whose beats I was conscious of for the first time. Her words puzzled me very much because I did not then understand anything unless I touched it.

　　她把我拉到她身边，对我“说”：“爱就在这里”，然后就指着我的心。这是我第一次意识到了它的跳动。老师的话令我迷惑不解，因为那时候我还不能理解无形的东西，除非我能用手摸到它。

　　I smelt the violets in her hand and asked, half in words, half in signs, a question which meant, "Is love the sweetness of flowers?"

　　我闻着老师手里的紫罗兰，一边拼写单词，一边用手势比画，我想问的问题是：“爱是这些可爱的花朵吗?”

　　"No," said my teacher.

　　“不。”我的老师对我说。

　　Again I thought. The warm sun was shining on us.

　　于是我再次揣摩这个词。暖洋洋的阳光照在我和老师身上。

　　"Is this not love?" I asked, pointing in the direction from which the heat came. "Is this not love?"

　　“这个是爱吗?”我指着发出热量的方向“问”老师，“这个不是爱吗?”

　　It seemed to me that there could be nothing more beautiful than the sun, whose warmth makes all things grow. But Miss Sullivan shook her head, and I was greatly puzzled and disappointed. I thought it strange that my teacher could not show me love.

　　在我看来，世界上再也没有什么比太阳更美丽的东西了，它发出的光和热令万物生生不息。可是苏立文小姐仍然摇着头，我陷入了深深的困惑和失望之中。真是奇怪，为什么老师不能把“爱”展示给我看呢?

　　A day or two afterward I was stringing beads of different sizes in symmetrical groups--two large beads, three small ones, and so on. I had made many mistakes, and Miss Sullivan had pointed them out again and again with gentle patience. Finally I noticed a very obvious error in the sequence and for an instant I concentrated my attention on the lesson and tried to think how I should have arranged the beads. Miss Sullivan touched my forehead and spelled with decided emphasis, "Think."

　　记得大约在一两天之后，我正把不同大小的珠子均匀地串在一起——先串两个大的，再串三个小的，以次类推。可我总是搞错，苏立文小姐十分耐心地把串错的珠子一一指出来。终于，我注意到了一个很明显的次序错误，就在那一瞬间，我把自己的注意力完全集中在了手工课上，我该如何解决珠子的顺序问题呢?苏立文小姐摸着我的额头，很有力地拼写出“think”这个词。

　　In a flash I knew that the word was the name of the process that was going on in my head. This was my first conscious perception of an abstract idea.

　　刹那间，我明白了这个词语就是我头脑运行过程的产物，这是我对一个抽象概念的初次认识。

 

海伦·凯勒自传《我的生活》

　　For a long time I was still—I was not thinking of the beads in my lap, but trying to find a meaning for "love" in the light of this new idea. The sun had been under a cloud all day, and there had been brief showers; but suddenly the sun broke forth in all its southern splendour.

　　有很长时间，我并没有把心思放在腿上的珠子上。随着新念头的迸发，我试图找到“爱”的含义。当时，太阳已经被云层遮盖，随后还下了一阵雨，可是顷刻之间，南方的太阳便喷薄出它那特有的光芒。

　　Again I asked my teacher, "Is this not love?"

　　我又一次问我的老师：“这个是爱吗?”

　　"Love is something like the clouds that were in the sky before the sun came out," she replied. Then in simpler words than these, which at that time I could not have understood, she explained: "You cannot touch the clouds, you know; but you feel the rain and know how glad the flowers and the thirsty earth are to have it after a hot day. You cannot touch love either; but you feel the sweetness that it pours into everything. Without love you would not be happy or want to play."

　　“在太阳出来之前，爱有点像天上的云彩。”老师回答道。显然，如此简单的回答还是使我无法理解。老师继续解释道：“要知道，你无法摸到云彩，可是你能感知雨水的降落;你也知道，在经历了整天的酷热后，那些花儿和干旱的土地是多么渴望雨露的滋润。虽然你不能触摸到爱，但是你能感觉到雨水滋养万物的美好。所以说，如果没有爱，你一定不会快乐，也没有心思玩耍了。”

　　The beautiful truth burst upon my mind—I felt that there were invisible lines stretched between my spirit and the spirits of others.

　　真理之美蓦然出现在我的头脑里——在我的灵魂和其他人的灵魂之间，延伸出一条条看不见的连线。

　　From the beginning of my education Miss Sullivan made it a practice to speak to me as she would speak to any hearing child; the only difference was that she spelled the sentences into my hand instead of speaking them. If I did not know the words and idioms necessary to express my thoughts she supplied them, even suggesting conversation when I was unable to keep up my end of the dialogue.

　　从我接受教育的第一天开始，苏立文小姐就像对待那些具有听力的孩子那样跟我讲话，唯一的不同是，她在我手上拼写句子，而不是直接说出来。假如我理解不了她给我的那些词汇和成语，乃至于无法进行对话的时候，我甚至想同老师直接交谈。

　　This process was continued for several years; for the deaf child does not learn in a month, or even in two or three years, the numberless idioms and expressions used in the simplest daily intercourse. The little hearing child learns these from constant repetition and imitation. The conversation he hears in his home stimulates his mind and suggests topics and calls forth the spontaneous expression of his own thoughts. This natural exchange of ideas is denied to the deaf child. My teacher, realizing this, determined to supply the kinds of stimulus I lacked. This she did by repeating to me as far as possible, verbatim, what she heard, and by showing me how I could take part in the conversation. But it was a long time before I ventured to take the initiative, and still longer before I could find something appropriate to say at the right time.

　　这种过程持续了好几年之久。对于那些失聪儿童来说，在日常交流中使用的最简单的成语和表达方式真是难以计数，你根本无法在短短一个月，乃至两三年的时间里掌握它们。那些有听力的孩子可以从不断的重复和模仿中学习这些语言。他们在家里听到大人们的交谈，这些谈话无形中刺激了他们思维的发展，而交谈的话题也是他们感兴趣的，因此无须刻意学习，他们自然而然地就会表达出自己的思想。这种天生的交流思想的方式在失聪儿童那里是行不通的。我的老师意识到了这一点，于是她决心弥补我身上缺失的这部分本能。她逐字逐句，反反复复地教我，告诉我怎样参与同人们的对话。这是一个漫长的过程，后来我终于能主动同人交谈了;又过了很长时间，我才掌握了在恰当的时间说出恰当的话。

　　The deaf and the blind find it very difficult to acquire the amenities of conversation. How much more this difficulty must be augmented in the case of those who are both deaf and blind! They cannot distinguish the tone of the voice or, without assistance, go up and down the gamut of tones that give significance to words; nor can they watch the expression of the speaker's face, and a look is often the very soul of what one says.

　　对于一个盲人或者聋人而言，掌握对话的技艺确实很难。而对于那些既盲又聋的人而言，其遭遇的阻碍可谓难上加难!他们不能辨别语气的快慢、声调的高低，也无法观察讲话者的面部表情，而一个眼神通常能展示出讲话者的内心世界。

 

　　For a long time I was still—I was not thinking of the beads in my lap, but trying to find a meaning for "love" in the light of this new idea. The sun had been under a cloud all day, and there had been brief showers; but suddenly the sun broke forth in all its southern splendour.

　　有很长时间，我并没有把心思放在腿上的珠子上。随着新念头的迸发，我试图找到“爱”的含义。当时，太阳已经被云层遮盖，随后还下了一阵雨，可是顷刻之间，南方的太阳便喷薄出它那特有的光芒。

　　Again I asked my teacher, "Is this not love?"

　　我又一次问我的老师：“这个是爱吗?”

　　"Love is something like the clouds that were in the sky before the sun came out," she replied. Then in simpler words than these, which at that time I could not have understood, she explained: "You cannot touch the clouds, you know; but you feel the rain and know how glad the flowers and the thirsty earth are to have it after a hot day. You cannot touch love either; but you feel the sweetness that it pours into everything. Without love you would not be happy or want to play."

　　“在太阳出来之前，爱有点像天上的云彩。”老师回答道。显然，如此简单的回答还是使我无法理解。老师继续解释道：“要知道，你无法摸到云彩，可是你能感知雨水的降落;你也知道，在经历了整天的酷热后，那些花儿和干旱的土地是多么渴望雨露的滋润。虽然你不能触摸到爱，但是你能感觉到雨水滋养万物的美好。所以说，如果没有爱，你一定不会快乐，也没有心思玩耍了。”

　　The beautiful truth burst upon my mind—I felt that there were invisible lines stretched between my spirit and the spirits of others.

　　真理之美蓦然出现在我的头脑里——在我的灵魂和其他人的灵魂之间，延伸出一条条看不见的连线。

　　From the beginning of my education Miss Sullivan made it a practice to speak to me as she would speak to any hearing child; the only difference was that she spelled the sentences into my hand instead of speaking them. If I did not know the words and idioms necessary to express my thoughts she supplied them, even suggesting conversation when I was unable to keep up my end of the dialogue.

　　从我接受教育的第一天开始，苏立文小姐就像对待那些具有听力的孩子那样跟我讲话，唯一的不同是，她在我手上拼写句子，而不是直接说出来。假如我理解不了她给我的那些词汇和成语，乃至于无法进行对话的时候，我甚至想同老师直接交谈。

　　This process was continued for several years; for the deaf child does not learn in a month, or even in two or three years, the numberless idioms and expressions used in the simplest daily intercourse. The little hearing child learns these from constant repetition and imitation. The conversation he hears in his home stimulates his mind and suggests topics and calls forth the spontaneous expression of his own thoughts. This natural exchange of ideas is denied to the deaf child. My teacher, realizing this, determined to supply the kinds of stimulus I lacked. This she did by repeating to me as far as possible, verbatim, what she heard, and by showing me how I could take part in the conversation. But it was a long time before I ventured to take the initiative, and still longer before I could find something appropriate to say at the right time.

　　这种过程持续了好几年之久。对于那些失聪儿童来说，在日常交流中使用的最简单的成语和表达方式真是难以计数，你根本无法在短短一个月，乃至两三年的时间里掌握它们。那些有听力的孩子可以从不断的重复和模仿中学习这些语言。他们在家里听到大人们的交谈，这些谈话无形中刺激了他们思维的发展，而交谈的话题也是他们感兴趣的，因此无须刻意学习，他们自然而然地就会表达出自己的思想。这种天生的交流思想的方式在失聪儿童那里是行不通的。我的老师意识到了这一点，于是她决心弥补我身上缺失的这部分本能。她逐字逐句，反反复复地教我，告诉我怎样参与同人们的对话。这是一个漫长的过程，后来我终于能主动同人交谈了;又过了很长时间，我才掌握了在恰当的时间说出恰当的话。

　　The deaf and the blind find it very difficult to acquire the amenities of conversation. How much more this difficulty must be augmented in the case of those who are both deaf and blind! They cannot distinguish the tone of the voice or, without assistance, go up and down the gamut of tones that give significance to words; nor can they watch the expression of the speaker's face, and a look is often the very soul of what one says.

　　对于一个盲人或者聋人而言，掌握对话的技艺确实很难。而对于那些既盲又聋的人而言，其遭遇的阻碍可谓难上加难!他们不能辨别语气的快慢、声调的高低，也无法观察讲话者的面部表情，而一个眼神通常能展示出讲话者的内心世界。

　　Chapter VII

　　第七章

　　The next important step in my education was learning to read.

　　在我接受教育的过程之中，下一步的学习重点是“阅读”。

　　As soon as I could spell a few words my teacher gave me slips of cardboard on which wereprinted words in raised letters. I quickly learned that each printed word stood for an object, anact, or a quality. I had a frame in which I could arrange the words in little sentences; butbefore I ever put sentences in the frame I used to make them in objects. I found the slips ofpaper which represented, for example, "doll," "is," "on," "bed" and placed each name on itsobject; then I put my doll on the bed with the words is, on, bed arranged beside the doll, thusmaking a sentence of the words, and at the same time carrying out the idea of the sentencewith the things themselves.

　　每当我拼写单词的时候，我的老师就会拿给我一些卡片，这些卡片上面印着凸起的字母。我学得很快，我知道每一个词语都代表着一种物体，一种行为，或者是一种特质。我有一个拼写板，最初，我能在上面拼凑出一些短句。我发现了那些卡片所代表的含义，比如“doll”，“is”，“on”，“bed”这几个词，每一个词都有其自身对应的物体和形式。于是，我就用“is on bed”表示把洋娃娃放在床上。在造句的同时，我也掌握了句子本身的意义和结构。

　　One day, Miss Sullivan tells me, I pinned the word girl on my pinafore and stood in thewardrobe. On the shelf I arranged the words, is, in, wardrobe. Nothing delighted me somuch as this game. My teacher and I played it for hours at a time. Often everything in theroom was arranged in object sentences.

　　有一天，苏立文小姐对我说，如果我把“girl”的卡片别在我的围裙上，然后站在衣橱里，这句话该怎么说?于是，我就在拼写板上用“is in wardrobe”表示出来。再没有什么比这种游戏更让我开心的了。我和老师每次都一连玩好几个小时，屋子里的每一样东西都被我们当做练习造句用的道具。

　　From the printed slip it was but a step to the printed book. I took my "Reader for Beginners" and hunted for the words I knew; when I found them my joy was like that of a game of hide-and-seek. Thus I began to read. Of the time when I began to read connected stories I shallspeak later.

　　逐渐地，我从认字卡片上的字过渡到了看书，我把自己看做一个“初级读者”。在书中，我如饥似渴地搜寻着那些我认识的字。一旦发现了这些字，我高兴得就像玩了一场捉迷藏游戏。就这样，我开始了阅读生涯。那时候，我开始读一些系列故事，后来，我还能把这些故事讲出来。

　　For a long time I had no regular lessons. Even when I studied most earnestly it seemed morelike play than work. Everything Miss Sullivan taught me she illustrated by a beautiful story ora poem. Whenever anything delighted or interested me she talked it over with me just as if shewere a little girl herself. What many children think of with dread, as a painful ploddingthrough grammar, hard sums and harder definitions, is to-day one of my most preciousmemories.

　　有很长一段时间，我并没有系统地学习某些课程。所以，当我满怀热忱地认真学习时，更像是在玩耍娱乐。苏立文小姐会把教给我的每一样东西用一个故事或者一首诗表达出来。无论何时，只要碰到令人高兴或者是有趣的事，她都会事无巨细地讲给我听，她仿佛把自己也变成了一个小姑娘。在求知的过程中，发生在许多小孩子身上的畏惧心理并没有对我造成影响，比如像枯燥乏味的文法，艰涩的算术题和更难的名词解释，正相反，这些都成了我最珍视的回忆。

　　I cannot explain the peculiar sympathy Miss Sullivan had with my pleasures and desires. Perhaps it was the result of long association with the blind. Added to this she had a wonderfulfaculty for description. She went quickly over uninteresting details, and never nagged mewith questions to see if I remembered the day-before-yesterday's lesson. She introduced drytechnicalities of science little by little, making every subject so real that I could not helpremembering what she taught.

　　对于苏立文小姐所给予我的特殊的关爱之心，我无法做出解释，我想，这也许是长期失明造成的后果。除了爱心，老师还具有极其出色的描述才能，她能迅速地掠过那些乏味的细节，而且从来不唠唠叨叨地问我前天都学了哪些东西之类的问题。她总是一点一点地给我讲解枯燥的科学原理，她讲得无比生动，以至于我常常不由自主地想起她教给我的东西。

　　We read and studied out of doors, preferring the sunlit woods to the house. All my early lessonshave in them the breath of the woods—the fine, resinous odour of pine needles, blended withthe perfume of wild grapes. Seated in the gracious shade of a wild tulip tree, I learned tothink that everything has a lesson and a suggestion. "The loveliness of things taught me alltheir use." Indeed, everything that could hum, or buzz, or sing, or bloom had a part in myeducation—noisy-throated frogs, katydids and crickets held in my hand until, forgetting theirembarrassment, they trilled their reedy note, little downy chickens and wildflowers, thedogwood blossoms, meadow-violets and budding fruit trees. I felt the bursting cotton-bolls andfingered their soft fiber and fuzzy seeds; I felt the low soughing of the wind through thecornstalks, the silky rustling of the long leaves, and the indignant snort of my pony, as wecaught him in the pasture and put the bit in his mouth—ah me! how well I remember thespicy, clovery smell of his breath!

　　我们通常都会到户外阅读和学习，沐浴在阳光摇曳的树林里要比待在房子里好得多。我最初学习的所有课程都是在林木成荫的室外进行的，空气中弥漫着松针的清香，还夹杂着野葡萄的果香。惬意地坐在野生鹅掌楸的树荫下，我学会了思考。对于一个学生而言，我认为每一件事物都是一堂课，都有一种裨益。可以说，“万事万物让我领悟到了它们的魅力和功用”。事实上，所有能嗡嗡鸣叫，或者默默开花的东西都是我学习的对象——我把聒噪的青蛙、蝈蝈儿和蟋蟀抓在手里，直到忽略了它们的存在。昆虫振翅鸣叫，毛茸茸的小鸡和野花在手指间划过，山茱萸竞相绽放，草地上的紫罗兰和发芽的果树散发着芳香，我已经同自然融为一体。我感觉到了绽开的棉荚，我用手指触摸着它那柔软的纤维和覆有绒毛的种子;我感觉到了微风吹过玉米秆的沙沙低鸣，还有我的小马烦躁地打响鼻的气息——我们在牧场里抓住它，而且给它戴上了马嚼子——哈，看我有多棒!至今我还清楚地记得小马驹呼出的那种浓烈的三叶草味道。

　　Sometimes I rose at dawn and stole into the garden while the heavy dew lay on the grass andflowers. Few know what joy it is to feel the roses pressing softly into the hand, or the beautifulmotion of the lilies as they sway in the morning breeze. Sometimes I caught an insect in theflower I was plucking, and I felt the faint noise of a pair of wings rubbed together in a suddenterror, as the little creature became aware of a pressure from without.

　　有时候，我会在黎明时分就爬起来，然后偷偷地溜到花园里。草丛和花朵上缀满露水，很少有人能体会到把玫瑰花轻轻捧在手里的，也很少有人能见到百合花在清晨的微风中摇曳的倩影。我偶尔会在*的时候抓到一只昆虫，我能感受到它因惊恐而摩擦翅膀的微弱震颤。我想，即便是如此微小的生物，也会有自己的意识，也会对突如其来的压力做出反应。

　　Another favourite haunt of mine was the orchard, where the fruit ripened early in July. The large, downy peaches would reach themselves into my hand, and as the joyous breezes flew about the trees the apples tumbled at my feet. Oh, the delight with which I gathered up the fruit in my pinafore, pressed my face against the smooth cheeks of the apples, still warm from the sun, and skipped back to the house!

　　果园是另一个我经常光顾的去处，那里的果实在7月初就成熟了。硕大饱满，覆盖着绒毛的桃子触手可得，和煦的微风穿过树丛，苹果在我的脚下滚来滚去。哦，把果实收集到围裙里的感觉真是妙不可言。我把脸贴在光滑温热的苹果上，感受着阳光照射的余温。然后，我蹦蹦跳跳地满载而归。

　　Our favourite walk was to Keller's Landing, an old tumbledown lumber-wharf on the Tennessee River, used during the Civil War to land soldiers. There we spent many happy hours and played at learning geography. I built dams of pebbles, made islands and lakes, and dug river-beds, all for fun, and never dreamed that I was learning a lesson. I listened with increasing wonder to Miss Sullivan's descriptions of the great round world with its burning mountains, buried cities, moving rivers of ice, and many other things as strange. She made raised maps in clay, so that I could feel the mountain ridges and valleys, and follow with my fingers the devious course of rivers. I liked this, too; but the division of the earth into zones and poles confused and teased my mind. The illustrative strings and the orange stick representing the poles seemed so real that even to this day the mere mention of temperate zone suggests a series of twine circles; and I believe that if any one should set about it he could convince me that white bears actually climb the North Pole.

　　散步时，我们最喜欢去的地方是“老凯勒码头”，这是田纳西河边一个破败不堪的木制码头。南北战争期间，这里被当做运输军队的专用码头。我们在这里学习地理知识，度过了一段令人回味的美好时光。我用小石子搭建水坝，建造岛屿和湖泊，还挖掘河床，这一切都是为了好玩儿，我从来没有意识到我正在上课学习。我满怀好奇地“听”苏立文小姐描述世界的博大精深——燃烧的山脉，被埋葬的城市，移动的冰河，以及众多奇妙的自然现象。老师会用黏土制作立体地图，这样我就能感觉到山脊和峡谷的形态，我的手指也会触摸到河流曲折的流向。我喜欢这种生动的讲解，但是把地球划分成地带和极点还是让我有些糊涂。用来说明的细线和代表极点的橘树枝似乎是最形象的比喻了，即使在今天，人们讲解地球气候带时，仍会用一串串的绳圈来说明。我想，假如有谁采用了这种方法，那么他一定会让我相信，白熊实际上是在攀登北极。

　　Arithmetic seems to have been the only study I did not like. From the first I was not interested in the science of numbers. Miss Sullivan tried to teach me to count by stringing beads in groups, and by arranging kindergarten straws I learned to add and subtract. I never had patience to arrange more than five or six groups at a time. When I had accomplished this my conscience was at rest for the day, and I went out quickly to find my playmates.

　　算术似乎是我唯一不喜欢学习的课程。从一开始我就对有关数字的科学不感兴趣。苏立文小姐试图用串珠子的方式教我计算，她还通过排列麦秆教我学习加减法。我很没有耐心，每次最多排列五六组而已。完成了课业，我的心思马上就转移到了别处，我会立刻跑出去寻找我的玩伴。

　　In this same leisurely manner I studied zoology and botany.

　　以同样轻松悠闲的方式，我还学习了有关动物学和植物学的知识。

　　Once a gentleman, whose name I have forgotten, sent me a collection of fossils—tiny mollusk shells beautifully marked, and bits of sandstone with the print of birds' claws, and a lovely fern in bas-relief. These were the keys which unlocked the treasures of the antediluvian world for me. With trembling fingers I listened to Miss Sullivan's descriptions of the terrible beasts, with uncouth, unpronounceable names, which once went tramping through the primeval forests, tearing down the branches of gigantic trees for food, and died in the dismal swamps of an unknown age. For a long time these strange creatures haunted my dreams, and this gloomy period formed a somber background to the joyous Now, filled with sunshine and roses and echoing with the gentle beat of my pony's hoof.

　　以前我遇到过一位绅士，他的名字我已经忘记了，他曾送给我一套化石收藏标本——微小的软体壳类动物形成精美的印痕，一块块砂岩上凸显出飞鸟的爪子，可爱的蕨类植物也在石头上呈现出浅浅的浮雕。对我而言，这些知识犹如开启上古世界宝藏的一把把钥匙。伴随着颤抖的手指，我“听”苏立文小姐讲述猛兽的故事。这些凶残、叫不出名字的野兽，曾经穿梭在广袤的原始森林里，它们折断巨树的枝桠用来果腹。最终，在一个古老的未知年代，这些猛兽消亡在昏暗的沼泽之中。当时，这些古怪的生物常常萦绕在我的梦境里。如今，我的世界充满了阳光和盛开的玫瑰，小马驹的蹄子发出轻柔的节拍声，同快乐的生活相比，这段阴郁的记忆变成了留在心底的前尘往事。

　　Another time a beautiful shell was given me, and with a child's surprise and delight I learned how a tiny mollusk had built the lustrous coil for his dwelling place, and how on still nights, when there is no breeze stirring the waves, the Nautilus sails on the blue waters of the Indian Ocean in his "ship of pearl." After I had learned a great many interesting things about the life and habits of the children of the sea—how in the midst of dashing waves the little polyps build the beautiful coral isles of the Pacific, and the foraminifera have made the chalkhills of many a land—my teacher read me "The Chambered Nautilus," and showed me that the shell-building process of the mollusks is symbolical of the development of the mind. Just as the wonder-working mantle of the Nautilus changes the material it absorbs from the water and makes it a part of itself, so the bits of knowledge one gathers undergo a similar change and become pearls of thought.

　　还有一次，有人给了我一个美丽的螺壳，伴随着一个小孩子的惊喜和好奇，我了解到了一个微小的软体动物是如何在它们的栖息地建造环形洞穴的。我还知道了它们在晚上活动的情形，夜间，不会有风卷起波浪，在“珍珠船”的搭载下，鹦鹉螺会航行在印度洋的蓝色海面上。我学习了很多关于海洋生物习性的知识，这些知识趣味无穷。比如，在涌动的波浪之中，微小的珊瑚虫是如何在太平洋上建造美丽的珊瑚岛的;有孔虫类又是如何形成陆地上的石灰岩山体的。我的老师为我读《背着房间的鹦鹉螺》，并且告诉我，可以把软体动物外壳的形成过程，视做一种心智发展的象征。就是说，鹦鹉螺身上的罩子是神奇工作的结果，它把从海水中吸收的物质转化成了它身体的一部分。同样，人类汲取知识也要经过类似的转化过程，直至知识变成“思想的珍珠”。

 

2018年12月10日 16:32

 

 

 

5、李白《将进酒》英语翻译赏析
　　

      唐诗宋词是中国古典文学里绕不过的一座高山，而这高山里又耸立着几座岿然不动的高峰，李白就是其中之一，亦是英大最喜欢的诗人之一。他深受道家思想影响，恣肆豪情，爱饮酒作诗，无愧人间谪仙的称号。今天要与大家分享的是《将进酒》，李白的著名诗作之一。

　　将进酒

　　Invitation to Wine

　　君不见，黄河之水天上来，奔流到海不复回。

　　君不见，高堂明镜悲白发，朝如青丝暮成雪。

　　人生得意须尽欢，莫使金樽空对月。

　　天生我材必有用，千金散尽还复来。

　　烹羊宰牛且为乐，会须一饮三百杯。

　　岑夫子，丹丘生，将进酒，杯莫停。

　　与君歌一曲，请君为我倾耳听。

　　钟鼓馔玉不足贵，但愿长醉不复醒。

　　古来圣贤皆寂寞，惟有饮者留其名。

　　陈王昔时宴平乐，斗酒十千恣欢谑。

　　主人何为言少钱，径须沽取对君酌。

　　五花马，千金裘，呼儿将出换美酒，与尔同销万古愁。

　　

　　赏析：

　　君不是见过黄河之水从天而降吗?它滔滔直下，奔流到海，一去不回。

　　君不是见过高堂明镜中的满头白发吗?它早晨还如青丝一般的黑柔，晚上就变得雪一般的白了。

　　人生如梦，得意时一定要趁着大好时机尽情行乐啊，不要让手中的酒杯空对着月亮。

　　天生我材，必有大用。千金算得了什么，花去了还能挣回来，青春可是一去不复返!

　　烹羊宰牛，尽情地欢乐吧，要喝就一下子喝它三百杯，喝它个痛快。

　　岑老夫子，丹丘老弟，快喝啊，不要停杯!

　　我给你们唱一首歌，请你们倾耳细听。

　　什么钟鸣鼎食之乐呀，什么金玉美食之筵呀，这些富贵荣华都如过眼烟云，有什么可贵?我所要的是杯中酒不空，长醉永不醒。

　　自古以来圣人贤子皆被世人冷落，唯有寄情于酒的饮者才能留下美名。

　　从前陈思王在平乐观大宴宾客，每斗价值十千的美酒尽情地欢饮。

　　主人你怕什么，嫌我的钱少吗?将大坛子酒端过来，尽情地让大家喝!

　　我儿，你快过来，将家中的五花马和千金裘都取将过来，统统地换酒喝，我要与诸君喝它个一醉方休，同消这胸中的万古之愁啊!

　　开篇两句有着李白式的感慨和哀叹：黄河之来，来自天上，势不可挡;黄河之去，去到海里，势不可回。气势豪迈，极尽夸张，虽然情绪悲愤，却让读者感觉心胸开阔，不压抑。人生短暂，仿佛只在朝夕之间，与前面的黄河相比，似乎更显得生命渺小。

　　正因如此，诗人高喊“人生得意须尽欢”，同时要坚信自己“天生我材必有用”。他没有一味沉湎在哀叹中，而是劝朋友“杯莫停”，行乐不可无酒，喝酒不可无肉，“烹羊宰牛”，痛饮三百杯。

　　富贵荣华如过眼云烟，世道不如愿，只想喝尽杯中酒，长醉不醒。何尝不是屈原口中“众人皆醉我独醒”的另一种演绎?

　　译文：Xu Yuanchong

　　

　　Do you not see the Yellow River come from the sky,Rushing into the sea and ne'er come back?

　　Do you not see the mirrors bright in chambers highGrieve o'er your snow-white hair though once it was silk-black?

　　When hopes are won, oh! drink your fill in high delight,And never leave your wine-cup empty in moonlight!

　　Heaven has made us talents, we're not made in vain.A thousand gold coins spent, more will turn up again.

　　Kill a cow, cook a sheep and let us merry be,And drink three hundred cupfuls of wine in high glee!

　　Dear friends of mine,Cheer up, cheer up!I invite you to wine.Do not put down your cup!

　　I will sing you a song, please hear,O hear! lend me a willing ear!

　　What difference will rare and costly dishes make?I only want to get drunk and never to wake.

　　How many great men were forgotten through the ages?But great drinkers are more famous than sober sages.

　　The Prince of Poets feast'd in his palace at will,Drank wine at ten thousand a cask and laughed his fill.

　　A host should not complain of money he is short,To drink with you I will sell things of any sort.

　　My fur coat worth a thousand coins of gold,And my flower-dappled horse may be sold,To buy good wine that we may drown the woe age-old.

　　赏析：

　　许渊冲先生的译文多以直译为主。在翻译过程中不可避免地丧失了原文的气势，但是基本覆盖了全部的诗歌意象。

　　为了让读者更好地感知原文的情绪，许渊冲的译文采用了一些带有情感色彩的词语，如“朝如青丝暮成雪”的译文是Grieve o'er your snow-white hair though once it was silk-black，用grieve over表达人生短促的无奈之情。青丝和白发分别译作“silk-black”和“snow-white”，生动且富有美感。

　　“人生得意须尽欢”中的“尽欢”被译作high delight，从情绪上来说，utmost delight也是合适的，更多了几分夸张的色彩。

　　“天生我材必有用”的译文是Heaven has made us talents, we're not made in vain，即“我们天生的才能并不是徒劳无用的”。英大很喜欢这句话的译文，贴近原文的意思。

　　译文将“请君为我倾耳听”拆分成了几个短句“please hear. O hear! lend me a willing ear!”这样的句式既考虑到押韵，又符合英语读者的读诗习惯，语气是逐句递增的。

　　“古来圣贤皆寂寞，惟有饮者留其名”中的“圣贤”和“饮者”分别被译作great drinkers和sober sages，great与sage、drinker与sober交叉呼应，也是一个有趣的翻译方式。

　　与其他句子相比，“但愿长醉不复醒”和“与尔同销万古愁”的处理就属于比较无功无过的翻译，这两句在原文中属于情感强烈的表达，在译文中或多或少地失去了一部分。

　　整体而言，《将进酒》是一首劝酒歌，内里却不限于此，悲愤却不哀伤，肆意中也透着沉着。这是李白的诗歌，也是只在他的诗里才会有的。

 

（来源：普特英语）

2019年1月27日 23:50

 

 

6、《追忆似水年华》
　　

      Can it really be sixty-two years ago that I first saw you?

　　It is truly a lifetime, I know. But as I gaze into your eyes now, it seems like only yesterday that I first saw you, in that small café in Hanover Square.

　　From the moment I saw you smile, as you opened the door for that young mother and her newborn baby. I knew. I knew that I wanted to share the rest of my life with you.

　　I still think of how foolish I must have looked, as I gazed at you, that first time. I remember watching you intently, as you took off your hat and loosely shook your short dark hair with your fingers. I felt myself becoming immersed in your every detail, as you placed your hat on the table and cupped your hands around the hot cup of tea, gently blowing the steam away with your pouted lips.

　　From that moment, everything seemed to make perfect sense to me. The people in the café and the busy street outside all disappeared into a hazy blur. All I could see was you.

　　All through my life I have relived that very first day. Many, many times I have sat and thought about that the first day, and how for a few fleeting moments I am there, feeling again what is like to know true love for the very first time. It pleases me that I can still have those feelings now after all those years, and I know I will always have them to comfort me.

　　Not even as I shook and trembled uncontrollably in the trenches, did I forget your face.

　　我们初次相遇，难道真的是六十二年前吗?

　　年华似水，倏忽间我们已相携一世。望着你的眼睛，当年的邂逅历历如在昨昔，就在汉诺威广场的那间小咖啡馆里。

　　从见到你的那一刻起，那一刻你正为一位年轻的母亲和她的小宝宝开门，那一刻当看到你的盈盈笑靥，我就明白我只愿与你执手携老，共度今生。

　　我仍然不时想起，那天自己那样地盯着你，一定很傻;就那样情不自禁怔怔地望着你，追随你摘下小帽，用手指松了松短短的黑发，追随你把帽子放在桌前，双手捧起暖暖的茶杯，追随你微撅樱唇，轻轻吹走飘腾的热气，我的目光始终追随着你，感觉自己在你的温柔举止间慢慢融化。

　　从那一刻起，一切似乎都鲜明了意义。咖啡馆里的来来往往和外面闹市的熙熙攘攘忽然都模糊了起来，我眼里能看到的，只有你。

　　光阴似箭，那一天却不断在我的记忆里重演，鲜活如初。多少次我再次坐下，不断追忆那天的点滴，不断回味那些飞纵的瞬间，重新体会一见钟情的美丽。岁月的流逝却并没有带走我的爱恋感觉，这些体验会永远伴随我，安抚我的寥寥余生。

　　即使是当我在战壕中控制不住地颤抖，我也不曾忘记你的容颜。

 

2019年3月16日 23:59

 

 

7、Cameron Russell：　外表并非一切，相信我，我是模特儿
　　

　　Hi. My name is Cameron Russell, and for the last little while, I've been a model. Actually, for 10 years.And I feel like there's an uncomfortable tension in the room right now because I should not have worn this dress.

　　大家好，我是Cameron Russell, 在过去的一段时间里，我是个模特。其实，(我干了)10年。现在，我在这个房间内感到一种令人不适的紧张感，因为我不该穿这条裙子。

　　So luckily, I brought an outfit change. This is the first outfit change on the TED stage, so you guys are pretty lucky to witness it, I think. If some of the women were really horrified when I came out, you don't have to tell me now, but I'll find out later on Twitter.

　　幸亏我带了另外一套。这是TED讲台上第一次现场换装，所以我觉得今天在场的人都很幸运。如果有些女士对我的出现感到惊恐，不必现在告诉我。但我马上就会在twitter上知道的。

　　I'd also note that I'm quite privileged to be able to transform what you think of me in a very brief 10 seconds. Not everybody gets to do that. These heels are very uncomfortable, so good thing I wasn't going to wear them. The worst part is putting this sweater over my head, because that's when you'll all laugh at me, so don't do anything while it's over my head.

　　我也想告诉各位，我有幸能够在10秒内改变我在你们心中的形象。这不是所有人都能做得到的。这双高跟鞋很不舒服，而好消息是我不打算穿他们。最坏的消息是我要把这件毛衣从头上套进去，因为这时候你们会笑我，所以当我穿衣服的时，(你们)什么都不要做。

　　All right.

　　换好了。

　　So, why did I do that? That was awkward.

　　那么，我为什么做这个呢(现场换装)? 看起来很奇怪。

　　Well --Hopefully not as awkward as that picture.

　　希望不会像图片上那样怪。

　　Image is powerful, but also, image is superficial. I just totally transformed what you thought of me, in six seconds. And in this picture, I had actually never had a boyfriend in real life. I was totally uncomfortable, and the photographer was telling me to arch my back and put my hand in that guy's hair. And of course, barring surgery, or the fake tan that I got two days ago for work, there's very little that we can do to transform how we look, and how we look, though it is superficial and immutable, has a hu褐色ge impact on our lives.

　　形象是强大的，但同时又是表面化的。我只是在6秒内就彻底改变了自己在你们心中的形象。在这张照片里，我事实上在现实生活中根本没有男朋友。当摄影师要我弓起背，摸那个男士的头发时，我非常不自在。当然，除了手术或像两天前我为了工作做的棕 (色的皮肤) ，我们基本上是没法改变外表的。我们的外表即使是表面化的、固定的，还是极大地影响着我们的生活。

　　So today, for me, being fearless means being honest. And I am on this stage because I am a model. I am on this stage because I am a pretty, white woman, and in my industry, we call that a sexy girl. I'm going to answer the questions that people always ask me, but with an honest twist.

　　所以今天，对我来说，变的无惧就意味着要诚实。今天我站在这里是因为我是个模特。我在这个舞台上是因为我是个漂亮的白种女性，在我们业内我们称此为“性感女孩“。我要回答下人们常常问我的那些问题， (而且是)以一种诚实的方式。

　　So the first question is, how do you become a model? I always just say, "Oh, I was scouted," but that means nothing. The real way that I became a model is I won a genetic lottery, and I am the recipient of a legacy, and maybe you're wondering what is a legacy. Well, for the past few centuries we have defined beauty not just as health and youth and symmetry that we're biologically programmed to admire, but also as tall, slender figures, and femininity and white skin.

　　第一个问题是，你是怎么成为模特的? 我总是说：“我是被发现的“，但这其实什么也说明不了。我成为模特的真正的原因是我拥有极佳的基因，我是遗产的接受者，你可能在疑问什么是遗产?在过去的几个世纪里，美的定义不仅仅只包括健康，年轻和身材匀称这些我们出于生物本能去赞美的元素，还包括高挑，苗条的体型， 富有女性气质，白色皮肤这些特征。

　　And this is a legacy that was built for me, and it's a legacy that I've been cashing out on. And I know there are people in the audiencewho are skeptical at this point, and maybe there are some fashionistas who are like, "Wait. Naomi. Tyra. Joan Smalls. Liu Wen." And first, I commend you on your model knowledge. Very impressive.

　　这就是我的遗产，这就是我一直在兑现的遗产，我知道你们中有些人可能对这个观点存疑，你们可能会举出一些时尚圈人物，像 Naomi, Tyra, Joan Smalls和Liu Wen (前三位为黑人模特，第四位为中国模特)。 首先，我要表扬下你们对于模特界的了解令人印象深刻。

　　But unfortunately, I have to inform you that in 2007, a very inspired NYU Ph.D. student counted all the models on the runway, every single one that was hired, and of the 677 models that were hired, only 27, or less than four percent, were non-white.

　　但不幸的是，我得告诉你们，在2007年时，一名纽约大学的博士在启发之下统计了所有在职模特的人数，在677名正式受雇模特中只有27名，也就是不到百分之四，是非白种人。

　　The next question people always ask is, "Can I be a model when I grow up?" And the first answer is, "I don't know, they don't put me in charge of that." But the second answer, and what I really want to say to these little girls is, "Why? You know? You can be anything. You could be the President of the United States, or the inventor of the next Internet, or a ninja cardiothoracic surgeon poet, which would be awesome, because you'd be the first one."

　　下一个人们常问我的问题是 “我长大了能当模特吗?“ 我的第一个答案是：“我也不知道，因为他们没让我来掌管这件事“。但第二个答案，也是我想对问问题的那些小姑娘说的是“为什么?你知道吗?你可以选择任何的职业。你可以成为美国总统，或是下一代互联网的发明者，或是个忍者般的心胸外科诗人，——这个不错，因为你会是第一个。“

　　If, after this amazing list, they still are like, "No, no, Cameron, I want to be a model," well, then I say, "Be my boss." Because I'm not in charge of anything, and you could be the editor in chief of American Vogue or the CEO of H&M, or the next Steven Meisel. Saying that you want to be a model when you grow up is akin to saying that you want to win the Powerball when you grow up. It's out of your control, and it's awesome, and it's not a career path.

　　如果，听完这些她们还是说 “不，不，Cameron，我想当模特“，我会说：“当我的老板吧。“因为我不能决定任何事，你可以成为美国Vogue杂志的主编，或是H&M的首席执行官，或下一个Steven Meisel(著名时尚摄影师) 。说你长大后想当模特就像你说你长大后想赢彩票一样。(能不能成为模特)不在你的掌控范围之内。当模特很棒，但它不是一个可规划的行业 。

　　I will demonstrate for you now 10 years of accumulated model knowledge, because unlike cardiothoracic surgeons, it can just be distilled right now. So, if the photographer is right there, the light is right there, like a nice HMI, and the client says, "We want a walking shot," this leg goes first, nice and long, this arm goes back, this arm goes forward, the head is at three quarters, and you just go back and forth, just do that, and then you look back at your imaginary friends, 300, 400, 500 times.

　　我将为大家展示我模特从业十年的一些经验，因为不像一个忍者般的心胸科诗人，它只能立足当下。所以如果摄影师就在这里，灯光就在这里—想想一个漂亮的水银灯，客户说：“Cameron,我想要一张走路时的快门照“，这条先迈步，(要露出)修长的美腿，这条手臂放在后面，这条手臂放前面，露出四分之三侧脸，来来回回(迈步)，就这样，然后回头看你臆想中的朋友，(重复)300，400，500次。

　　It will look something like this.

　　这看上去就像这样。

　　Hopefully less awkward than that one in the middle. That was -- I don't know what happened there.

　　希望不像中间那张那么怪，我不知道那张是怎么回事儿。

　　Unfortunately, after you've gone to school, and you have a résumé and you've done a few jobs, you can't say anything anymore, so if you say you want to be the President of the United States, but your résumé reads, "Underwear Model: 10 years," people give you a funny look.

　　现实是，当你毕业后，有了简历，做过了几份工作，你就不能再说其它的了，所以如果你说你想成为美国总统，但你的简历上写着：有十年工作经验的内衣模特，人们会笑你。

　　The next question is, "Do they retouch all the photos?" And yeah, they pretty much retouch all the photos, but that is only a small component of what's happening. This picture is the very first picture that I ever took, and it's also the very first time that I had worn a bikini, and I didn't even have my period yet.I know we're getting personal, but I was a young girl.This is what I looked like with my grandma just a few months earlier.

　　下一个人们常问的问题是：“他们会修照片吗?“是的，他们会修几乎所有照片，但这只是工作的一小部分。这是我第一张模特照片，也是我第一次穿比基尼，我基至还没有过月经，我知道这有点私人，但那时我还是个年轻的小女孩。这是那张照片几个月前我跟祖母一起拍的照片。

　　Here's me on the same day as this shoot. My friend got to come.

　　这是拍照片当天，我朋友跟我在一起。

　　Here's me at a slumber party a few days before I shot French Vogue.

　　这是我拍法国Vogue杂志前几天前在睡衣party上拍的照片。

　　Here's me on the soccer team and in V Magazine.

　　这是我在足球队和V杂志的照片。

　　And here's me today.

　　这是现在的我。

　　And I hope what you're seeing is that these pictures are not pictures of me. They are constructions, and they are constructions by a group of professionals, by hairstylists and makeup artists and photographers and stylists and all of their assistants and pre-production and post-production, and they build this. That's not me.

　　我希望你们明白的是，这些不是我自己的照片，而是由一群专业人士制出的形象，(他们是)发型师，化装师，摄影师，造型师以及他们的助理，还有前期制作，后期制作。他们制造出了这些形象，而不是我。

　　Okay, so the next question people always ask me is, "Do you get free stuff?"

　　下一个问题是“你能得到免费的东西吗?“

　　I do have too many 8-inch heels which I never get to wear, except for earlier, but the free stuff that I get is the free stuff that I get in real life, and that's what we don't like to talk about.

　　我确实有太多从没机会穿的8英寸高跟鞋，但是免费的东西却是我在现实生活中得到的。而这恰恰是我们不愿意谈的。

　　I grew up in Cambridge, and one time I went into a store and I forgot my money and they gave me the dress for free. When I was a teenager, I was driving with my friend who was an awful driver and she ran a red and of course, we got pulled over, and all it took was a "Sorry, officer," and we were on our way. And I got these free things because of how I look, not who I am, and there are people paying a cost for how they look and not who they are.

　　我在剑桥市长大，有一次我走进一家商店却忘了带钱，他们送了我一条裙子。十几岁时，我跟朋友一起开车，她是个糟糕的司机，闯了红灯，我们被停车，我只说了句：“长官，抱歉“，我们就继续上路了。我得到这些是因为我的外表，而不是我是身份。有些人为了他们的外表，而不是身份付出了代价。

　　I live in New York, and last year, of the 140,000 teenagers that were stopped and frisked, 86% of them were black and Latino, and most of them were young men. And there are only 177,000 young black and Latino men in New York, so for them, it's not a question of, "Will I get stopped?" but "How many times will I get stopped? When will I get stopped?" When I was researching this talk, I found out that of the 13-year-old girls in the United States, 53% don't like their bodies, and that number goes to 78% by the time that they're 17.

　　我住在纽约，去年有14万青年被停车搜身，他们中百分之86是黑人和拉美人，大多数是年轻的男孩子。而在纽约年轻黑人和拉美男性总数只有17万7千人。所以，对他们来说，问题不是：“我会被停车吗?“而是“我要被停几次?我什么时候会被停?“我在为这次演讲做调查时发现，在美国13岁女孩儿群体中，53%不喜欢她们的身体，到了17岁，这一比例上升至78%。

　　So, the last question people ask me is, "What is it like to be a model?" And I think the answer that they're looking for is, "If you are a little bit skinnier and you have shinier hair, you will be so happy and fabulous." And when we're backstage, we give an answer that maybe makes it seem like that. We say, "It's really amazing to travel, and it's amazing to get to work with creative, inspired, passionate people."

　　那么最后一个问题是“当模特是什么感觉?“我猜他们期待的答案是 “是不是只要再瘦一点儿，头发再有光泽一些，你就会很开心“。当在后台时，我们会给出一个像这样的答案：“能到处旅行，和有创造力的、热情的、灵感不断的人一起工作真的很棒。“

　　And those things are true, but they're only one half of the story, because the thing that we never say on camera, that I have never said on camera, is, "I am insecure." And I'm insecure because I have to think about what I look like every day. And if you ever are wondering, "If I have thinner thighs and shinier hair, will I be happier?" you just need to meet a group of models, because they have the thinnest thighs, the shiniest hair and the coolest clothes, and they're the most physically insecure women probably on the planet.

　　这不假，但这只是事实的一半，因为我们永远不会在镜头前说，而且我也没说的是, “我没有安全感“。 因为我必须每天都要担心自己看上去怎么样。如果你曾经也想过 “如果我的大腿更瘦，头发更好，我会更开心吗? “你只要去看看模特就知道了，因为她们有最瘦的大腿，最漂亮的头发，最酷的衣服，而她们却可能是世界上最没有身体安全感的女人。

　　When I was writing this talk, I found it very difficult to strike an honest balance, because on the one hand, I felt very uncomfortable to come out here and say, "Look I've received all these benefits from a deck stacked in my favor," and it also felt really uncomfortable to follow that up with, "and it doesn't always make me happy." But mostly it was difficult to unpack a legacy of gender and racial oppression when I am one of the biggest beneficiaries.

　　所以当我为这次演讲做准备时，发现很难为诚实找到一个平衡点。因为一方面如果我站在这儿，说“看，我凭着天生的优势得到了这么多东西“，心里会不舒服，但如果这句话接着 “可是这些都不能让我开心“，也很不自在。但最难的是，当我自己本身是最大的受益者时，去揭露性别和种族歧视的职业传统。

　　But I'm also happy and honored to be up here and I think that it's great that I got to come before 10 or 20 or 30 years had passed and I'd had more agency in my career, because maybe then I wouldn't tell the story of how I got my first job, or maybe I wouldn't tell the story of how I paid for college, which seems so important right now.

　　但同时我又很开心并很荣幸能站在这里，趁着我还年轻，而不是已经工作了10，20或30年，与更多的公司签约，因为可能到那时我就不会讲我怎样得到第一份工作，怎样付大学学费，这些现在看来是如此重要的东西。

　　If there's a takeaway to this talk, I hope it's that we all feel more comfortable acknowledging the power of image in our perceived successes and our perceived failures.

　　如果这次演讲能使你有所受益，我希望，我们都能欣然接受形象的力量，接受因形象带来的我们理解中的成功和我们理解中的失败。

　　Thank you.

　　谢谢

 

2019年4月20日 14:37

 

 

8、马云全英文演讲介绍杭州和G20
　　

      杭州的历史意义：

　　Hangzhou is lucky enough to be one of the first group of cities open to the world.

　　杭州有幸能够成为(中国)首批向世界开放的城市。杭州有幸能够成为(中国)首批向世界开放的城市。

　　Because Nixon and Mao Zedong signed the Agreement.

　　这源于尼克松和毛泽东推动签署的中美《联合公报》。

　　So they made Hangzhou open to the world.

　　是他们的努力让杭州向世界敞开了大门。

　　1972，when Mao Zedong and President Nixon had decided to make China and USA agree to work together to be the bright futre.

　　1972年，毛泽东与(时任)美国总统尼克松达成共识，中美将携手开创美好未来。

　　Both leaders actually had a lot of wonderful negociations done in Hangzhou.

　　实际上，两国领导人之间大量的友好磋商是在杭州进行的。

　　The document was made in Hangzhou and announced in Shanghai.

　　而《联合公报》也是在杭州起草并最终在上海发布。

　　This is historically the meaningful....... a very meaningful city， a great city that made the West and the East meet together， made the great leaders of the East and the West sit down together and discuss for the future.

　　这是一座富有历史意义的城市，一座让东西交融的城市。让东方和西方的领导人们坐在一起，共商未来。

　　给20国集团(G20)领导人的信息

　　I think this G20 Meeting has high expectations from the world. Especially at this moment of the world economy.

　　我认为全球对这次G20峰会抱有很高期望。尤其是对当下的世界经济而言。

　　A lot people don‘t like globalization.

　　许多人不认同全球化。

　　And I personally believe globalization is a great thing for the world.

　　而我认为全球化对世界而言是一件伟大的事情。

　　The only thing is that： how we can improve globalization to enable more small business， more young people to get involved.

　　唯一的问题是要如何提升全球化来让更多中小企业和更多年轻人参与其中。

　　What if we can use a new mechanism， a new technology to enable 1 billion， or 2 billion， or 3 billion people to do trade.

　　如果我们用新机制和新技术让10亿人、20亿人、30亿人，甚至更多的人参与全球贸易，那会怎样?

　　EWTP - Electronic World Trade Platform

　　I think the EWTP should be sponsored and enforced by the business，and supported by the government.

　　我认为EWTP应该由企业发起和主导，同时由政府来提供支持。

　　If we can build up a platform that can enable small business and young people to do a free trade in a open...... a fair trade globally.

　　因此，如果我们可以打造出一个平台，让中小企业、年轻人能够在全球进行自由、开放和公平的贸易。

　　This‘s gonna be very foundamental for the next 20 or 30 years of World Economy and for the century.

　　这会让全球经济在未来20年或30年，甚至在本世纪发生根本性的变化。

　　And I think we are very proud to get involved for this G20 and B20 for our ideas.

　　我们很高兴能够参加此次G20和B20峰会并发出这样的倡议。

　　It is an idea and we‘ll continue to work， to move forward by this great event.

　　这是一个设想，我们将继续通过这一盛会来推进。

　　阿里巴巴为何把总部设在杭州

　　People keep on asking me why Alibaba is not in Beijing， why not in Shanghai.(But) in Hangzhou.

　　人们总是在问我，阿里巴巴为什么不把总部放在北京或者上海，而是在杭州。

　　Not because it is a city that is my hometown.

　　是因为这座城市不仅是我的家乡。

　　Because this city has entrepreneurship. It‘s so friendly to private sectors.

　　它还拥有创业精神，包容民营企业的发展。

　　And people here are well educated.

　　更聚集了大量的优秀人才。

　　Beijing， at that time， the government there， the people there， they like SOE - the State Owned Business.

　　而彼时的北京，人们更追捧国有企业。

　　Shanghai， they like multi-national companies.

　　在上海，跨国公司更受青睐。

　　In our city， we like entrepreneurship.

　　而我们所在的这个城市喜欢创业精神。

　　We like people from nothing， building it up.

　　尊重白手起家的人。

　　So I think we got great talents.

　　我们有优秀的人才。

　　We got good environment.

　　我们有良好的环境。

　　And we got the great culture， that， fighting for the future.

　　更有为未来拼搏的伟大文化。

　　杭州助力推动中国新经济

　　We are a pretty small city with only close to 9 million people.

　　杭州规模不大，只有近900万人口。

　　But Hangzhou is so powerful， so influential to China Economy， to China Culture.

　　但杭州却对中国经济与中国文化有着巨大的影响力。

　　Because in Song Dynasty， 1000 years ago， we were the capital of China.

　　早在1000年前的宋朝，杭州曾是中国的首都。

　　And at that time we were the most splendid and prosperous city in China.

　　在那个时候，杭州就是中国最辉煌、最辉煌的城市。

　　Hangzhou， today， has become the driving force of China New Economy because of e-commerce， because of Alibaba.

　　今天，杭州已经成为中国新经济的推动力量，这得益于电子商务的发展。

　　We are now more than 70% of the e-commerce in China.

　　阿里巴巴发展至今，在中国的电子商务领域已有超过70%的市场份额。

　　We creat more than 3 trillion RMB which is close to 500 billion US dollars， GMV.

　　一年创造的商品交易总额(GMV)超过了3万亿人民币，也就是接近5000亿美元。

　　That really pumped up the Chinese domestic demanding.

　　这确确实实提振了中国的内需市场。

　　And because of the e-commerce development， the Internet development， there are a lot of young people who are interested in e-commerce， interested in Internet business. They all come to the city.

　　由于电子商务的发展、城市互联网的发展，许多对电子商务和互联网感兴趣的年轻人纷至沓来。

　　This city has become the center of inspiration， the center of innovation and the center of the “New Economy Entrepreneurship“.

　　这座城市已经成为灵感中心、创新中心和新经济中心。

　　Because of the G20 and B20， I want Hangzhou to be a city more friendly to the world.

　　通过G20峰会和B20峰会，我希望杭州成为一座对世界更友好的城市。

　　And people coming here bring new ideas and benefit from this culture and understand China better.

　　参会的嘉宾会带来新的理念，也能从这种城市的文明中更好地了解中国。

　　I feel so proud of city. that， no matter， wherever in the world I go I always miss it.

　　我为杭州感到骄傲，无论我走到世界的哪个角落，我总是会想念它。

　　You know， every 10 days， 15 days， I wanna be back.

　　每隔10天、15天，我就会想回家。

 

2019年5月15日 12:44

 

 

9、梅姨辞职演讲完整版
　　

      英国首相特雷莎·梅(Theresa Mary May)宣布将于6月7日辞去保守党领袖一职。作为英国史上第二位女首相，梅姨做事雷厉风行，也被评为继撒切尔夫人之后英国新的铁娘子。但是在任期间，特雷莎·梅一直受到脱欧进程困扰，宣布辞职后很多人表示，她是自信而来，哽咽而归。普特君之前也发过一些梅姨讲话的视频，她的英音真的是教科书级别的好听。今天分享给大家的是梅姨辞职讲话完整版视频，这可能是她作为英国首相最后几次为数不多的公开讲话了。

　　

　　Ever since I first stepped through the door behind me as Prime Minister, I have striven to make the United Kingdom a country that works not just for a privileged few, but for everyone, and to honour the result of the EU referendum.

　　自从我第一次作为首相跨进身后这道门，我就非常清楚，我的职责是使英国服务于每一个民众，而不止满足区区少数人的利益。尊重公投结果并予以落实。

　　Back in 2016, we gave the British people a choice. Against all predictions, the British people voted to leave the European Union. I feel as certain today as I did three years ago that in a democracy, if you give people a choice you have a duty to implement what they decide. I have done my best to do that.

　　2016年，我们把选择权交到了英国民众手中。尽管结果出人意料，但我们的民众选择离开欧盟。今天，我的信念跟三年前一样，在一个民主国家，只要你给了民众选择权，就有责任落实他们的决定。我已经倾尽全力了。

　　I negotiated the terms of our exit and a new relationship with our closest neighbours that protects our security and our union. I have done everything I can to convince MPs to back that deal. Sadly, I have not been able to do so. I tried three times. Ibelieve it was right to persevere, even when the odds against success seemed high. But it is now clear to me that it is in the best interests of the country for a new prime minister to lead that effort.

　　我一直在谈判，力求达成最佳脱欧条款，维护与周边国家的新型合作关系，最大限度保障就业，国家安全和联盟团结。我倾尽全力，说服议员支持脱欧协议。遗憾的是，我还是没能成功说服他们。尽管我努力了三回，但我依然相信，坚持没有错。尽管长路漫漫，道阻且长。但此刻我很清楚，选举一位新首相继续完成这项事业，才是我们国家更好的选择。

　　So I am today announcing that I will resign as leader of the Conservative and Unionist Party on Friday 7th of June so that successor can be chosen. I have agreed with the party chairman and the chairman of the 1922 committee that the process for electing a new leader should begin in the following week. I have kept Her Majesty the Queen fully informed for my intentions and I will continue to serve as her Prime Minister until the process has conclued.

　　所以今天我宣布，我将辞去保守党和民主统一党党首的职务，并将于6月7日离职，以选举新的首相。我同意保守党主席和1922年委员会主席的意见，新首相的选举程序将于下周开始。我已将此决定告知女王陛下，我仍将继续担任她的首相，直至新首相产生。

　　It is and will always remain a matter of deep regret to me that I have not been able to deliver Brexit.It will be for my successor to seek a way forward that honours the result of the referendum.

　　这将成为我毕生的遗憾，因为我终究没能带领英国成功脱欧。我的继任者将继续担起这个责任，履行公投结果。

　　To succeed, he or she will have to find consensus in Parliament where I have not. Such a consensus can only be reached if those on all sides of the debate are willing to compromise. For many years the great humanitarian, Sir Nicholas Winton who saved the lives of hundreds of children by arranging their evacuation from Nazi-occupied Czecheslovakia through the Kindertransport, was my constituent in Maidenhead. At another time of political controversy a few years before his death, he took me to one side at a local event and give me a piece of advice. He said:"Never forget that compromise is not a dirty word. Life depends on compromise."He was right.

　　新首相必须弥补我的不足，与议会达成共识，才能促成脱欧。但达成共识，一定少不了各方的妥协。伟大的人道主义者，尼古拉斯·温顿爵士，多年来拯救了无数孩子的生命。组织撤离行动帮助他们逃出捷克斯洛伐克，躲过大屠杀。爵士曾是我所在选区的选民，他去世前几年，政治局势也曾充满争议。当时我们在当地举办一个活动，他把我叫到一旁，给了我一个终身受益的建议。他说：“永远记住，妥协绝不是一个肮脏的词，人生就是充满了妥协。”他说的没错。

　　As we strive to find the compromises we need in our politics, whether to deliver Brexit or to restore devolved government in Northern Ireland, we must remember what brought us here. Because the referendum was not just a call to leave the EU, but for profound change in our country, a call to make the United Kingdom a country that truly works for everyone.

　　我们一直在寻找政治中需要的妥协，无论是脱欧，还是恢复北爱尔兰的地方自治政府。我们必须时刻牢记，是什么让我们走到今天。因为公投不仅仅是为了离开欧盟，更是为了从根本上改善我们的国家，让英国真正服务于全体民众。

　　I'm proud of the progress we have made over the last three years. We have completed the work that David Cameron and George Osborne started. The deficit is almost eliminated. Our national debt is falling and we are bringing an end to austerity. My focus has been on ensuring that the good jobs of the future will be created in communities across the whole country, not just in London and the South East, through our modern industrial strategy. We have helped more people than ever enjoy the security of a job. We are building more homes and helping first-time buyers onto the housing ladder, so young people can enjoy the opportunities their parents did. And we are protecting the environment, eliminating plastic waste, tackling climate change and improving air quality. This is what a decent, moderate and patriotic Conservative government on the common ground of British politica can achieve. Even as we tackle the biggest peacetime challenge any government has faced. I know that the Conservative Party can renew itself in the years ahead, that we can deliver Brexit and serve the British with policies inspired by our values.

　　我为我们过去三年所取得的成就感到自豪。我们完成了卡梅伦和奥斯本的未完之业。财政赤字情况基本已经得到解决，国债持续下跌，紧缩政策也即将终结。我在任时的重点始终落于，通过实行现代工业战略，确保未来在全国各地的社区中带来新的就业机会，而不仅仅是限于伦敦以及东南地区。我们为更多人提供就业机会，我们建造了更多住房，政策上补贴初次购房者让年轻人能够享受上一代曾经享有的机会。我们注重保护环境，消除白色污染，应对全球变暖，改善空气质量。这便是称职，温和的爱国保守党政府，在求同存异的基础上，能够取得的成就。尽管我们同时还要解决战后任何政府都不曾面临过的高难度挑战。我坚信保守党将来会实现变革，完成脱欧重任，服务于英国人民，落实我们的政治价值观。

　　Security, freedom and opportunity. Those values have guided me throughout my career. But the unique privilege of this office is to use this platform to give a voice to the voiceless. To fight the burning injustices that still scar our society. That is why I put proper funding for mental health at the heart of our NHS long term plan. It's why I'm ending the postcode lottery for victims of domestic abuse. It's why the race disparity audit and gender pay reporting are shining a light on inequality so it has nowhere to hide. And it is why I set up the independent inquiry into the tragedy at Grenfell Tower, to search for the truth so nothing like it can ever happen again, and so the people who lost their lives that night are never forgotten.

　　保卫国家安全，保障公民自由，创造就业机会。这些价值观贯穿了我整个执政生涯。但执政的第一要义仍然是借助政治平台，替弱势者发声。对抗仍然危害我们社会的不公正现象。这便是我将心理健康资助置于医疗体系长期计划核心地位的原因。也是我取消家暴受害者分区医疗政策的原因。这也是为什么种族差异统计和性别工资报告能够揭露不平等，让不公无处可藏。也是我敦促，伦费尔塔火灾独立调查，寻找真相，防患于未然的原因。保证那晚失去生命的受害者不会就此被遗忘。

　　Because this country is a union. Not just a family of four nations, but a union of people, all of us. Whatever our background, the colour of our skin, or who we love, we stand together, and together we have a great future. Our politics may be under strain but there is so much that is good about this country, so much to be proud of, so much to be optimistic about.

　　因为英国是一个联盟。不仅是拥有四个地区的大家庭，更是所有人民的归属之地。无关背景、肤色和我们所爱之人的不同，迎接美好未来。虽然我们的政策推行面临重重压力，但我们的国家依然美好。

　　I will shortly leave the job that it has been the honour of my life to hold. The second female prime minister, but certainly not the last. I do so with no ill will, but with enormous and enduring gratitude, to have had the opportunity, to serve the country I love.

　　我即将离任，这段经历是我此生的无上荣耀。我是英国第二位女首相，但肯定不是最后一个。我之举全无怨言与被动，能为我挚爱的国家效力，虽九死其尤未悔。

 

2019年7月21日 23:46

 

 

10、这是今年最好的演讲：你这一生其实只有9年，请好好虚度!
 

时光如流水，转眼已快到十二月中旬。距离2019年，只剩下十几天的时间了。回望这一年，你当初订下的小目标都实现了吗？是不是又在默默感慨自己挥霍时间了？

其实，人的一生只有9年。这句话出火爆YouTube的一个演讲，不到5分钟，却扎了无数人的心。在继续挥霍时间前，一定静下心来，要花5分钟看看。你有没有想过，自己这一生，还剩多少时间属于自己？

《你这一生其实只有9年，请好好虚度！》

Jay Shetty的演讲全文如下：

When asked "what's the biggest mistake we make in life?", the Buddha replied "The biggest mistake is you think you have time".

当被问到“我们生活中犯的最大的错误是什么？“的时候,佛祖会回答“最大的错误就是误以为我们还有时间“。

Time is free but it's priceless. You can't own it but you can use it. You can't keep it but you can spend it.And once it's lost you can never get it back.

时间是免费的但同时也是无价的。你不能拥有它 但你可以使用它。你不能保留它 但你可以花费它。一旦从你的指尖流去 你就再也无法挽回它。

Jay Shetty 认认真真地给我们算了一笔时间账：当你看到下面这组数据时，还会觉得来日方长吗？

The average person lives 78 years. We spend twenty eight point three years of our lives sleeping. That's almost a third of our life,but thirty percent of us struggle to sleep well.We spend ten point five years of our life working,but over 50% of us want to leave our current jobs.

一般人可以拥有78年的时间。我们花在睡觉上的时间有28.3年，这几乎占据了我们生活三分之一的时间，但我们中还有30%的人很难睡个好觉。我们花在工作上的时间有10.5年，但我们中有超过50%的人想要离开自己现在的工作。

Time is more valuable than money.You can get more money but you can never get more time.We spent nine years on TV and social media.We spend six years doing chores.We spend four years eating and drinking.

时间比金钱要珍贵得多。你可以赚更多的钱，但你无法得到更多的时间。我们花在看电视和社交媒体上的时间有9年。我们花在做家务的时间上有6年。我们花在饮食方面的时间有4年。

We spent three and a half years in education.We spent two and a half years grooming.We spent two and a half years shopping.We spent one and a half years in childcare and we spent one point three years commuting.

我们花在教育上的时间有3.5年。我们花在修饰自己的时间上有2.5年。我们花在购物上的时间有2.5年。我们花在照顾孩子的时间上有1.5年。我们花在坐公交车上下班的时间也有1.5年。

That leaves us with nine years. How will we spend that time?

而剩下的留给我们自己的时间只有九年了，我们将如何度过这段时间？

Steve Jobs said your time is limited so don't waste it living someone else's life.So there's good news and there's bad news.The bad news is time flies,the good news is you're the pilot.

乔布斯曾说过，你的时间是有限的，不要浪费时间去过别人的生活。因此，有一个好消息和一个坏消息。坏消息是时间飞逝而过，而好消息是我们可以做自己时间的领航员。

Imagine you wake up every day with 86,400 dollars in your bank account and at the end of the night it's all gone whether you spent it or not.And then the next day you get another 86,400 dollars.What would we do with it?Every day 86,400 seconds are deposited into your life account.At the end of the day once they're all used up you get an new 86,400 seconds.We would never waste it if it was money.So why do we waste it when it comes to time?

想象一下你每天醒来的时候在你的银行账户会有86,400美元，到了晚上结束的时候不管你是否花费了它，这个钱都会消失。而到了第二天你又会有新的一笔86,400美元。我们会怎么做呢？每天都会有86,400秒被存入你的生活账户中，在一天结束的时候它们都被用完，而你又得到一个新的86,400秒。如果它是钱的话我们绝对不会浪费它，那为什么当它是时间的时候我们就要浪费它呢？

Those seconds are so much more powerful than dollars because you can always make more dollars.You can't always make more time. To realize the value of one year,ask a student who failed a grade.To realize the value of one month,ask a mother who lost their child in the final month.To realize the value of one week,ask the editor of an online magazine.

这些时刻远远比金钱更有分量，因为你总是能赚到更多的钱。你不能创造更多的时间。想要知道一年的价值，你可以去问一个被留级的学生。想要知道一个月的价值，你可以去问一个在最后一个月失去孩子的母亲。想要知道一星期的价值，你可以去问一个在线杂志的编辑。

To realize the value of one hour, ask the couple who's in a long-distance relationship.To realize the value of one minute, ask the person who just missed a bus,train or plane.To realize the value of one second, ask the person who just missed an accident.And to realize the value of a milisecond,ask the person who just came second at the Olympics.

想要知道一个小时的价值，你可以去问一对异地恋的夫妻。想要知道一分钟的价值，你可以去问一个刚错过公共巴士、火车或飞机的人。想要知道一秒钟的价值，你可以去问一个刚刚幸运地错过了一次事故的人。而想要知道一毫秒的价值，你可以问问刚刚在奥运会上得到第二名的人。

We think that it's people wasting our time, but it's really us giving them the permission to do that. And in reality these two people live inside us. Don't let someone be a priority when all you are to them is an option.

我们认为是别人在浪费我们的时间，但实际上是我们允许他们这么做的。事实上这两种人都活在我们每个人的内心里，不要让别人成为你的首要任务你对他们只是一个选择而已。

Some of us lose the people most important to us because we don't value their time.Some of us don't recognize how important someone is to us until they're gone.Inside all of us are two voices. One voice that wants to uplift. One voice that wants us to expand. One voice that wants us to grow. And then there's the other voice. The voice that holds us back. The voice that makes us lazy. The voice that makes us complacent. The voice that restricts us from our potential.

我们中一些人失去了对我们来说重要的人 因为没有珍惜他们的时间。我们中的一些人意识不到对自己来说很重要的人，直到他们离去。我们内心总是会有两个声音。一个声音在说我想要提升自己，我想要充实自己，我想要让自己成长。而另一个声音却在说，我想要退缩，我想要偷懒，我已经对自己很满意了，这是个想要限制我们潜能的声音。

Every day from the moment we wake up to the moment we go to sleep, inside of us there's this battle between the two voices. And guess which one wins? The one that we listen to the most. The one that we feed. The one that we amplify. It is our choice of how we use our time.

每一天，从我们醒来的那一刻到我们晚上入睡的那一刻，在我们的内心一直有这两种声音在做斗争。猜一下哪个声音赢了？我们听从的最多的那个声音。我们自己将它养着，我们任由它扩大。我们如何运用自己的时间是我们自己的选择。

Life and time are the best two teachers. Life teaches us to make good use of time and time teaches us the value of life. And as William Shakespeare said,time is very slow for those who want,very fast for those who are scared,very long for those who are sad,very short for those who celebrate.

生活和时间是两个最好的老师。生活教会我们如何利用好自己的时间，而时间则告诉了我们生活的价值所在。就像威廉·莎士比亚说的那样，对于那些想要她的人来说，时间是非常缓慢的。对于那些害怕它的人来说 时间是很快的。对于那些忧伤的人来说 时间是非常漫长的。对于那些充满欢乐的人来说 时间是很短暂的。

But for those who love, time is eternal.

但对那些热爱时间的人来说，时间是永恒的。

时间用在哪里，哪里就会结出果实。趁还有十几天的时间，那些没做的事就立刻去做，那些没说的话就立刻去说，那些未完成的旅行就立刻成行...

 

2019年8月14日 14:47

 

 

11、大脑为何有那么多沟壑?
          Why The Brain Has So Many Folds

　　

       "Dear A Moment of Science, I know the human brain is an incredible thing, the most complex object in the known universe. But, honestly, it’s not much to look at. Just a big, gray, foldy lump. And what’s with all those folds? Why does the brain look a lot like a scrunched up piece of paper?"

　　Our brains, and the brains of some other animals, have a lot more in common with a balled up piece of paper than you might think.

　　First, though, it’s worth mentioning that not all brains look the same. Some animals, including rats and mice, have smooth brains. No folds or wrinkles. Humans and other animals, such as pigs, have brains with many folds.

　　Scientists at the University of Rio de Janeiro have been trying to figure out what accounts for the folds. One idea postulated that as brains evolve and the more neurons they have, the more folds are required to allow neurons to form connections. But elephants have nearly twice as many folds in their brains yet have fewer neurons than we do, so that theory seems improbable.

　　The researchers have, however, determined that how human brains fold follows the same physical principles guiding folds and creases resulting from crumpling a sheet of paper. That’s interesting because it enabled the scientists to reason that the two main factors determining a brain’s shape are the surface area and thickness of the outer layer cortex. The larger the cortex surface area, the more folds a brain will have. But greater thickness results in fewer folds.

　　Same goes for a piece of paper.

　　

　　ps: 一项新的研究显示，我们的大脑之所以布满褶皱并具有核桃似的形状，是因为大脑皮层即灰质的快速生长受到了白质的限制。研究人员发现，大脑皮层凹陷的沟和隆起的回取决于两个简单的几何参数———灰质的生长速度及其厚度。发表在美国《国家科学院学报》月刊上的研究显示，可以在实验室利用双层凝胶模拟大脑褶皱的形成。研究人员指出，除了这些限制，基因也对决定大脑形状有所影响，因为基因对神经细胞如何增殖并移动到它们的目的地起调控作用。所有哺乳类物种都有大脑皮层，但只有较大型的哺乳类才具有褶皱的大脑皮层。举例而言，老鼠大脑的表面光滑，而比这大得多的大脑，比如人类的大脑则具有大量沟回。褶皱的大脑皮层拥有更大的表面面积，这就意味着具备更强大的信息处理能力，但尚未完全清楚是什么因素决定了人类大脑的标志性沟回形状。

    掌握大脑是如何形成褶皱的，可能有助于科学家更好地解释多小脑回、巨脑回、无脑回等先天性病症。历史上，关于脑沟和脑回是如何形成的有三种思路：一种看法是，大脑皮层的某些区域生长较快进而比其他区域凸出，形成了脑回。另一个看法是，相互之间高度关联的神经细胞群被构成白质的丝状轴突机械地拉近距离。然而，证据表明上述两种观点都不正确。第三种看法是，灰质的生长超过白质，形成了“褶皱“，令大脑皮层具备这种形状。但研究人员称，模拟这种褶皱的早期尝试并未获得成功。在此前的研究中，研究人员假设灰质是薄且坚硬的，在厚且柔软的白质上生长，但根据这种假设所产生的褶皱与真实的人类大脑上的褶皱并不相同。在新的研究中，研究人员假设灰质和白质具有相似的坚硬程度，但生长速度不同。

    利用数学模拟的方法，根据大脑大小的不同，他们的模拟产生了不同的大脑皮层形状。举例而言，直径不足1.3厘米的小型大脑预计会产生光滑的大脑皮层。中等大小的大脑预计会在灰质中产生一些脑沟，而体积较大的大脑则会变得十分褶皱，会有脑沟陷入白质。科学家们还利用双层膨胀凝胶材料复制了大脑形成褶皱的现象，并表明，只有这两层具备相似的柔软程度时，形成的褶皱看上去才会与人类大脑的脑沟和脑回相似。研究人员指出，虽然他们的模拟可用于最基本的脑沟和脑回，但这并不能解释大脑更加复杂的特征，比如，将左右脑分开的大脑纵裂，以及区分大脑主要脑叶的其他大的脑沟。

　　——美国趣味科学网站

　　论坛翻译地址：http://forum.putclub.com/forumdisplay.php?fid=113&page=1&filter=type&typeid=148&orderby=dateline

眼睛的发展简史

　　A Brief History of Eyeglasses

　　Spec-tacular Inventions

　　When you think about inventions that have radically changed human existence, what comes to mind? Probably the wheel, the printing press, maybe the refrigerator and definitely personal computers. Then there are those more mundane things that we rarely think about, but without which we’d be much worse off. Like eyeglasses, for example. Imagine a world without glasses—many of us would walk around bumping into things and driving our cars up onto the sidewalk. So who invented glasses, and how were they first made?

　　The truth is that nobody knows who invented eyeglasses. At some point in Italy between 1268 and 1289 someone came up with the idea, but the actual inventor remains anonymous. What we do know is that the earliest lenses were made from quartz and were usually set into bone, metal, or leather. As soon as early opticians figured out how to make glass without bubbles and other obstructions, they started making lenses out of glass.

　　Ye Olde Nose Pinchers

　　Although glasses spread quickly throughout Europe and Asia, there was one major problem: Keeping them on the wearer’s face. Early glasses acted a bit like pinchers, squeezed onto the bridge of the nose. Ouch! It took nearly 400 years before opticians figured out that rigid sidepieces resting on top of the ears might do the trick.

　　No history of spectacles would be complete without some mention of Benjamin Franklin, who invented bifocals in the 1780s. Annoyed at having to constantly switch glasses whenever he wanted to read or take in the sights while traveling, Franklin had his reading glasses cut in half and fused with his distance glasses. Now that’s American ingenuity for you.

　　came up with 提出，想出

　　quartz 石英

　　optician n. 眼镜商;光学仪器商;光学仪器制造者

　　rigid adj. 严格的;僵硬的，死板的

　　bifocal n. 双光眼镜;双重焦点透镜

　　ingenuity n. 心灵手巧，独创性;精巧

　　

　　PS：现在已经习惯成自然：当你的视力下降，你的眼睛变差了，你会去你的视光师或眼科医生那里配一副眼镜。但过去可不是这样的：直到13世纪人们才真正使用助视器来改善他们的视力。

　　一、眼镜的历史

　　数千年前，玛雅，埃及，中国和希腊的伟大文明创造了惊人的成就。然而，当涉及到保持视力，即使是最伟大的学者也无能为力。那时，就像今天一样，随着年龄的增大眼睛通常也慢慢变差。伟大的罗马演说家西塞罗曾抱怨一件麻烦事就是不得不让仆人读文章给他听。尼禄皇帝需要通过一颗绿宝石来观看他钟爱的角斗。希腊哲学家托勒密(约公元150)了解了光折射的最初规律，但是直到1000多年以后阿拉伯数学家和天文学家阿尔哈曾才明确了形成清晰视觉的最基本的折射定律。

　　二、修道士发明了最早的助视器

　　最终，13世纪时意大利的修道士手工精心制作了第一个半成形的立式镜片。这种镜片就像放大镜。为制作镜片，修道士使用了一种石英叫绿宝石。几年之后-1267年-牛津圣芳济会的修道士罗杰培根提供了科学的证据说明用特殊形状的立式镜片可以将小字放大。

　　三、穆拉诺：眼镜的诞生地

　　至今仍在全世界享有盛誉的威尼斯穆拉诺的玻璃工厂有理由声称自己是眼镜的诞生地。13世纪，他们是唯一能够制造纯粹的软玻璃的工厂。不久以后第一份质量标准出炉。这些眼镜，称为阅读助视器， 有一个凸起的立式镜片，边框是用铁，牛角或木头制成的。那时只有一种简单的硕大的镜片。总之，第一副眼镜只能用作远视者阅读用的助视器。

　　四、眼镜成为身份的象征

　　直到200年以后至少在某种程度上可以代表第一副现代眼镜的镜框被制造出来了：铆钉样眼镜被耳挂式眼镜所代替。镜框是一片式的。当然只有少数富人能够买得起这些铁制或青铜制的眼镜。在西班牙，特别大的眼镜被认为是身份的象征。皮制的鼻梁架也开始使用以使助视器戴起来更加舒适。那时最大的问题实际上是固定。镜框经常会从鼻子上滑落，由于镜框很重，很多时候佩戴者觉得戴起来非常不舒服。18世纪，所谓的纽伦堡有框眼镜在市场上出现。人们给它起了一个不怎么讨人喜欢的名字“nose-crushers“-但它却成为了一种时尚，并且佩戴起来比较舒适，而在这之前被认为是不可能的。

　　大约在18世纪末，配有单片眼镜的镜架成为新宠。德国和英国上流社会有品位的淑女和绅士都戴这种眼镜。法国人则更喜欢“pince-nez“眼镜。也是单片镜片的镜架，但不仅可以戴在鼻子上，也可以利用眼周的肌肉固定。法国版的优势在于当有其他人在一起时可以迅速取下，因为德国的西方邻居们觉得戴pince-nez被人看到还是会有点尴尬。

　　五、现代的框架眼镜

　　直到上世纪的前20年框架眼镜才变成现在的外观和解剖学上的完美设计。如今，眼镜有各种各样的形状和材料-选择可以随心所欲。框架眼镜已经成为全世界最重要的助视器并且成为受众人欢迎的时尚配件。

　　——《科技在线》

2019年9月18日 10:55

 

 

12、郁达夫：《故都的秋》
　　

        秋天，无论在什么地方的秋天，总是好的;可是啊，北国的秋，却特别地来得清，来得静，来得悲凉。我的不远千里，要从杭州赶上青岛，更要从青岛赶上北平来的理由，也不过想饱尝一尝这“秋”，这故都的秋味。

　　Autumn, wherever it is, always has something to recommend itself. In North China, however, it is particularly limpid, serene and melancholy. To enjoy its atmosphere to the full in the onetime capital, I have, therefore, made light of travelling a long distance from Hangzhou to Qingdao, and thence to Peiping.

（图片来源于网络）

　　江南，秋当然也是有的，但草木凋得慢，空气来得润，天的颜色显得淡，并且又时常多雨而少风;一个人夹在苏州上海杭州，或厦门香港广州的市民中间， 混混沌沌地过去，只能感到一点点清凉，秋的味，秋的色，秋的意境与姿态，总看不饱，尝不透，赏玩不到十足。秋并不是名花，也并不是美酒，那一种半开、半醉 的状态，在领略秋的过程上，是不合适的。

　　There is of course autumn in the South too, but over there plants wither slowly, the air is moist, the sky pallid, and it is more often rainy than windy. While muddling along all by myself among theurban dwellers of Suzhou, Shanghai, Xianmen, Hong Kong or Guangzhou, I feel nothing but a little chill in the air, without ever relishing to my heart’s content the flavour, colour, mood and style of the season. Unlike famous flowers which are most attractive when half opening, good wine which is most tempting when one is half drunk, autumn, however, is best appreciated in itsentirety.

　　不逢北国之秋，已将近十余年了。在南方每年到了秋天，总要想起陶然亭的芦花，钓鱼台的柳影，西山的虫唱，玉泉的夜月，潭柘寺的钟声。在北平即使不 出门去吧，就是在皇城人海之中，租人家一椽破屋来住着，早晨起来，泡一碗浓茶，向院子一坐，你也能看得到很高很高的碧绿的天色，听得到青天下驯鸽的飞声。 从槐树叶底，朝东细数着一丝一丝漏下来的日光，或在破壁腰中，静对着像喇叭似的牵牛花(朝荣)的蓝朵，自然而然地也能够感觉到十分的秋意。说到了牵牛花， 我以为以蓝色或白色者为佳，紫黑色次之，淡红色最下。最好，还要在牵牛花底，教长着几根疏疏落落的尖细且长的秋草，使作陪衬。

　　It is more than a decade since I last saw autumn in North. When I am in the South, the arrival of each autumn will put me in mind of Peiping’s Tao Ran Ting with its reed catkins, Diao Yu Tai with its shady willow trees, Western Hills with their chirping insects, Yu Quan Shan Mountain on a moonlight evening and Tan Zhe Si with its reverbrating bell. Suppose you put up in a humblerented house inside the bustling imperial city, you can, on getting up at dawn, sit in yourcourtyard sipping a cup of strong tea, leisurely watch the high azure skies and listen to pigeons circling overhead. Saunter eastward under locust trees to closely observe streaks of sunlight filtering through their foliage, or quietly watch the trumpet-shaped blue flowers of morning glories climbing half way up a dilapidated wall, and an intense feeling of autumn will of itself well up inside you. As to morning glories, I like their blue or white flowers best, dark purple ones second best, and pink ones third best. It will be most desirable to have them set off by some tall thin grass planted underneath here and there.

　　北国的槐树，也是一种能使人联想起秋来的点缀。像花而又不是花的那一种落蕊，早晨起来，会铺得满地。脚踏上去，声音也没有，气味也没有，只能感出 一点点极微细极柔软的触觉。扫街的在树影下一阵扫后，灰土上留下来的一条条扫帚的丝纹，看起来既觉得细腻，又觉得清闲，潜意识下并且还觉得有点儿落寞，古 人所说的梧桐一叶而天下知秋的遥想，大约也就在这些深沉的地方。

　　Locust trees in the North, as a decorative embellishment of nature, also associate us with autumn. On getting up early in the morning, you will find the ground strewn all over with flower-like pistils fallen from locust trees. Quiet and smellless, they feel tiny and soft underfoot. After a street cleaner has done the sweeping under the shade of the trees, you will discover countless lines left by his broom in the dust, which look so fine and quiet that somehow a feeling of forlornness will begin to creep up on you. The same depth of implication is found in the ancient saying that a single fallen leaf from the wutong tree is more than enough to inform the world of autumn’s presence.

　　秋蝉的衰弱的残声，更是北国的特产，因为北平处处全长着树，屋子又低，所以无论在什么地方，都听得见它们的啼唱。在南方是非要上郊外或山上去才听得到的。这秋蝉的嘶叫，在北方可和蟋蟀耗子一样，简直像是家家户户都养在家里的家虫。

　　The sporadic feeble chirping of cicadas is especially characteristic of autumn in the North. Due to the abundance of trees and the low altitude of dwellings in Peiping, cicadas are audible in every nook and cranny of the city. In the South, however, one cannot hear them unless in suburbs or hills. Because of their ubiquitous shrill noise, these insects in Peiping seem to be living off every household like crickets or mice.

　　还有秋雨哩，北方的秋雨，也似乎比南方的下得奇，下得有味，下得更像样。

　　As for autumn rains in the North, they also seem to differ from those in the South, being more appealing, more temperate.

　　在灰沉沉的天底下，忽而来一阵凉风，便息列索落地下起雨来了。一层雨过，云渐渐地卷向了西去，天又晴了，太阳又露出脸来了，着着很厚的青布单衣或 夹袄的都市闲人，咬着烟管，在雨后的斜桥影里，上桥头树底下去一立，遇见熟人，便会用了缓慢悠闲的声调，微叹着互答着地说：

　　A sudden gust of cool wind under the slaty sky, and raindrops will start pitter-pattering. Soon when the rain is over, the clouds begin gradually to roll towards the west and the sun comes out in the blue sky. Some idle townsfolk, wearing lined or unlined clothing made of thick cloth, will come out pipe in mouth and, loitering under a tree by the end of a bridge, exchange leisurely conversation with acquaintances with a slight touch of regret at the passing of time:

　　"可不是吗?一层秋雨一层凉了!"

　　"Oh, real nice and cool."

　　北方的果树，到秋天，也是一种奇景。第一是枣子树，屋角，墙头，茅房边上，灶房门口，它都会一株株地长大起来。像橄榄又像鸽蛋似的这枣子颗儿，在 小椭圆形的细叶中间，显出淡绿微黄的颜色的时候，正是秋的全盛时期，等枣树叶落，枣子红完，西北风就要起来了，北方便是沙尘灰土的世界，只有这枣子、柿子、葡萄，成熟到八九分的七八月之交，是北国的清秋的佳日，是一年之中最好也没有的Golden Days。

　　Fruit trees in the North also make a wonderful sight in autumn. Take jujube tree for example. They grow everywhere - around the corner of a house, at the foot of a wall, by the side of a latrine or outside a kitchen door. It is at the height of autumn that jujubes, shaped like dates or pigeon eggs, make their appearance in a light yellowish-green amongst tiny elliptic leaves. By the time when they have turned ruddy and the leaves fallen, the north-westerly wind will begin to reignsupreme and make a dusty world of the North. Only at the turn of July and August when jujubes, persimmons, grapes are 80-90 percent ripe will the North have the best of autumn - the golden days in a year.

　　有些批评家说，中国的文人学士，尤其是诗人，都带着很浓厚的颓废的色彩，所以中国的诗文里，赞颂秋的文字的特别的多。但外国的诗人，又何尝不然? 我虽则外国诗文念的不多，也不想开出帐来，做一篇秋的诗歌散文钞，但你若去一翻英德法意等诗人的集子，或各国的诗文的Anthology来，总能够看到许 多并于秋的歌颂和悲啼。各著名的大诗人的长篇田园诗或四季诗里，也总以关于秋的部分。写得最出色而最有味。足见有感觉的动物，有情趣的人类，对于秋，总是 一样地特别能引起深沉，幽远、严厉、萧索的感触来的。不单是诗人，就是被关闭在牢狱里的囚犯，到了秋天，我想也一定能感到一种不能自已的深情，秋之于人， 何尝有国别，更何尝有人种阶级的区别呢?不过在中国，文字里有一个“秋士”的成语，读本里又有着很普遍的欧阳子的《秋声》与苏东坡的《赤壁赋》等，就觉得 中国的文人，与秋和关系特别深了，可是这秋的深味，尤其是中国的秋的深味，非要在北方，才感受得到底。

　　Some literary critics say that Chinese literati, especially poets, are mostly disposed to be decadent, which accounts for predominance of Chinese works singing the praises of autumn. Well, the same is true of foreign poets, isn’t it? I haven’t read much of foreign poetry and prose, nor do I want to enumerate autumn-related poems and essays in foreign literature. But, if you browse through collected works of English, German, French or Italian poets, or various countries’ anthologies of poetry or prose, you can always comes across a great many literary pieces eulogizing or lamenting autumn. Long pastoral poems or songs about the four seasons byrenowned poets are mostly distinguished by beautiful moving lines on autumn. All that goes to show that all live creatures and sensitive humans alike are prone to the feeling of depth,remoteness, severity and bleakness. Not only poets, even convicts in prison, I suppose, have deep sentiments in autumn in spite of themselves. Autumn treats all humans alike, regardless of nationality, race or class. However, judging from Chinese idiom qiushi (autumn scholar, meaning and aged scholar grieving over frustrations in his life) and frequent selection in textbooks of Ouyang Xiu’s On the Autumn Sough and Su Dongpo’s On the Red Cliff, Chinese men of letters seem to be particularly autumn-minded. But, to know the real flavour of autumn, especiallyChina’s autumn, one has to visit the North.

　　南国之秋，当然也是有它的特异的地方的，比如廿四桥的明月，钱塘江的秋潮，普陀山的凉雾，荔枝湾的残荷等等，可是色彩不浓，回味不永。比起北国的秋来，正像是黄酒之与白干，稀饭之与馍馍，鲈鱼之与大蟹，黄犬之与骆驼。

　　Autumn in the South also has its unique features, such as the moonlit Ershisi Bridge in Yangzhou, the flowing sea tide at the Qiantangjiang River, the mist-shrouded Putuo Mountain and lotuses at the Lizhiwan Bay. But they all lack strong colour and lingering flavour. Southern autumn is to Northern autumn what yellow rice wine is to kaoliang wine, congee to steamed buns, perches to crabs, yellow dogs to camels.

　　秋天，这北国的秋天，若留得住的话，我愿把寿命的三分之二折去，换得一个三分之一的零头。

　　Autumn, I mean Northern autumn, if only it could be made to last forever! I would be more than willing to keep but one-third of my life-span and have two-thirds of it bartered for the prolonged stay of the season!

　　一九三四年八月，在北平。

　　August 1934, in Beiping.

 

2019年10月18日 18:44

 

 

13、培根：《论婚姻与独身》
　　

       HE THAT hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune; for they are impediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or mischief. Certainly the best works, and of greatest merit for the public, have proceeded from the unmarried or childless men; which both in affection and means, have married and endowed the public. Yet it were great reason that those that have children, should have greatest care of future times; unto which they know they must transmit their dearest pledges.

　　成了家的人，可以说对命运之神付出了抵押品。因为家庭难免拖累事业，而无论这种事业的性质如何。所以是能为公众献身人，应当是不被家室所累的人。因为只有这种人，才能够把他的全部爱情和财产，都奉献给唯一的情人——公众。而那种有家室的人，恐怕宁愿把最好的东西留给自己的后代。

　　Some there are, who though they lead a single life, yet their thoughts do end with themselves, and account future times impertinences. Nay, there are some other, that account wife and children, but as bills of charges. Nay more, there are some foolish rich covetous men, that take a pride, in having no children, because they may be thought so much the richer. For perhaps they have heard some talk, Such an one is a great rich man, and another except to it, Yea, but he hath a great charge of children; as if it were an abatement to his riches. But the most ordinary cause of a single life, is liberty, especially in certain self-pleasing and humorous minds, which are so sensible of every restraint, as they will go near to think their girdles and garters, to be bonds and shackles.

　　有的人在结婚后仍然愿意过独身生活。因为他们不喜欢家庭，把妻子儿女看作经济上的累赘。还有一些富人甚至以无子嗣为自豪。也许他们是担心，一旦有了子女就瓜分现有的财产吧。有一种人过独身生活是为了保持自由，以避免受约束于对家庭承担的义务和责任。但这种人，可能会认为腰带和鞋带，也难免是一种束缚呢!

　　Unmarried men are best friends, best masters, best servants; but not always best subjects; for they are light to run away; and almost all fugitives, are of that condition.

　　实际上，独身者也许可以成为最好的朋友，最好的主人，最好的仆人，但很难成为最好的公民。因为他们随时可以迁逃，所以差不多一切流窜犯都是无家者。

　　A single life doth well with churchmen; for charity will hardly water the ground, where it must first fill a pool. It is indifferent for judges and magistrates; for if they be facile and corrupt, you shall have a servant, five times worse than a wife. For soldiers, I find the generals commonly in their hortatives, put men in mind of their wives and children; and I think the despising of marriage amongst the Turks, maketh the vulgar soldier more base.

　　作为献身宗教的，是有理由保持独身的。否则他们的慈悲就先布施于家人而不是供奉于上帝了。作为法官与师，是否独身关系并不大。因为只要他们身边有一个坏的幕僚，其进谗言的能力就足以抵上五个妻子。作为军人，有家室则是好事，这正可以在战场上激发他们的责任感和勇气。这一点可以从土耳其的事例中得到反证——那里的风俗不重视婚姻和家庭，结果他们士兵的斗志很差。

　　Certainly wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity; and single men, though they may be many times more charitable, because their means are less exhaust, yet, on the other side, they are more cruel and hardhearted (good to make severe inquisitors), because their tenderness is not so oft called upon. Grave natures, led by custom, and therefore constant, are commonly loving husbands, as was said of Ulysses, vetulam suam praetulit immortalitati.

　　对家庭的责任心不仅是人类的一种约束，也是一种训练。那种独身的人，虽然在用起来似很慷慨，但实际上往往是心肠很硬的，因为他们不懂得对他人的爱。 一种好的风俗，能教化出情感坚贞的男子汉，例如像优里西斯(Ulysses)那样，他曾抵制美丽女神的诱惑，而保持了对妻子的忠贞。

　　Chaste women are often proud and froward, as presuming upon the merit of their chastity. It is one of the best bonds, both of chastity and obedience, in the wife, if she think her husband wise; which she will never do, if she find him jealous. Wives are young men's mistresses; companions for middle age; and old men's nurses. So as a man may have a quarrel to marry, when he will.

　　一个独身的女人常常是骄横的。因为她需要显示，她的贞节似乎是自愿保持的。如果一个女人为丈夫的聪明优秀而自豪，那么这就是使她忠贞不渝的最好保证。但如果一个女人发现她的丈夫是妒忌多疑的，那么她将绝不会认为他是聪明的。在人生中，妻子是青年时代的情人，中年时代的伴 ，暮年时代的守护。所以在人的一生中，只要有合适的对象，任何时候结婚都是有道理的。

　　But yet he was reputed one of the wise men, that made answer to the question, when a man should marry, - A young man not yet, an elder man not at all. It is often seen that bad husbands, have very good wives; whether it be, that it raiseth the price of their husband's kindness, when it comes; or that the wives take a pride in their patience. But this never fails, if the bad husbands were of their own choosing, against their friends consent; for then they will be sure to make good their own folly.

　　但也有一位古代哲人，对于人应当在何时结婚这个问题是这样说的：“年纪少时还不应当，年纪大时已不必要。”美满的婚姻是难得一遇的。常可见到许多不出色的丈夫却有一位美丽的妻子。这莫非是因为这种丈夫由于具有不多的优点而更值得被珍视吗?也许因为伴随这种丈夫，将可以考验一个妇人的忍耐精神吧?如果这种婚姻出自一个女人的自愿选择，甚至是不顾亲友的劝告而选择的，那么就让她自己去品尝这枚果实的滋味吧!

　　王佐良译本：《谈结婚与独身》夫人之有妻儿也不啻已向命运典质，从此难成大事，无论善恶。兴大业，立大功，往往系未婚无儿者所为，彼辈似已与公众结亲，故爱情产业并以付之。按理而论，有子女者应对未来岁月最为关切，因已将至亲骨肉托付之矣。独身者往往思虑仅及己身，以为未来与己无关。有人则视妻儿为负债。更有贪而愚者，以无儿女为荣，以为如此更可夸其富足。此辈或曾闻人议论，一云此人为大富，另一则云否也，其人有多子负担，其财必损。然独身之原因，最常见者为喜自由，尤其自娱任性之人不耐任何束缚，身上褡带亦视为桎梏。未婚者为最好之友、最好之主、最好之仆，然非最好之臣，因其身轻易遁也，故亡命徒几全未婚。未婚适合教会中人，因如先须注水于家池则无余泽以惠人矣。然对法官行政官等则无足轻重，彼辈如收礼贪财，劣仆之害五倍于妻。至于士兵，余尝见将军以渠等妻儿所望激励之，而土耳其人鄙视婚姻，故其士兵更为卑劣。妻儿对人确为一种锻炼。单身者本可心慈过人，因其资财少耗也，实则由于不常触其心肠，反而更为严酷(因而适为审判异端之官)。庄重之人守规不渝，为夫常能爱妻，是故人云优利息斯“爱老妻胜过不朽也”。贞节之妇自恃节操，不免骄纵。欲使妻子守贞从夫，夫须有智;如妻疑夫猜忌，则断难听命矣。妻子者，青年之情妇，中年之伴侣，老年之护士也，故如决心结婚，须善择时。昔有智者答人问何时可婚，曾云：“青年未到时，老年不必矣。”常见恶夫有良妻，是否由于此辈丈夫偶尔和善，更见其可贵，抑或此类妻子以忍耐为美德欤?可确言者，如妻子不顾友朋劝告而自择恶夫，则必尽力弥补前失。

 

2019年11月13日 15:56

 

 

14、培根：《论爱情》

　　The stage is more beholding to love, than the life of man. For as to the stage, love is ever matter of comedies, and now and then of tragedies; but in life it doth much mischief; sometimes like a siren, sometimes like a fury.

　　舞台上的爱情生活比生活中的爱情要美好得多。因为在舞台上，爱情只是喜剧和悲剧的素材，而在人生中，爱情却常常招来不幸。它有时象那位诱惑人的魔女，有时又象那位复仇的女神。

　　You may observe, that amongst all the great and worthy persons (whereof the memory remaineth, either ancient or recent) there is not one, that hath been transported to the mad degree of love: which shows that great spirits, and great business, do keep out this weak passion. You must except, nevertheless, Marcus Antonius, the half partner of the empire of Rome, and Appius Claudius, the decemvir and lawgiver; whereof the former was indeed a voluptuous man, and inordinate; but the latter was an austere and wise man: and therefore it seems (though rarely) that love can find entrance, not only into an open heart, but also into a heart well fortified, if watch be not well kept.

　　你可以看到，一切真正伟大的人物(无论是古人、今人，只要是其英名永铭于人类记忆中的)，没有一个是因爱情而发狂的人。因为伟大的事业只有罗马的安东尼和克劳底亚是例外。前者本性就好色荒淫，然而后者却是严肃多谋的人。这说明爱情不仅会占领开旷坦阔的胸怀，有时也能闯入壁垒森严的心灵----假如手御不严的话。

　　It is a poor saying of Epicurus, Satis magnum alter alteri theatrum sumus; as if man, made for the contemplation of heaven, and all noble objects, should do nothing but kneel before a little idol, and make himself a subject, though not of the mouth (as beasts are), yet of the eye; which was given him for higher purposes.

　　埃辟克拉斯曾说过一句笨话：“人生不过是一座大戏台。”似乎本应努力追求高尚事业的人类，却只应象玩偶般地逢场作戏。虽然爱情的奴隶并不同于那班只顾吃喝的禽兽，但毕竟也只是眼目色相的奴隶，而上帝赐人以眼睛本来是有更高尚的用途的。

　　It is a strange thing, to note the excess of this passion, and how it braves the nature, and value of things, by this; that the speaking in a perpetual hyperbole, is comely in nothing but in love. Neither is it merely in the phrase; for whereas it hath been well said, that the arch-flatterer, with whom all the petty flatterers have intelligence, is a man’s self; certainly the lover is more. For there was never proud man thought so absurdly well of himself, as the lover doth of the person loved; and therefore it was well said, That it is impossible to love, and to be wise. Neither doth this weakness appear to others only, and not to the party loved; but to the loved most of all, except the love be reciproque. For it is a true rule, that love is ever rewarded, either with the reciproque, or with an inward and secret contempt.

　　过度的爱情追求，必然会降低人本身的价值。例如，只有在爱情中，才总是需要那种浮夸陷媚的词令。而在其他场合，同样的词令只能招人耻笑。古人有一句名言：“最大的奉承，人总是留给自己的。”----只有对情人的奉承要算例外。因为甚至最骄傲的人，也甘愿在情人面前自轻自贱。所以古人说得好：“就是神在爱情中也难保持聪明。”情人的这种弱点不仅在外人眼中是明显的，就是在被追求者的眼中也会很明显----除非她(他)也在追求他(她)。所以，爱情的代价就是如此，不能得到回爱，就会得到一种深藏于心的轻蔑，这是一条永真的定律。

　　By how much the more, men ought to beware of this passion, which loseth not only other things, but itself! As for the other losses, the poet’s relation doth well figure them: that he that preferred Helena, quitted the gifts of Juno and Pallas. For whosoever esteemeth too much of amorous affection, quitteth both riches and wisdom.

　　由此可见，人们应当十分警惕这种感情。因为它不但会使人丧失其他，而且可以使人丧失自己本身。甚至其他方面的损失，古诗人早告诉我们，那追求海伦的人，是放弃了财富和智慧的。

　　This passion hath his floods, in very times of weakness; which are great prosperity, and great adversity; though this latter hath been less observed: both which times kindle love, and make it more fervent, and therefore show it to be the child of folly. They do best, who if they cannot but admit love, yet make it keep quarters; and sever it wholly from their serious affairs, and actions, of life; for if it check once with business, it troubles men's fortunes, and make men, that they can no ways be true to their own ends.

　　当人心最软弱的时候，爱情最容易入侵。再就是人春风得意，忘乎所以的独守困窘，孤独凄时，虽然后者未必然得到爱情。人在这样的时候最容易跳进爱情的火焰，由此可见，“爱情”实在是“愚蠢”的儿子。但有一些人，即使心中有了爱，仍能约束它，使它不妨碍重大的事业。因为，爱情一旦干扰情绪，就会阻碍人坚定的奔向既定的目标。

　　I know not how, but martial men are given to love: I think, it is but as they are given to wine; for perils commonly ask to be paid in pleasures.

　　我不懂是什么缘故，使许多军人更容易堕入情网，也许这正象他们嗜爱饮酒一样，是因为危险的生活更需要欢乐的补偿。

　　There is in man’s nature, a secret inclination and motion, towards love of others, which if it be not spent upon some one or a few, doth naturally spread itself towards many, and maketh men become humane and charitable; as it is seen sometime in friars.

　　人心中可能普遍具有一种博爱倾向，若不集中于某个专一的对象身上，就必然施之于更广泛的大众，使他成为仁善的人，象有的僧侣那样。

　　Nuptial love maketh mankind; friendly love perfecteth it; but wanton love corrupteth, and embaseth it.

　　夫妻的爱，使人类繁衍。朋友的爱，给人以帮助。但那荒淫纵欲的爱，却只会使人堕落毁灭啊!

 

2019年12月20日 14:18

 

 

15、西格里夫·萨松的诗二首

 

1、In me, past, present, future meet 于我，过去，现在以及未来

To hold long chiding conference. 商讨聚会 各执一词 纷扰不息。萨松

My lusts usurp the present tense 林林总总的 欲望，掠取着我的现在

And strangle Reason in his seat. 把"理性"扼杀于它的宝座

My loves leap through the future's fence 我的爱情纷纷越过未来的藩篱

To dance with dream-enfranchised feet. 梦想解放出它们的双脚 舞蹈不停

In me the cave-man clasps the seer, 于我，穴居人攫取了先知，

And garlanded Apollo goes 佩戴花环的阿波罗神

Chanting to Abraham's deaf ear. 向亚伯拉罕的聋耳唱叹歌吟。

In me the tiger sniffs the rose. 我心有猛虎在细嗅着蔷薇。

Look in my heart, kind friends, and tremble, 审视我的内心吧，亲爱的朋友，你应颤栗，

Since there your elements assemble. 因为那才是你本来的面目。

 

2、Everyone Sang

by :Siegfried Sassoon萨松

Everyone suddenly burst out singing;

And I was filled with such delight:

As prisoned birds must find in freedom,

Winging wildly across the white

Orchards and dark-green fields;

on-on-and out of sight.

Everyone's voice was suddenly lifted;

And beauty came like the setting sun:

My heart was shaken with tears;

and horror Drifted away …

O, but Everyone Was a bird;

and the song was wordless;

the singing will never be done.

众人欢歌

黍黎释译

众人突然高唱

我也愉悦释怀

似笼中鸟找回自由

展翅飞过

白果园和青绿田

一直飞至天际

众人歌声忽高昂

如落日一样壮观

我心颤流泪

烦事尽散去

每人如飞鸟

歌声虽停止

余音却不绝

 

2020年1月8日 13:26

 

 

16、感激之心，改变世界的力量
Gra-ti-tude. 

感激。

Savor it on your tongue.

用舌尖轻尝。

The sound alone instills satisfaction.

仅是声音便让人心满意足。

Feel it in your heart.

用心感受。

Notice a soothing warmth wash over you.

体会这一袭抚慰身心的暖意。

Gratitude and plentitude. They're the two ends of the same bone. Combined, they're the marrow of miracles. The structure of success.

感激与富足，是一根骨头的两端，两者合并，便会产生奇迹，构筑成功。

When I clear the mental clutter and focus on the present, I'm instantly reminded of how blessed I am.

当我把错乱的思绪清空、着眼当下的时候，我突然意识到我是多么幸福。

Look into your own life. If you scrub away the make-up of illusion and impurities of jealousy — can you see the clarity of grace? Can you understand how treasuring what's right in front of you is worth your time?

仔细看看自己的生活吧。如果把幻想和嫉妒扫出脑海，你清楚地看到生活的恩赐了吗？你明白你眼前的一切是多么珍贵、多么值得你花时间品味了吗？

Gratitude grounds plentitude in the now. When you honor who you are, what you do, and what you have, your energy will change. You will start to glow. People will be drawn to you because that gratitude glow is rare in our current culture. I'm hoping to bring it back.

感激是让你在当下感到富足的基础。当你热爱自己、热爱你所做的事、热爱你拥有的东西，你的能量就会改变，你会开始成长。人们会被你吸引，因为这种感激散发的正能量在当今的文化里是不可多得的。我很希望能把它带回到我们的文化中。

It's my desire to kick off a gratitude cascade throughout the world so that we may inspire each other to live our best lives yet.

我希望感激可以如泉涌般流遍世界，这样我们就可以互相启发，活出最富足的人生。

We're here, each and every one of us, because we have a unique gift to share. It's my wish that we're both bold and humble enough to embody our divine potential.

我们每个人都有一份独特的天赋——感激。我希望我们都足够勇敢、足够谦逊，能够把我们这一神圣的潜能发挥出来。

Imagine where that will take us.

想象一下感激会带给我们怎样的未来吧。

 （翻译：Lorenzo）

　　要明白什么，才能变得自信?

　　1. Life is not fair.

　　生活是不公平的

　　Life conspires to consistently bring unexpected problems.

　　生活总会用各种方式给你带来意想不到的问题。

　　I can either choose to accept this and work through it or I can fight, ignore and live an average life.

　　我可以选择接受现状，然后想办法解决它;或者，我也可以挣扎、无视，然后过着平庸的一生。

　　2. Fight your instinct.

　　战胜你的本能

　　This is the tool that made our ancestors survival possible.

　　(胆怯)是我们祖先的生存工具。

　　Your brain is responsible for detecting negative signs and signs of danger so that you can flee.

　　你的大脑会侦查周遭的负面信息和危险信号，让你可以逃跑。

　　This is what made our ancestors survival possible. Unfortunately, we inherited this instinct and it activates everytime we try something new.

　　这使我们祖先得以幸存。但不幸的是，我们把这个本能继承了下来，并且每次尝试新东西的时候都会激活它。

　　3. Make friends with your fear.

　　与恐惧做朋友

　　There is no magic cure to fear.

　　世上没有治愈恐惧的灵药。

　　Fear will never dissappear, and what sets out the extraordinary from the ordinary is their ability to act despite that awful fear.

　　恐惧永远不会消失，而“卓越的人”与“普通人”的区别就是他们能顶着巨大的恐惧采取行动。

　　4. As long as you are nice, things usually go well.

　　只要你为人友善，事情通常都很顺利

　　90% of people can't reject a kind person.

　　90%的人都无法拒绝一个友善的人。

　　Emerson once said “the whole world loves a lover”.

　　艾默生曾经说：“全世界都会爱上一个懂得爱的人。”

　　Try it. It's so difficult for people to reject you when you're all goody and seem so harmless.

　　试试吧。当你表现出由内而外的友善、并且没有任何攻击性的时候，人们很难拒绝你。

　　5. Most people want to connect.

　　其实大部分人是希望和人交流的

　　The truth is that people are more open to connect than you think.

　　事实是，大家其实比你想的更愿意与人交流。

　　There are a lot of people around you who want to connect but are just scared as you are.

　　你身边有很多人和你一样渴望与人建立关系，而且也和你一样害怕。

　　6. You can't please everyone.

　　你没有办法取悦所有人

　　The thing is that no matter how sweet, funny, smart, awful or whatever kind of person you are, 90% of the world will ignore you, some of the rest will love you and the rest will hate you.

　　事实是，不管你多么贴心、有趣、机智、威严或怎样，世界上90%的人其实是看不见你的。剩下的那10%当中，有一部分会喜爱你，而剩下的人则会讨厌你。

　　So, You’re free to be weird.

　　所以，你有权保持特立独行。

　　As the saying goes- those who matter don't mind and those that mind don't matter.

　　正如俗语所说：那些对你来说重要的人，不会介意;那些介意的人，对你来说不重要。

　　7. There is no universal confidence.

　　没有人在所有地方都自信

　　True confidence comes from practicing and mastering an act.

　　真正的自信源自练习与熟练。

　　Social skill is just a skill like any other and all I have to do to become a pro is practice.

　　社交技巧就和其他所有技巧一样，如果你想成为达人，你需要做的只有“练习，练习，再练习”。

　　

        (翻译：Maxxie)

       2020年3月30日 15:12

 

 

18、​​​​Top 10 Famous Love Letters 历史上的十大著名情书
　　

          Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn亨利八世写给安妮·博林King Henry VIII originally courted Anne Boleyn's sister Mary, but it was Anne who caught the Engl0

　　

　　Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn

　　亨利八世写给安妮·博林

　　King Henry VIII originally courted Anne Boleyn’s sister Mary, but it was Anne who caught the English royal’s wandering eye — though she refused to be his mistress. She wanted to be Queen. Unfortunately for Anne, the temperamental King had another change of heart and ordered her execution in 1536. Henry VIII wrote Anne this letter in 1527:

　　国王亨利八世最初追求的是安妮·博林的姐姐玛丽·博林，不过皇室看中的却是安妮——虽然她拒绝做亨利八世的情妇。她想要做的是皇后，不过不幸的是，喜新厌旧的亨利八世之后却又变了心，1536年时下令处决安妮。1527年，亨利八世给安妮写下了这样的情书：

　　“I beg to know expressly your intention touching the love between us. Necessity compels me to obtain this answer, having been more than a year wounded by the dart of love, and not yet sure whether I shall fail or find a place in your affection.”

　　“我乞求你，清楚明白地告诉我你的心意，是否愿意与我相爱。我必须要得到这个答案，爱神之箭射中了我，伤口已一年有余，能否在你的心中占有一席之地，我却依然无从确定。”

拿破仑写给约瑟芬

　　The ruthless French leader had a sweet side for his wife Josephine. Although he divorced her when she could not have children, he continued to write to her. A few days after they were married, Napoleon left to command the French army near Italy. In the following months, he frequently wrote, expressing how much he missed her. He wrote the following on July 17, 1796:

　　拿破仑这位法国革命领袖残酷无情，然而对妻子约瑟芬却有柔情的一面。虽然因为约瑟芬无法怀孕而和她离婚，但他依旧保持着对她的通信。在他们婚后没几天，拿破仑就离开家，前往离意大利不远处的前线指挥部队。在接下去的几个月中，他频繁地给妻子写信，表达相思之情。1796年7月17日，他在信中写道：

　　“Since I left you, I have been constantly depressed. My happiness is to be near you. Incessantly I live over in my memory your caresses, your tears, your affectionate solicitude. The charms of the incomparable Josephine kindle continually a burning and a glowing flame in my heart. When, free from all solicitude, all harassing care, shall I be able to pass all my time with you, having only to love you, and to think only of the happiness of so saying, and of proving it to you?”

　　“自从与你分别，我时常郁郁寡欢。我的幸福就是能与你相依。我不断在记忆里重温你的爱抚、你的泪水、你深情的挂念。世上没有人能同你相比，你的魅力总会在我心中燃起熊熊烈火。我何时才能摆脱所有挂虑、所有恼人的担忧，和你共度生命中的每分每秒，向你证明，我只需要爱你，只需要想着向你诉说爱意时的幸福之感。”

　　

　　Beethoven to His Immortal Beloved

　　贝多芬写给“永远的爱人”

　　The identity of Ludwig van Beethoven’s “immortal beloved,” who received a plethora of letters from the composer in 1812, is still a mystery, but historians believe it was Antonie Brentano, a diplomat’s daughter. Beethoven dedicated his Diabelli Variations Op. 120 to her, and in one of his letters found after his death, he famously wrote:

　　1812年，贝多芬“永远的爱人”收到了来自这位作曲家雪花般的来信，不过收信人的身份却依然无人知晓。不过，历史学家认为收信人是安东妮·布伦塔诺。安东妮·布伦塔诺是一位外交家的女儿，贝多芬将他创作的《迪亚贝利变奏曲》献给了她。贝多芬去世后人们找到了他生前的书信，在其中有一句著名的话：

　　“Though still in bed, my thoughts go out to you, my Immortal Beloved, Be calm–love me–today–yesterday–what tearful longings for you–you–you–my life–my all–farewell. Oh continue to love me–never misjudge the most faithful heart of your beloved. Ever thine. Ever mine. Ever ours.”

　　“我的人躺在床上，但我的思绪却飞向了你，我永远的爱人。请保持冷静-爱我-今天-昨天-我的眼中饱含泪水思念着你-你-你-我的生命-我的一切-永别了。噢，继续爱我吧，不要误会我这颗最赤诚地爱着你的心。我永远属于你。你永远属于我。我们永远属于彼此。”

温斯顿·丘吉尔和妻子克莱芒蒂娜

　　British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and his wife Clementine were married for 56 years and wrote to each other whenever they were apart. Winston wrote this letter to Clementine on Jan. 23, 1935, while she was traveling abroad:

　　英国首相温斯顿·丘吉尔和妻子克莱芒蒂娜携手走过了56个春秋，两人只要是分别，都会给对方写信。丘吉尔于1935年1月23日给正在国外旅游的克莱芒蒂娜写道：

　　“My darling Clemmie, in your letter from Madras you wrote some words very dear to me, about having enriched your life. I cannot tell you what pleasure this gave me, because I always feel so overwhelmingly in your debt, if there can be accounts in love…What it has been to me to live all these years in your heart and companionship no phrases can convey.”

　　“我亲爱的克莱米，你从马德拉斯寄来的信中写道让你的人生更为丰富，这些话对我来说太珍贵了。我无法表达出你给我带来了多少的快乐，因为我在想，如果爱也能够计算，那么我欠你的实在太多……这些年来，你对我的爱始终没有停歇，陪伴在我身边，我实在难以用言语表达这些事对我的意义。”

　

　　Charles Darwin to Emma Wedgwood

　　查尔斯·达尔文写给妻子爱玛·韦奇伍德

　　Charles Darwin, author of Origin of Species, wrote a pros and cons list for getting married, and eventually decided to propose to his first cousin Emma Wedgwood. The couple had a happy marriage, producing 10 children. Charles wrote this note to Emma just a few days before their wedding in 1839:

　　《物种起源》的作者查尔斯·达尔文列出了一张婚姻利弊清单，最终他决定向表妹爱玛·韦奇伍德求婚。他们两人婚姻美满，膝下有十个儿女。1839年两人结婚的前几天，达尔文在给爱玛的信中写道：

　　“How I do hope you shall be happy as I know I shall be. My own dearest Emma, I earnestly pray, you may never regret the great and I will add very good, deed you are to perform on the Tuesday: my own dear future wife, God bless you…”

　　“我多希望你也能和我一样幸福——我知道，我的未来将会有多幸福。我最爱的爱玛，你只属于我。我诚挚地祈祷，希望你永远不会为我们星期二要做的伟大举动而后悔。我会竭尽所能使之完美：我亲爱的未来的妻子，愿上帝保佑你……”

　　Frida Kahlo to Diego Rivera

　　弗里达·卡罗写给迭戈·里维拉

　　Although artist Diego Rivera was 20 years older than painter Frida Kahlo, she called him her “big child.” Kahlo loved Rivera, even though he was reportedly unfaithful. She once said, “I suffered two grave accidents in my life. One in which a streetcar knocked me down … The other accident is Diego.” The following is from a letter that Kahlo sent to Rivera in 1940:

　　墨西哥著名艺术家迭戈·里维拉尽管比画家弗里达·卡罗年长二十岁，弗里达·卡罗仍然将他唤作自己的“大孩子”。虽然有传闻称迭戈·里维拉不忠，不过弗里达·卡罗依旧爱着他。她曾说：“我的人生有两大沉痛的意外：一是被一辆有轨电车撞倒……二就是遇见了迭戈。” 下面的这段话出自1940年卡罗写给里维拉的一封信：

　　“Diego my love- Remember that once you finish the fresco we will be together forever once and for all, without arguments or anything, only to love one another. Behave yourself and do everything that Emmy Lou tells you. I adore you more than ever. Your girl, Frida (Write me).”

　　“迭戈，我的爱人——请你记住，当你完成那副壁画之后，我们就将永远在一起，不会离开彼此了。我们不会争执，只会全心全意地爱着彼此。听话点，按照艾米·卢说的去做。我比从前任何时候都爱你。你的爱人，弗里达(回信给我)”

　

　　Richard Burton to Elizabeth Taylor

　　理查德·波顿写给伊丽莎白·泰勒

　　Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor were Hollywood’s It couple for over a decade. They fell in love on the set of Cleopatra in 1963, and married and divorced twice. Burton wrote this letter to Taylor during the early part of their first marriage in 1964:

　　理查德·波顿和伊丽莎白·泰勒这对夫妇曾叱咤好莱坞十余载。1963年在拍摄《埃及艳后》时，他们两人坠入爱河，之后经历过两次离离合合。1964年，波顿在他们第一次婚姻之初给泰勒写道：

　　“My blind eyes are desperately waiting for the sight of you. You don’t realize of course, E.B., how fascinatingly beautiful you have always been, and how strangely you have acquired an added and special and dangerous loveliness.”

　　“我目不见物，只愿再看到你。当然，你无法感受得到，伊丽莎白，你是多么地有魅力，你的可爱是多么地危险。”

　　Ronald Reagan to Nancy Reagan

　　罗纳德·里根写给妻子南希

　　President Ronald Reagan wrote several love notes to his wife and eventual First Lady, starting when the couple first met. Nancy compiled some of his letters in her book I Love You, Ronnie. He gave her this note on Valentine’s Day in 1977:

　　自相识以来，美国总统罗纳德·里根给她的妻子、后来的第一夫人写过多封情书。南希后来将其中的一部分收入了她的《我爱你·罗尼》一书。1977年的情人节，里根将这封情书交给了南希：

　　“Dear St. Valentine,

　　“亲爱的圣瓦伦丁：

　　I’m writing to you about a beautiful young lady who has been in this household for 25 years now—come March 4.

　　我写的这封信同一位美丽的女士有关。到今年3月4日，她就在这个家庭生活了足足25年了。

　　I have a request to make of you but before doing so feel you should know more about her. For one thing she has 2 hearts—her own and mine. I’m not complaining. I gave her mine willingly, and like it right where it is. Her name is Nancy but for some time now I’ve called her Mommie and don’t believe I could change.

　　我想请求您做一件事，但是在此之前，我希望您能对她有更多的了解。首先，她有两颗心：一颗是她自己的心，一颗是我的心。我对此毫无怨言，因为我心甘情愿地将自己的心交予了她，也希望这颗心一直在那。她的名字叫南希，不过一段时间以来我一直叫她“妈妈”，已经无法改口了。

　　My request of you is—could you on this day whisper in her ear that someone loves her very much and more and more each day? Also tell her, this “Someone” would run down like a dollar clock without her so she must always stay where she is.”

　　我对您的请求是：在今天这个特别的日子里，能否悄悄地靠在她耳边对她说，有一个人深爱着她，他的爱与日俱增?同时也请告诉她，如果没有她，这个人会像电子表一样停止运转，所以请她一直留在这个地方。”

　　Jerry Orbach to His Wife Elaine

　　杰里·奥尔巴赫写给妻子伊莱恩

　　The Law and Order star used to leave love poems for his wife every morning next to her coffee. Their 25-year marriage is chronicled in the book Remember How I Love You: Love Letters from an Extraordinary Marriage. Jerry wrote this letter to Elaine on one Valentine’s Day:

　　出演《法律与秩序》的演员杰里·奥尔巴赫每天早上都会在他妻子的咖啡旁放上一封情书。他们长达25年的婚姻全部都被记录在《记得我有多爱你：不一般的婚姻爱情书信》一书中。杰里在情人节给他的妻子写道：

　　“Valentine’s Day is here again. The weather looks cold and clammy…But I can happily go to work and try not to act too hammy. Cause I’ve got a warmness in my heart from my sunshine, my lifeline, my lambie! (I wish I could stay home and give you a kiss!) xxx’s Jer”

　　“情人节又一次到来，天气又冷又湿……不过我能高高兴兴去上班，而且还得尽力让自己不要手舞足蹈。因为我的心中充满温暖，这份温暖来自于我的阳光，我的生命线，我的小乖乖!(多希望能留在家里，给你一个深情的吻!)你的杰里。”

　　

　　Noah to Allie, The Notebook

　　《恋恋笔记本》中诺亚写给艾丽

　　O.K., so Noah and Allie may be a fictional couple, but Nicholas Sparks is a genius when it comes to composing a goose bumps–worthy love note. Novel turned movie The Notebook is the ultimate Valentine’s Day go-to.

　　好吧，诺亚和艾丽是小说中编出来的一对，不过尼古拉斯·斯帕克斯在写起让人起鸡皮疙瘩的情书来可是个天才。小说改编的电影《恋恋笔记本》已经成为了情人节的保留节目。

　　“My Dearest Allie. I couldn’t sleep last night because I know that it’s over between us. I’m not bitter anymore, because I know that what we had was real. And if in some distant place in the future we see each other in our new lives, I’ll smile at you with joy and remember how we spent a summer beneath the trees, learning from each other and growing in love. The best love is the kind that awakens the soul and makes us reach for more, that plants a fire in our hearts and brings peace to our minds. And that’s what you’ve given me. That’s what I’d hoped to give to you forever. I love you. I’ll be seeing you. Noah.”

　　“我最爱的艾丽：昨夜我无法入眠，因为我知道，我们两人已经结束了。我的心中已经没有苦闷，因为我知道，我们之间的感情不是虚假的。如果将来我们都重新开始了自己的生活，在某个遥远的地方遇到了对方，我会对你快乐地微笑，回忆起我们在树下度过的那个夏天，回想起我们一起学习，在爱中成长。最美的爱情能够唤醒灵魂，让我们追求到更多;最美的爱情会在我们心中种下一团火焰，让我们的心灵回归平和。这就是你给与我的。我也是我曾希望能够永远带给你的。我爱你。我们会再相见的。诺亚。”

 

2020年4月29日 19:16

 

 

19、Michelle Obama：北大演讲中英文全文
　　

       Thank you. Well, ni-hao. (Laughter.) It is such a pleasure and an honor to be here with all of you at this great university, so thank you so much for having me.

　　Now, before I get started today, on behalf of myself and my husband, I just want to say a few very brief words about Malaysia Airlines Flight 370. As my husband has said, the United States is offering as many resources as possible to assist in the search. And please know that we are keeping all of the families and loved ones of those on this flight in our thoughts and prayers at this very difficult time.

　　Now with that, I want to start by recognizing our new Ambassador to China, Ambassador Baucus; President Wang; Chairman Zhu; Vice President Li; Director Cueller; Professor Oi, and the Stanford Center; President Sexton from New York University, which is an excellent study abroad program in Shanghai; and John Thornton, Director of the Global Leadership Program at Tsinghua University. Thank you all for joining us.

　　But most of all, I want to thank all of the students who are here today. And I particularly want to thank Eric Schaefer and Zhu Xuanhao for that extraordinary English and Chinese introduction. That was a powerful symbol of everything that I want to talk with you about today.

　　See, by learning each other’s languages, and by showing such curiosity and respect for each other’s cultures, Mr. Schafer and Ms. Zhu and all of you are building bridges of understanding that will lead to so much more. And I’m here today becauseI know that our future depends on connections like these among young peoplelike you across the globe.

　　That’s why when my husband and I travel abroad, we don’t just visit palaces and parliaments and meet with heads of state. We also come to schools like this one to meet with students like you, because we believe that relationships between nations aren’t just about relationships between governments or leaders -- they’re about relationships between people, particularly young people. So we view study abroad programs not just as an educational opportunity for students, but also as a vital part of America’s foreign policy.

　　Through the wonders of modern technology, our world is more connected than ever before. Ideas can cross oceans with the click of a button. Companies can do business and compete with companies across the globe. And we can text, email,Skype with people on every continent.

　　So studying abroad isn’t just a fun way to spend a semester; it is quickly becoming the key to success in our global economy. Because getting ahead in today’s workplaces isn’t just about getting good grades or test scores in school, which are important. It’s also about having real experience with the world beyond your borders –- experience with languages, cultures and societies very different from your own. Or, as the Chinese saying goes: “It is better to travel ten thousand miles than to read ten thousand books.”

　　But let’s be clear,studying abroad is about so much more than improving your own future. It’s also about shaping the future of your countries and of the world we alls hare. Because when it comes to the defining challenges of our time -–whether it’s climate change or economic opportunity or the spread of nuclear weapons -- these are shared challenges. And no one country can confront them alone. The only way forward is together.

　　That’s why it is so important for young people like you to live and study in each other’s countries, because that’s how you develop that habit of cooperation. You do it by immersing yourself in one another’s culture, by learning each other’s stories, by getting past the stereotypes and misconceptions that too often divide us.

　　That’s how you come to understand how much we all share. That’s how you realize that we all have a stake in each other’s success -- that cures discovered here in Beijing could save lives in America, that clean energy technologies from Silicon Valley in California could improve the environment here in China, that the architecture of an ancient temple in Xi’an could inspire the design of new buildings in Dallas or Detroit.

　　And that’s when the connections you make as classmates or labmates can blossom into something more. That’s what happened when Abigail Coplin became an American Fulbright Scholar here at Peking University. She and her colleagues published papers together in top science journals, and they built research partnerships that lasted long after they returned to their home countries. And Professor Niu Ke from Peking University was a Fulbright Scholarship -- Scholar in the U.S. last year, and he reported -- and this is a quote from him -- he said, “The most memorable experiences were with my American friends.”

　　These lasting bonds represent the true value of studying abroad. And I am thrilled that more and more students are getting this opportunity. As you’ve heard, China is currently the fifth most popular destination for Americans studying abroad, and today, the highest number of exchange students in the U.S. are from China.

　　But still, too many students never have this chance, and some that do are hesitant to take it. They may feel like studying abroad is only for wealthy students or students from certain kinds of universities. Or they may think to themselves, well,that sounds fun but how will it be useful in my life? And believe me, I understand where these young people are coming from because I felt the same way back when I was in college.

　　See, I came from a working-class family, and it never occurred to me to study abroad --never. My parents didn’t get a chance to attend college, so I was focused on getting into a university, earning my degree so that I could get a good job to support myself and help my family. And I know for a lot of young people like me who are struggling to afford a regular semester of school,paying for plane tickets or living expenses half way around the world just isn’t possible. And that’s not acceptable, because study abroad shouldn’t just be for students from certain backgrounds.

　　Our hope is to build connections between people of all races and socioeconomic backgrounds, because it is that diversity that truly will change the face of our relationships. So we believe that diversity makes our country vibrant and strong. And our study abroad programs should reflect the true spirit of America to the world.

　　And that’s why when my husband visited China back in 2009, he announced the 100,000 Strong initiative to increase the number and diversity of American students studying in China. And this year, as we mark the 35th anniversary of the normalization of relationships between our two countries, the U.S. government actually supports more American students in China than in any other country in the world.

　　We are sending high school, college and graduate students here to study Chinese. We’re inviting teachers from China to teach Mandarin in American schools. We’re providing free online advising for students in China who want to study in the U.S. And the U.S.-China Fulbright program is still going strong with more than 3,000 alumni.

　　And the private sector is stepping up as well. For example, Steve Schwarzman, who is the head of an American company called Blackstone, is funding a new program at Tsinghua University modeled on the Rhodes Scholarship. And today, students from all kinds of backgrounds are studying here in China.

　　Take the example of Royale Nicholson, who’s from Cleveland, Ohio. She attends New York University’s program in Shanghai. Now, like me, Royale is a first-generation college student. And her mother worked two full-time jobs while her father worked nights to support their family. And of her experience in Shanghai, Royale said -- and this is her quote -- she said, “This city oozes persistence and inspires me to accomplish all that I can.” And happy birthday, Royale. It was her birthday yesterday. (Laughter.)

　　And then there’s Philmon Haile from the University of Washington, whose family came to the U.S. as refugees from Eritrea when he was a child. And of his experience studying in China, he said, “Study abroad is a powerful vehicle for people-to-people exchange as we move into a new era of citizen diplomacy.”

　　“A new era of citizen diplomacy.” I could not have said it better myself, because that’s really what I’m talking about. I am talking about ordinary citizens reaching out to the world. And as I always tell young people back in America, youdon’t need to get on a plane to be a citizen diplomat. I tell them that if you have an Internet connection in your home, school, or library, within seconds you can be transported anywhere in the world and meet people on every continent.

　　And that’s why I’m posting a daily travel blog with videos and photos of my experiences here in China, because I want young people in America to be part of this visit. And that’s really the power of technology –- how it can open up the entire world and expose us to ideas and innovations we never could have imagined.

　　And that’s why it’s so important for information and ideas to flow freely over the Internet and through the media, because that’s how we discover the truth. That’s how we learn what’s really happening in our communities and our country and our world. And that’s how we decide which values and ideas we think are best–- by questioning and debating them vigorously, by listening to all sides of an argument, and by judging for ourselves.

　　And believe me, I know how this can be a messy and frustrating process. My husband and I are on the receiving end of plenty of questioning and criticism from our media and our fellow citizens. And it’s not always easy, but we wouldn’t trade it for anything in the world. Because time and again, we have seen that countries are stronger and more prosperous when the voices of and opinions of all their citizens can be heard.

　　And as my husband has said, we respect the uniqueness of other cultures and societies, but when it comes to expressing yourself freely and worshipping as you choose and having open access to information, we believe those universal rights -- they are universal rights that are the birth right of every person on this planet. We believe that all people deserve the opportunity to fulfill their highest potential as I was able to do in the United States.

　　And as you learn about new cultures and form new friendships during your time here in China and in the United States, all of you are the living, breathing embodiment of those values. So I guarantee you that in studying abroad, you’re not just changing your own life, you are changing the lives of everyone you meet.

　　And as the great American President John F. Kennedy once said about foreign students studying in the U.S., he said “I think they teach more than they learn.” And that is just as true of young Americans who study abroad. All of you are America’s best face, and China’s best face, to the world -- you truly are.

　　Every day, you show the world your countries’ energy and creativity and optimism and unwavering beliefi n the future. And every day, you remind us -- and me in particular -- of just how much we can achieve if we reach across borders, and learn to see ourselves in each other, and confront our shared challenges with shared resolve.

　　So I hope you all will keep seeking these kinds of experiences. And I hope you’ll keep teaching each other, and learning from each other, and building bonds of friendship that will enrich your lives and enrich our world for decades to come.

　　You all have so much to offer, and I cannot wait to see all that you achieve together in the years ahead.

　　Thank you so much. Xie-Xie.

　　你好，能够在这所伟大的大学里与你们大家在一起，真是莫大的荣幸......非常感谢你们的邀请。

　　在开始今天讲话之前，我想代表我自己和我丈夫就马来西亚航空公司370航班简短地说几句。

　　如我丈夫所说，美国正提供尽可能多的资源协助搜寻工作。

　　请相信，在这个非常艰难的时刻，我们的心和航班上人员的家属和亲人在一起，我们为他们祈祷。

　　现在，我们首先来认识一下美国新任驻华大使，博卡斯大使、王校长、朱主席、李副校长、 Cuelluer主任、Oi教授和斯坦福中心，纽约大学的塞克顿斯校长，该校在上海开设了一个优秀的海外留学项目，以及清华大学全球领袖项目主任约翰桑顿 ，由衷地感谢大家的到来。

　　最重要的是，我要感谢今天所有到场的学生们......我要特别感谢埃里克谢弗和朱宣皓的精彩英文和中文介绍。

　　这绝佳地诠释了我今天要和大家聊的全部话题。

　　你们看，通过学习彼此的语言，通过展现对彼此文化的好奇心和尊重，谢弗先生、朱女士以及你们大家正在搭建理解的桥梁，这些桥梁带来更多的丰硕成果。

　　我今天来到这里，是因为我知道，我们的未来，取决于全世界像你们这样的年轻人之间的联系。

　　这也是为什么我们夫妇在国外访问时，不只参观宫殿和会晤国家元首。我们也来到学校，与像你们一样的学生见面。

　　因为我们相信，国与国之间的关系不只是政府或领导人之间的关系，它们是人民间―特别是年轻人之间的关系。

　　因此，我们认为海外留学项目不只是为学生提供的教育机会，还是美国外交政策至关重要的组成部分。

　　“读万卷书，不如行万里路”

　　你们看，通过现代技术奇迹，我们的世界比以往任何时候都更多地联系在一起。

　　思想可以通过点击按钮跨越海洋。全球各地的公司可以进行业务往来和相互竟争。我们可以与各大洲的人们通过短信、电子邮件和Skype进行沟通。

　　因此，出国留学不只是以开心的方式度过一个学期―它正迅速成为全球化经济中取得成功的关键。

　　因为要走在当今职场的前沿，只在学校里取得好成绩是不够的，还应拥有国境外的真实体验：对完全不同的语言、文化和社会的体验。

　　正如中国的一句古话所说：读万卷书，不如行万里路。

　　我想要说的是，出国留学绝不仅是改善你们自己的未来，它也关乎塑造你们的国家、关乎我们共有的世界的未来。

　　因为我们这个时代的决定性挑战一一无论是气侯变化、经济机遇，还是核武器扩散一一这些都是我们共同的挑战。

　　没有任何一个国家能够单独应对它们……唯一的出路就是共同携手。

　　“共同携手”

　　这就是为什么年轻人到彼此国家学习和生活是如此重要。因为这是你们培养合作习惯的途径一一你们通过融入不同的文化，通过了解彼此的故事，通过跨越常常隔膜我们的成见和误解，来做到这一点。

　　这是你们了解到我们共享多少东西的途径。这是你们认识到我们的成功惠及彼此的途径。在北京发现的治序方法可以挽救在美国的生命，来自加州硅谷的清洁能源技术可以改善中国的环境，西安一座古老寺庙的架构可激发达拉斯或者底特律新建筑设计的灵感。

　　这是你们与同学、实验伙伴建立起的联系能带来更多收获的时候。阿比盖尔·柯普林成为北京大学美国富布赖特学者的时候，她与同事们在首屈一指的科学杂志上共同发表论文，建立研究伙伴关系，这段关系在他们各自回国后还长久持续着。

　　来自北京大学的牛可教授是去年的美国富布赖特学者。我引述下他的话，“最难忘的经历是和我的美国朋友们在一起。”

　　这些长久的纽带代表留学的真正价值，我很兴奋，越来越多的学生正得到这样的机会。

　　中国目前是美国人留学的第五大热门目的地。今天的美国，来自中国的交换生数量最多。

　　尽管如此，太多的学生从来没有这样的机会，而一些有机会的学生则犹豫是否要抓住它。

　　他们可能觉得留学只是有钱的学生或来自某类大学的学生的事。或者，他们可能心里想，“嗯，这听起来很有趣，但它在我的生活中真正有多大用处?”

　　我理解这些年轻人，因为我在上大学时也有同样的感受。你们知道，我来自一个工薪阶层家庭，我甚至从来没想过留学。我的父母没有上过大学，我将精力集中在进入大学并获得学位，这样我就可以得到一份工作并养活自己。

　　对于很多像我一样靠奋斗才能读得起一个常规学期的年轻人来说，支付世界另一边的机票或生活费实在是不可能的。这是不可接受的，因为留学不应仅属于有一些背景的学生。

　　我们希望在所有种族和社会经济背景的人之间建立联系，因为正是这样的多样性让我们的国家如此充满活力和强大……我们的海外留学项目应向世界反映美国的真正精神。

　　这就是为什么在2009年我的丈夫访问中国时，宣布了我们的100，000项倡议，该倡议旨在增加留学中国的美国学生的数量和多样性。而今年，在我们纪念中美两国关系正常化三十五周年之际……美国政府实际上支持更多的美国学生在中国学习。

　　我们正将高中生、大学生和研究生送到这里来学习中文，我们正邀请中国老师到美国的尝较教授普通话，我们为希望留学美国的中国学生提供免费的在线咨询。美中富布赖特项目仍在加强，现有3000多名学友。

　　私人部门也在加紧工作。例如，美国黑石公司的主管斯蒂夫·施瓦茨曼正在资助清华大学模仿罗德奖学全(Rhode、Scholarship)的一个新项目。

　　“你不需要登上飞机才能成为公民外交官”

　　今天，来自不同背景的学生正在中国学习。以来自俄亥俄州克利夫兰的罗亚尔为例，她参加了纽约大学在上海的项目。像我一样，罗亚尔是家里的第一代大学生。她母亲做两份全职工作，而她父亲晚上工作以维持他们的家庭。谈到她在上海的经历时，她说：“这座城市充满韧性，它激励我完成所有我能做的事。”

　　还有来自华盛顿大学的腓力门·海尔，他还是孩子的时候，他的家人作为厄立特里亚难民来到了美国。谈到他在中国学习的经历时，他说：“在我们进入公民外交的新时代之际，留学是人民间交流的一种强大工具。”

　　“一个公民外交的新时代”一一我想不出比这更好的说法了，因为这正是我正在谈的，那就是普通公民走向世界。

　　正如我经常对美国年轻认说的那样，你不需要登上飞机才能成为公民外交官。

　　我告诉他们，如果你在家里、学校或者图书馆能上网，只要几秒钟，你就可以被带到世界任何地方，遇见来自每个大陆的人。

　　这就是为什么我每天都要发一篇旅行博文，里面有我这次中国之行的视频和照片―因为我希望美国的年轻人能成为这次访问的一部分。

　　这确实是技术的力量―它打开整个世界，让我们接触到以前根本难以想象的思想和创新。这也是为什么信息和思想在互联网上、并通过媒体自由流动是如此重要。

　　因为那是我们发现真理的途径，那使我们得以了解我们的社群、我们的国家和我们的世界到底在发生着什么。

　　那也是我们何以决定哪些价值观和思想是最好的―通过有力地对它们提出疑问，进行辩论，倾听各方观点，并做出自己的判断。

　　相信我，我知道这是一个令人困惑而沮丧的过程。有大量来自我们媒体和公民的质疑和批评，而我丈夫和我位于接收端。这并非易事，但我们认为它的重要无可取代。

　　因为我们一次又一次地看到，当所有公民的声音和观点都能得到倾听之时，国家会变得更加强大和繁荣。

　　正像我的丈夫曾说过的，我们尊重其他文化和社刽的独特性。然而，就自由的表达自我、选择自己所崇拜的东西，以及享有信息公开而言―我们相信那是地球上每个人与生俱来的权利。

　　“美国面孔”，“中国面孔”

　　我们相信，所有人都应享有实现自己最大潜能的机会，正如我在美国所能做到的那样。同时，当你在中国这里以及在美国了解新的文化、结交新的朋友之时，你整个人就是那些价值观的鲜活代表。

　　所以我保证，通过出国留学，你们不仅在改变自己的人生，也在改变你所遇到的每个人的人生。

　　正像伟大的美国总统约翰·肯尼迪谈到留学美国的外国学生时说的那样，“我想他们所教的比他们学到的还要多。”而对出国学习的年径美国人来说也是一样的。

　　对世界而言，你们所有人都是最好的美国面孔，和最好的中国面孔。每一天，你们都在向世界展示你们国家的能量、创造力、乐观，以及对未来坚定不移的信念。每一天，你们都在提醒我们，通过跨越国界，学会在彼此身上看到我们自己，和用共同的决心应对我们共同的挑战。

　　所以，我希望你们都会不断寻求这样的经历。我希望你们能继续受益于彼此，互相学习，同时建立起友谊的纽带，而这些纽带能在未来数十年丰富你们的生活，也丰富我们的世界。

　　你们大家都有这么多可以给予世界，我热切期待着你们未来的成就。

　　非常感谢。

2020年5月27日 15:26

 

 

20、比尔·盖茨：距离疫情结束还早 美国检测不足
　　

        疫情已过半?比尔·盖茨表示，我倒很想这么说，但可惜不能!在最近的一次访谈中，盖茨预测，距离疫情结束还有很长一段时间，最快需要18个月才能研发出疫苗，人们只能先回到“半正常”生活方式。

　　Billionaire Bill Gates continues to be one of the most outspoken public figures on the subject of coronavirus, which the Microsoft co-founder has dubbed “the first modern pandemic.”

　　亿万富翁比尔·盖茨依然是在新冠病毒话题上最直言不讳的公众人物之一，这位微软联合创始人将这次疫情称为“现代首次大流行病”。

　　Gates has also made it clear that he sees the pandemic as a “nightmare” and an era-defining event whose effects will linger for years. “It’s going to be awhile before things go back to normal,” Gates said in a new interview on Friday with NBC’s Savannah Guthrie on the “TODAY” show.

　　盖茨还明确表示，他认为这场大流行病是一个“噩梦”和这一时代的标志性事件，其后果会延续数年。上周五盖茨在《今日》秀的新访谈中对NBC电视台主持人萨瓦娜·格斯里说：“还要等上一段时间生活才能回到正轨。”

　　"I wish I could say that we’re halfway through. But I don’t think so,” Gates added.

　　盖茨补充道：“我真希望我能说疫情进程已经过半。但我不这么认为。”

　　That’s because the billionaire believes the United States is still several months, if not years, away from large-scale production of a coronavirus vaccine. Still, he is hopeful that a vaccine will arrive sooner, rather than later.

　　这是因为盖茨认为美国还需要数个月(如果不是数年的话)才能大规模生产新冠疫苗。尽管如此，他仍对疫苗能尽快研发出来抱有很大希望。

　　"Usually a vaccine takes over five years because you have many steps,” Gates said in the interview on Friday, noting that vaccine development starts with animal testing before moving on to human testing at larger and larger scales.

　　盖茨在上周五的访谈中说：“通常一种疫苗研发出来需要五年以上的时间，因为需要很多步骤。”他指出疫苗研发先要经过动物试验，然后才能进行人体试验，并逐渐扩大范围。

　　However, Gates added that he’s seen evidence to suggest that a coronavirus vaccine could be available within the government’s stated likely timeline of 18 to 24 months. “The best scientists [are] working hard on this,” Gates told Guthrie. “In fact, in the last few weeks I’ve seen signs that we may get to the optimistic side of that time projection” for a vaccine.

　　不过，盖茨补充道，他见过的案例显示，新冠疫苗有可能在政府所说的18到24个月的时间内研发出来。盖茨告诉格斯里说：“最厉害的科学家们正在努力研发疫苗。事实上，过去几周我看到的迹象表明，我们有可能在18个月内研发出来”。

　　That estimate echoed what Gates wrote in a post on his personal GatesNotes blog on Thursday. Gates wrote in the post that vaccine timelines could range anywhere from just nine months to two years, but he believes an 18-month wait is more likely, which would mean a vaccine could be widely available sometime in the middle of 2021.

　　这一预测与盖茨上周四在个人博客“盖茨笔记”中发的帖子内容是一致的。盖茨在帖子中写道，研发疫苗的时间短则9个月，长则两年，但他认为更可能是18个月，这意味着新冠疫苗将在2021年年中投入大规模生产。

　　So far, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has committed $250 million in funding to help the world develop an effective coronavirus vaccine, which he wrote in his blog post is “the only way to return the world to where it was before COVID-19 showed up.”

　　迄今为止，比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会已经投资2.5亿美元(约合人民币17.7亿元)用于帮助世界研发有效的新冠疫苗。他在博客中写道，这是“唯一能让世界回到新冠病毒出现之前的方法”。

　　Gates also remains critical of the US government’s response to the coronavirus pandemic. In March, Gates said the US “did not act fast enough to have an ability to avoid the [coronavirus] shutdown,” and he called President Trump’s decision to defund the World Health Organization (WHO) “as dangerous as it sounds.”

　　对于美国政府对新冠疫情的应对，盖茨仍然持批评态度。三月份，盖茨曾说过，美国“对疫情反应不够快，错失了避免封锁的机会。”他还指出，特朗普总统决定从世界卫生组织撤资“和听起来一样危险”。

　　In the interview with “Today”, Gates called out the US government for not ramping up testing for COVID-19 as effectively as other countries.

　　在《今日》秀的访谈中，盖茨批评美国政府没有像其他国家一样有效加强对新冠肺炎的检测。

　

　　"Many countries decided that at the national level, they would orchestrate the testing” for COVID-19, he said. “That hasn’t happened in the United States. It might not happen. But, you know, the access to tests is just, you know, chaotic.”

　　他说：“许多国家决定从国家层面统筹安排新冠肺炎检测。但美国不是如此，也可能不会发生。但是，你知道，现在获得检测的渠道很混乱。”

　　Gates laid out what he believes the US government needs to do to step up testing measures in his blog post on Thursday. These steps include developing COVID-19 tests that can return results in less than a day, as well as providing tests to all health care workers and finding a way for people to take tests in their own homes.

　　盖茨上周四在博客帖子中写道，他认为美国政府需要加强检测措施。这些措施包括研究出可以在一天时间内得出结果的检测方法，以及向所有医疗工作者提供检测服务，并设法让人们可以在家里进行检测。

　　"Testing becomes extremely important as a country considers opening up,” Gates wrote, noting that most developed countries will be able to start considering reopening daily life — returning to a “semi-normal” way of life that still includes social-distancing practices — within the next two months.

　　盖茨写道：“随着国家考虑放松封锁，检测变得极为重要。”他指出大多数发达国家将能在未来两个月内开始考虑重新开启日常生活——回到一种需要社交隔离的“半正常”生活方式。

2020年6月17日 17:24

 

 

21、友谊的颜色（The color of friendship）
 

      Once upon a time the colors of the world started to quarrel.

　　All claimed that they were the best.

　　The most important.

　　The most useful.

　　The favorite.
        从前，世界上的各种颜色进行过一次争吵。

　　每一种颜色都说自己是最好的，

　　最重要的，

　　最有用的，

　　和最讨人喜欢的。

友谊的颜色(The color of friendship)

　　Green said:

　　"Clearly I am the most important. I am the sign of life and of hope. I was chosen for grass, trees and leaves. Without me, all animals would die. Look over the countryside and you will see that I am in the majority." 　　绿色说：

　　“显然，我是最重要的。我是生命和希望的标志。我被选作青草，树木以及叶子的颜色。没有了我，所有的动物都会死去。展望田野吧，你会看到，到处都有我。”

　　Blue interrupted:

　　"You only think about the earth, but consider the sky and the sea. It is the water that is the basis of life and drawn up by the clouds from the deep sea. The sky gives space and peace and serenity. Without my peace, you would all be nothing." 　　兰色打断了它的话：

　　“你只考虑了地上，想想天空和海洋吧。水才是生命的基础呀，云彩把水分从深邃的大海带到了天空。天空给了人们空间、和平和宁谧。没有我的和平，你们将不复存在。”

　　Yellow chuckled:

　　"You are all so serious. I bring laughter, gaiety, and warmth into the world. The sun is yellow, the moon is yellow, the stars are yellow. Every time you look at a sunflower, the whole world starts to smile. Without me there would be no fun." 　　黄色咯咯地笑出了声：

　　“你们都太严肃了。我给这个世界带来了笑声、欢乐和温暖。太阳是黄色的，月亮是黄色的，星星是黄色的，每一次你看向日葵的时候，整个世界都开始欢笑。没有我就没有快乐。”

　　Orange started next to blow her trumpet:

　　"I am the color of health and strength. I may be scarce, but I am precious for I serve the needs of human life. I carry the most important vitamins. Think of carrots, pumpkins, oranges, mangoes, and papayas. I don't hang around all the time, but when I fill the sky at sunrise or sunset, my beauty is so striking that no one gives another thought to any of you." 　　橙色马上开始自吹自擂：

　　“我可是健康和力量的颜色。我可能比较稀少，但是我非常宝贵，因为我满足了人们生活的需要。我携带了大多数重要的维他命。想想胡罗卜、南瓜、柑橘、芒果和番木瓜。我并不经常出没在天空，但日出或日落我在天际登场时，我的美丽足以惊世，没有人还会想起你们。”

　　Red could stand it no longer he shouted out:

　　"I am the ruler of all of you. I am blood - life's blood! I am the color of danger and of bravery. I am willing to fight for a cause. I bring fire into the blood. Without me, the earth would be as empty as the moon. I am the color of passion and of love, the red rose, the poinsettia and the poppy." 　　红色再也忍不下去了，他喊道：

　　“我，是你们所有人的主宰。我是血液——生命的血液!我是危险和勇敢的颜色。我愿意为了一个目标而斗争。我把烈火带入血液。没有了我，地球会象月亮一样变得空虚。我是激情和爱的颜色，是红玫瑰、猩猩木和罂粟。

　　Purple rose up to his full height:

　　He was very tall and spoke with great pomp: "I am the color of royalty and power. Kings, chiefs, and bishops have always chosen me for I am the sign of authority and wisdom. People do not question me! They listen and obey." 　　紫色站起身来：

　　他非常高，说起话来风度十足：“我是王权和力量的象征。国王、酋长、主教都选择了我，因为我象征着权威和智慧。人们不会对我提出疑问，他们只能聆听和服从。”

　　Finally Indigo spoke, much more quietly than all the others, but with just as much determination:

　　"Think of me. I am the color of silence. You hardly notice me, but without me you all become superficial. I represent thought and reflection, twilight and deep water. You need me for balance and contrast, for prayer and inner peace." 　　最后，靛青说话了，他的声音比其他人都轻，但却比其他人都斩钉截铁：

　　“想想我吧。我是沉默的颜色。你们几乎注意不到我，但是如果没有我，你们全都会变得肤浅。我代表着思想和反省，代表者黎明的微光和深邃的海水。你们需要我来平衡和比较，来祈祷和获求内心的安宁。”

　　And so the colors went on boasting, each convinced of his or her own superiority. Their quarreling became louder and louder. Suddenly there was a startling flash of bright lightening thunder rolled and boomed. Rain started to pour down relentlessly. The colors crouched down in fear, drawing close to one another for comfort. 　　这样一来，颜色们就不停地自夸，每个人都深信自己无比优越。他们的争吵声越来越大。突然，电闪雷鸣。雨无情地倾盆而下。颜色们惊恐地蜷缩起来，彼此挤在一起捱过着恐怖的时刻。

　　In the midst of the clamor, rain began to speak:

　　"You foolish colors, fighting amongst yourselves, each trying to dominate the rest. Don't you know that you were each made for a special purpose, unique and different? Join hands with one another and come to me." 　　在一片喧嚣声中，雨开始说话了：

　　“你们这些愚蠢的颜色，彼此相互争斗，每个人都想支配别人。你们难道就不知道每个人都是天造地设，都是独一无二，彼此不同的吗?携起手来吧。”

　　Doing as they were told, the colors united and joined hands.

　　The rain continued:

　　"From now on, when it rains, each of you will stretch across the sky in a great bow of color as a reminder that you can all live in peace. The Rainbow is a sign of hope for tomorrow." And so, whenever a good rain washes the world, and a Rainbow appears in the sky, let us remember to appreciate one another. 　　颜色们按照着雨的话，团结在一起，携起手来。

　　雨接着说：

　　“从现在开始，每次下雨的时候你们都要变成一个巨大的彩色弓形横跨天空，以证明你们能够和平相处。彩虹就是未来希望的标志。”所以，每当大雨冲刷这个世界时，彩虹都会出现在天空，让我们记住彼此要珍惜。

 

2020年8月29日 17:17

 

 

22、双语美文
　　

       看看《莎士比亚十四行诗》的古风翻译，原文

　　Sonnet 18

　　by William Shakespeare

　　Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?

　　Thou art more lovely and more temperate:

　　Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,

　　And summer's lease hath all too short a date:

　　Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

　　And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;

　　And every fair from fair sometime declines,

　　By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd;

　　But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

　　Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest;

　　Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade,

　　When in eternal lines to time thou growest:

　　So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,

　　So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

普通版我怎么能够将你比作夏天?

　　你比夏天更美丽温婉。

　　狂风将五月的蓓蕾凋残，

　　夏日的勾留何其短暂。

　　休恋那烈日当空，

　　转眼会云雾迷蒙;

　　休叹那百花凋零，

　　摧折于无常天命;

　　唯有你永恒的夏日长新，

　　你的美貌亦毫发无损。

　　死神也无缘将你幽禁，

　　你在我永恒的诗中长存。

　　只要世间尚有人吟诵我的诗篇，

　　这诗就将不朽，永葆你的芳颜。四言古风版卿如夏日，载欣载和。

　　西风列列，众芳独嗟。

　　长夏倏忽，崦嵫将迫。

　　赤日如炬，潾潾其波。

　　煌煌其光，晦影如阙。

　　美人迟暮，造化奈何。

　　卿如夏日，清丽永厥。

　　无会幽冥，宜咏宜歌。

　　佳颜不老，十世百劫。

　论语》四则

　　The Analects of Confucius

　　【其一】

　　贫而无谄，富而无骄。——《论语·学而第一》

　　Free yourself of

　　a subservient manner

　　when living in poverty,

　　and when affluent,

　　try to be absent of

　　any contemptuousness.

　　【其二】

　　里仁为美。——《论语·里仁第四》

　　In a neighborhood,

　　thou shalt observe

　　the beauty of virtue.【其三】

　　唯仁者能好人，能恶人。——《论语·里仁第四》

　　Men of virtue,

　　keep their boundaries between

　　affection and aversion.【其四】

　　知者动，仁者静;

　　知者乐，仁者寿。——《论语·雍也第六》

　　Intelligence breeds activity;

　　benevolence, tranquility;

　　The former prepares the way

　　for joviality ; the latter, longevity.稼轩词《青玉案·元夕》—辛弃疾

　　东风夜放花千树。

　　更吹落、星如雨。With floral glamour

　　the night's east wind

　　paints many trees,

　　Breathing the galaxy

　　into falling torrents of starry rays,

　　宝马雕车香满路。

　　凤箫声动，玉壶光转，一夜鱼龙舞。A scent hangs,

　　as roll down the streets

　　gallant horses and ornate carriages,

　　In reverberating melodies

　　from phoenix warbling flutes.

　　Lanterns of fish and dragon,

　　in the breadth of shifting moonlight,

　　Dance in parades

　　for an infinite hilarious night.

　　蛾儿雪柳黄金缕，

　　笑语盈盈暗香去。Leaving a solitary aroma

　　and faint giggles

　　my maiden dissolves faraway,

　　In golden tassels,

　　exquisite jewels,

　　and wondrous festival array.

　　众里寻他千百度。

　　蓦然回首，那人却在，灯火阑珊处。Hither and thither,

　　for a thousand and one times

　　my keen searches endure,

　　Until I turn my back, alas,

　　she gleams in lights,

　　sparse and obscure.

现代诗

　　你是人间的四月天

　　——一句爱的赞颂

　　I Compare You to Lovely April Days

　　– A Piece of Love Eulogy——林徽因

　　我说你是人间的四月天;

　　笑响点亮了四面风;

　　轻灵在春的光艳中交舞着变。

　　I compare you, my beloved,

　　to lovely April days.

　　When your giggling charm

　　enlightens the breezes astray,

　　Rising lightness be your dancing shapes,

　　tiptoeing the gorgeous spring rays.

　　你是四月早天里的云烟，

　　黄昏吹着风的软，

　　星子在无意中闪，

　　细雨点洒在花前。

　　You are my early April cloud;

　　Eventide softness where

　　winds linger in steps proud.

　　Starry sparkles, a careless note,

　　Modest raindrops over the blooms

　　in a whisper silently loud.

　　那轻，那娉婷，你是，

　　鲜妍百花的冠冕你戴着，

　　你是天真，庄严，

　　你是夜夜的月圆。

　　Lightness, fairness, and

　　freshness are your floral crest,

　　Naive grandness is

　　the embrace of your chest

　　You, every touch of

　　a round moon holding my breath.

　　雪化后那片鹅黄，你像;

　　新鲜初放芽的绿，你是;

　　柔嫩喜悦，

　　水光浮动着你梦期待中白莲。

　　Yellowish green is your budding blade,

　　When the wintry snow fades;

　　Tender rejoicing be your dreamy lilies

　　in the rippling parade.

　　你是一树一树的花开，

　　是燕在梁间呢喃，

　　——你是爱，是暖，是希望，

　　你是人间的四月天!

　　Your are trees heavy

　　with flowers

　　merry and gay;

　　Like keen swallows,

　　under every roof,

　　you gently chatter away，

　　In thy name of love and warm hopes,

　　you are a lovely April day!

名人名句

　　杨绛先生名句

　　【其一】

　　人间不会有单纯的快乐，

　　快乐总夹杂着烦恼和忧虑，

　　人间也没有永远。——杨绛《我们仨》Happiness tends to be mingled

　　in some measure

　　with worries and woes,

　　mortal bliss of purity and

　　simplicity being in nil.

　　And also,

　　we observe FOREVER never ever.【其二】碰到困难，我们一同承担，

　　困难就不复困难;

　　我们相伴相助，

　　不论什么苦涩艰辛的事，

　　都能变得甜润。

　　我们稍有一点快乐，

　　也会变得非常快乐。——杨绛《我们仨》When in clutches,

　　we can be united to loosen them,

　　and in enduring supporting company,

　　we brew every drop of bitterness

　　into fantastic nectar.

　　We make each and every touch of

　　merriment magnified,

　　and dramatized.【其三】

　　人生最曼妙的风景，

　　竟是内心的淡定与从容。——杨绛《一百岁感言》The really unparalleled

　　across one’s life,

　　happens to be

　　the untroubled composure

　　of the innermost.

译者：

　　“昱书房留学英语”创始人，专注SAT、ACT、托福、SSAT等留学考试培训;在线英语精读课程【英文观止】主讲人，精讲莎翁戏剧和英美文学传世名篇;曾任新东方教育科技集团实用英语学院院长、VIP项目总监、教学培训师及演讲师;新东方“十年功勋奖”、“新东方20周年”功勋奖获得者。

 

（来源：沪江英语网）

2020年9月30日 11:41

 

 

23、乔布斯经典语录名言

　　喜欢乔布斯经典语录，可能还喜欢乔布斯名言、乔布斯语录、乔布斯经典语录、、乔布斯经典语录英文，相信你们还会喜爱乔布斯语录中英文对照版本：乔帮主有很多经典语录，不过我认为与我们息息相关的影响直接的就下面这句了;当大家遇到选择困难症的时候?当大家做决定遇到风言风语的时候?当大家还在犹豫不决的时候?请阅读下面这段乔布斯的原话;如果今天你领悟到了，你以后就不用去唱：“多么痛的领悟”。

　　乔布斯经典语录(中文&英文)

　　1. We're here to put a dent in the universe. Otherwise why else even be here?

　　活着就是为了改变世界，难道还有其他原因吗?

　　2. Be a yardstick of quality. Some people aren't used to an environment where excellence is expected.

　　成为卓越的代名词，很多人并不能适合需要杰出素质的环境。

　　3. Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower.

　　领袖和跟风者的区别就在于创新。

　　4. You know, we don't grow most of the food we eat. We wear clothes other people make. We speak a language that other people developed. We use a mathematics that other people evolved... I mean, we're constantly taking things. It's a wonderful, ecstatic feeling to create something that puts it back in the pool of human experience and knowledge.

　　并不是每个人都需要种植自己的粮食，也不是每个人都需要做自己穿的衣服，我们说着别人发明的语言，使用别人发明的数学……我们一直在使用别人的成果。使用人类的已有经验和知识来进行发明创造是一件很了不起的事情。”

　　5. There's a phrase in Buddhism, 'Beginner's mind.' It's wonderful to have a beginner's mind.

　　佛教中有一句话：初学者的心态;拥有初学者的心态是件了不起的事情。

　　6. We think basically you watch television to turn your brain off, and you work on your computer when you want to turn your brain on.

　　我们认为看电视的时候，人的大脑基本停止工作，打开电脑的时候，大脑才开始运转的。

　　Version:1.0 StartHTML:000000195 EndHTML:000029084 StartFragment:000002664 EndFragment:000029002 StartSelection:000002664 EndSelection:000029002 SourceURL:https://www.ggrj.com/08/517.html

　　7. I'm the only person I know that's lost a quarter of a billion dollars in one year... It's very character-building.

　　我是我所知道的唯一一个在一年中失去2.5亿美元的人……这对我的成长很有帮助。

　　8. I would trade all of my technology for an afternoon with Socrates.

　　我愿意用我所有的科技去换取和苏格拉底相处的一个下午。

　　(解读：十几年来，世界各地的书店里涌现出海量的关于历史人物的书籍。这些人物包括苏格拉底、达芬奇、哥白尼、达尔文以及爱因斯坦成为人们灵感的灯塔，而苏格拉底排在第一位。西塞罗评价苏格拉底说：“他把哲学从高山仰止高高在上的学科变得与人休戚相关。”把苏格拉底的原则运用到你的生活、工作、学习以及人际关系上吧，这不是关于苏格拉底，这是关于你自己，以及关于你如何给你每天的生活带来更多的真善美。)

　　9. The only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it.

　　成就一番伟业的唯一途径就是热爱自己的事业。如果你还没能找到让自己热爱的事业，继续寻找，不要放弃。跟随自己的心，总有一天你会找到的。

　　10. Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma - which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of other's opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.

　　你的时间有限，所以不要为别人而活。不要被教条所限，不要活在别人的观念里。不要让别人的意见左右自己内心的声音。最重要的是，勇敢的去追随自己的心灵和直觉，只有自己的心灵和直觉才知道你自己的真实想法，其他一切都是次要。

　　11.Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life’s change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new。

　　死亡很可能是唯一的、最好的生命创造。它是生命的促变者。它送走老一代，给新一代开出道路。

　　12.If you do something and it turns out pretty good, then you should go do something else wonderful, not dwell on it for too long. Just figure out what’s next。

　　你如果出色地完成了某件事，那你应该再做一些其他的精彩事儿。不要在前一件事上徘徊太久，想想接下来该做什么。

　　13.Being the richest man in the cemetery doesn't matter to me ... Going to bed at night saying we've done something wonderful... that's what matters to me。

　　是否能成为墓地里最富有的人，对我而言无足轻重。重要的是，当我晚上睡觉时，我可以说：我们今天完成了一些美妙的事。

　　14.Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose。

　　谨记自己总会死去，是让自己避免陷入“人生有所失”思考的最佳方法。

　　15.Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life.…Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice。

　　你的时间有限，不要浪费于重复别人的生活。不要让别人的观点淹没了你内心的声音。

　　16.Have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary。

　　要有勇气追随心声，听从直觉--它们在某种程度上知道你想成为的样子。其他事情都是其次的。

　　17.Life is brief, and then you die, you know?

　　人生短暂，过着过着你就没了，明白嚒?

　　18.You can't just ask customers what they want and then try to give that to them. By the time you get it built, they'll want something new。

　　你不能只问顾客要什么，然后想法子给他们做什么。等你做出来，他们已经另有新欢了。

　　

乔布斯经典语录名言（中文&英文）

　　很崇拜Steven Jobs，他的思维和他的信念让他得以创造世界上独一无二的Apple. 从他身上可以学到很多~一起来看看他说过的话，也许能有所启发~

　　<创新无止境，唯一制约它的只有你的想象力。>

　　“创新区分谁是领导者，谁是追随者。

　　Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower.

　　<成功没有捷径。追求卓越其实并不难——关键在于，你必须时时刻刻全力以赴。>

　　2. “追求卓越。有的人不习惯一个追求卓越的环境。

　　Be a yardstick of quality. Some people aren’t used to an environment where excellence is expected.

　　<爱你所做的，做你所爱的>

　　3.“成就伟大事业的唯一秘诀在于热爱你的工作。如果你还没能找到让自己热爱的事业，不要停下来，继续寻找。

　　The only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven’t found it yet, keep looking.

　　<求知若饥，大智若愚>

　　4. “如你所知，我们并不生产我们吃的大多数东西，我们穿的是别人制造的衣服，说的是别人创造的语言…我的意思是，我们总是在利用他人的劳动果实和经验。如果你能够为世人创造一些东西，那是一种难以名状的美妙感觉。

　　You know, we don’t grow most of the food we eat. We wear clothes other people make. We speak a language that other people developed. We use a mathematics that other people evolved… I mean, we’re constantly taking things. It’s a wonderful, ecstatic feeling to create something that puts it back in the pool of human experience and knowledge.

　　<初生者的心态是禅宗的做法，这让你能看到事物的本质.>

　　5. “佛教中有一句话：‘用初生者的眼光看世界’。拥有这种初生者的眼光是一件很美妙的事情。

　　There’s a phrase in Buddhism, ‘Beginner’s mind.’ It’s wonderful to have a beginner’s mind.

　　<工作使人保持活力>

　　6. “我们认为，当你看电视的时候，你‘关闭’了你的大脑，只有在你工作时，你的大脑才会‘打开’。

　　We think basically you watch television to turn your brain off, and you work on your computer when you want to turn your brain on.

　　<哪怕跌倒了，也要抓一把沙在手里>

　　7. “我是我所知的唯一一个在一年中损失了2.5亿美元的人…这对我的成长很有帮助。

　　I’m the only person I know that’s lost a quarter of a billion dollars in one year…. It’s very character-building.

　　<人需要有点信仰>

　　8. 我愿意用我的一切换取与苏格拉底一个下午的相处。

　　I would trade all of my technology for an afternoon with Socrates.

　　<活着就为改变世界>

　　9. “我们在这里就是为了在这个世界留下我们的痕迹。否则我们凭什么在这里?

　　We’re here to put a dent in the universe. Otherwise why else even be here?

　　<过自己选择的生活>

　　10. “时不我待，我们不应浪费时间而过别人的生活。不要囿于成见，让他人的想法束缚你，不要让别人的意见淹没了你自己内心的声音。最重要的，拥有追随自己内心与直觉的勇气。它们多少已经知道你真正想成为什么。其他一切都是次要的。

　　Your time is limited, so don’t waste it living someone else’s life. Don’t be trapped by dogma – which is living with the results of other people’s thinking. Don’t let the noise of other’s opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.

　　买了一本他的书，乔布斯励志人生，中英文的，有演讲和语录，还可以~

　　乔布斯经典语录全集

　　1.你的时间有限，所以不要为别人而活。不要被教条所限，不要活在别人的观念里。不要让别人的意见左右自己内心的声音。最重要的是，勇敢的去追随自己的心灵和直觉，只有自己的心灵和直觉才知道你自己的真实想法，其他一切都是次要。

　　2.活着就是为了改变世界，难道还有其他原因吗?

　　3.在你生命的最初30年中，你养成习惯;在你生命的最后30年中，你的习惯决定了你!

　　4.自由从何而来，而自信则是从自律来!先学会克制自己，用严格的日程表控制生活，才能在这种自律中不断磨练出自信。自信是对事情的控制能力，如果你连最基本的时间都控制不了，还谈什么自信?

　　5.专注和简单一直是我的秘诀之一。简单可能比复杂更难做到：你必须努力理清思路，从而使其变得简单。但最终这是值得的，因为一旦你做到了，便可以创造奇迹。

　　6.“你的时间是有限的，所以不要浪费时间或在别人的生命中。”

　　7.你想用卖糖水度过余生，还是想要一个机会来改变世界?

　　8.伟大的艺术品不必追随潮流，他本身就能引领潮流。

　　9.“牢记自己即将死去，这是我所知道的避免陷入患得患失困境的最好办法。你已经一无所有，就没有理由不听从自己的新生……求知若饥，虚心若愚。”

　　10.最重要的，拥有跟随内心与直接的勇气，你的内心与直接多少已经知道你真正想要成为什么样的人。任何其他事件都是次要的。

　　11.你得找出你所热爱的，工作上是如此，人生伴侣也是如此。

　　12.领袖和跟风者的区别在于创新。

　　13.“向那些疯狂、特立独行、想法与众不同的家伙们致敬。或许他们在一些人看来是疯子，但却是我们眼中的天才。”

　　14.我愿意用我所有的科技去换取和苏格拉底相处的一个下午。

　　15.你的时间有限，不要浪费于重复别人的生活。不要让别人的观点淹没了你内心的声音。

　　16.你如果出色完成了某件事，那你应该再做一些其他的精彩事儿。不要在前一件事上徘徊太久，想想接下来该做什么。

　　17.很多人这样问：“我想开一家公司，我该做什么?”而我提出的第一个问题是：“你所热爱的是什么?你开的公司想要做什么?”他们大都笑道：“不知道。”我给他们的建议是，去找份工作让自己忙碌起来，知道你找到答案为止。你必须对自己的想法充满热情，强烈感受到愿意为它冒险的心情。”

　　18.如果你很忙，除了你真的很重要以外，更可能的原因是：你很弱，你没有什么更好的事情去做，你生活太差不得不努力来弥补，或者你假装你很忙，让自己显得很重要。

　　19.你得相信某些东西——你的勇气、命运、生活、宿缘、诸如此类。这种方法从未令我失望，它使我的人生大不一样。

　　20.你憧憬未来的时候，不会去想着把所有的事联系起来;只有在回忆过去的时候，才会将这点点滴滴联系在一起。一定要相信，这些生活的点滴会在你未来的某一天产生联系!

　　21.如果你是个正在打造漂亮衣柜的木匠，你不会在背面使用胶合板，即使它冲着墙壁，没有人会看见。但你自己心知肚明，所以你依然会在背后使用一块漂亮的木料。为了能在晚上睡个安稳觉，美观和质量必须贯穿始终。

　　22.有时生活会给你当头一棒，但不要灰心。我坚信让我不断前行的唯一力量就是我热爱我所做的一切。

　　23.毕加索曾说过：“好的艺术家抄，伟大的艺术家偷。”我们从不为窃取奇思妙想而感到羞愧……我认为，令麦金托什电脑变得伟大的部分原因是，在它身上倾注2心血的是音乐家、诗人、艺术家、动物学家和历史学家，而他们恰恰又是世界上最棒的电脑科学家。

　　24.创新就是把各种事物整合到一起。

　　25.成为墓地里最富有的人对我来说并不重要……夜晚上床时我们做了件很棒的事情……这对我来说才是重要的。

　　26.有时候，人生会用砖头打你的头。不要丧失信心。你的工作将占掉你人生的一大部分，唯一真正获得满足的办法就是做你相信是伟大的工作，而唯一做伟大工作的方法是爱你所做的事。如果你还没找到这些事，继续找，别停顿。

　　27.没有经验，你就永远不可能知道经验的价值，或者永远不可能知道如何正确地确保有经验所创造的财富。

　　28.我们不做市场调查。我们不招收顾问……我们只想做出伟大的产品。

　　29.事情的胜败得失，我不是很在乎，我在乎的是我喜欢这份工作，乐于从事的这项事业。如果努力之后，我还是失败了，那我相信自己还会努力的。

　　30.我坚信，区分成功与不成功，一半的因素就是纯粹的毅力差别。

　　31. 你的时间有限，不要浪费于重复别人的生活。不要让别人的观点淹没了你内心的声音。——乔布斯

　　32. 专注和简单一直是我的秘诀之一。简单可能比复杂更难做到：你必须努力思路理清，从而使其变得简单。但最终这是值得的，因为一旦你做到了，便可以创造奇迹。——乔布斯

　　33. 领袖和跟风者的区别就在于创新。——乔布斯

　　34. 我坚信，区分成功与不成功，一半的因素就是纯粹的毅力差别。——乔布斯

　　35. 如果你很忙，除了你真的很重要以外，更可能的原因是：你很弱，你没有什么更好的事情去做，你生活太差不得不努力来弥补，或者你装作你很忙，让自己显得很重要。——乔布斯

　　36. 成为墓地里最富有的人对我来说并不重要……夜晚上床时说我们做了件很棒的事情……这对我来说才是重要的。——乔布斯

　　37. 普通的艺术家模仿别人的作品,伟大的艺术家窃取别人的灵感。——乔布斯

　　38. 我们不做市场调查。我们不招收顾问……我们只想做出伟大的产品。——乔布斯

　　39. 你唯一要做的是，把你的特质发挥的淋漓尽致，把对手远远的抛在后面。——乔布斯

　　40. 不要欺骗别人，能被你骗到的都是相信你的人。——乔布斯

　　41. 我们不是要比竞争对手做的好，而是要与竞争对手做的不同!——乔布斯

　　42. 自由从何而来?从自信来，而自信则是从自律来!先学会克制自己，用严格的日程表控制生活，才能在这种自律中不断磨练出自信。自信是对事情的控制能力，如果你连最基本的时间都做控制不了，还谈什么自信?——乔布斯

　　43. 在你生命的最初30年中，你养成习惯;在你生命的最后30年中，你的习惯决定了你。——乔布斯

　　44. 领袖和跟风者的区别就在于创新。

　　45. 成为卓越的代名词，很多人并不能适合需要杰出素质的环境。

　　46. 成就一番伟业的唯一途径就是热爱自己的事业。如果你还没能找到让自己热爱的事业，继续寻找，不要放弃。跟随自己的心，总有一天你会找到的。

　　47. 并不是每个人都需要种植自己的粮食，也不是每个人都需要做自己穿的衣服，我们说着别人发明的语言，使用别人发明的数学…我们一直在使用别人的成果。使用人类的已有经验和知识来进行发明创造是一件很了不起的事情。

　　48. 佛教中有一句话：初学者的心态;拥有初学者的心态是件了不起的事情。

　　49. 我们认为看电视的时候，人的大脑基本停止工作，打开电脑的时候，大脑才开始运转。

　　50. 我是我所知唯一一个在一年中失去2.5亿美元的人…这对我的成长很有帮助。

　　51. 我愿意把我所有的科技去换取和苏格拉底相处的一个下午。

　　52. 活着就是为了改变世界，难道还有其他原因吗?

　　53. 你的时间有限，所以不要为别人而活。不要被教条所限，不要活在别人的观念里。不要让别人的意见左右自己内心的声音。最重要的是，勇敢的去追随自己的心灵和直觉，只有自己的心灵和直觉才知道你自己的真实想法，其他一切都是次要。

　　54. 不要按照用户的坏习惯去设计，也不要按照程序员的思维去设计!

　　55. do not according to user bad habits to design, also do not according to programmers thinking design!

　　56. 有好的想法要坚持，不要被其他人的观点的噪声掩盖你真正的内心的声音。当你的想法站不住时，立即大度的丢弃，这其实是更是一种坚持。

　　57. have good ideas are going to insist, don't be others' opinion noise drown out your own inner voice. When your ideas stand, immediately magnanimous discard it is, and it is also a kind of persistence.

　　58. 任何一款产品都不应该带着BUG去见用户，那怕失信于媒体推迟发布时间。

　　59. any product are not should bring a BUG to meet users, that is afraid to betray media postpone the release of time.

　　60. 产品一定是让人感觉最新，但坚决不做小白鼠去尝试前无古人的新产品。

　　61. products must be feeling letting a person, but resolute don't do new mice to try an unprecedented new product.

　　62. 把标志画那么大干吗?苹果的产品要在任何时候都让人一眼认出是苹果的产品而非是苹果的标志。

　　63. the sign painting so big? Apple products will at any time those who make a person recognized apple's products rather than is the apple logo.

　　64. 比别人少用一条线获得更低的工艺成本，比别人提供多一种价值认同并获得更高的利润，这就是苹果。

　　65. less than others with a line acquire lower process cost more than others, and provide a kind of value identification and obtain more profits, this is an apple.

　　66. 所有的产品一定会离开苹果商店但不能离开苹果系统，我们要帮助客户持续使用苹果产品，直到寿终正寝。

　　67. all products will leave apple store but cannot leave apple system,we have to help customers continued use of apple products, until died.

　　68. IBM Thinkpad如果没了小红点，那它就不是Thinkpad。MACBook如果加了小红点，那它即不是IBM Thinkpad也不是苹果MACBook了。

　　69. IBM Thinkpad if not a little red dot, it isn't Thinkpad. MACBook if added little red dots, that it is not IBM Thinkpad nor apple MACBook.

　　70. 让团队中那些说“不可能”的人感到实现不了是可耻的。

　　71. let team for those who say“impossible” people feel not achieve them is shameful.

　　72. 品牌不是打上苹果的标志就是苹果的品质，打上苹果的标志也需要信心和对客户的承诺。

　　73. brand is not playing apple logo is an apple quality， hit the apple logo also need confidence and commitment to customers.

　　74. 不要为别人而活，也不要为今天的自己而活，把今天的工作做好了，明天自然属于你，薪水自然比别人高。

　　75. don't lived for others, also don't live for today's themselves, to do good work today， tomorrow natural belong to you, high salary nature than others.

　　76. 产品设计时的所有功能都是一个整体，不应该有任何理由去砍功能，破坏整体性。

　　77. product design all the functions are a whole, should not have any reason to cut function, destroy unity.

　　78. 领袖和跟风者的区别就在于创新，你的时间有限，所以不要像亚洲人那样，浪费在模仿别人这种事上。

　　79. a leader and a follower innovation distinguishes between,your time is limited, so don't like asians that,wasted in imitate others this kind of things.

　　80. 团队中那些想用Keynote(苹果的PPT)来证明自己的人只能说明你不行，请拿出解决方案。

　　81. team of people who want to use Keynote to prove themselves only shows that you can, please take out the solution.

　　82. 成为卓越的代名词并不是因为他有多么聪明，而在于他有多么勤劳。

　　83. become the pronoun of not because of his remarkable how clever, but that he is how diligent.

　　84. 东方佛学中有一句话：永远保持初学者的心态;拥有初学者的心态是件了不起的事情。

　　85. East: “there's a phrase in Buddhism,'beginner's never keep Have a beginner's mind is a wonderful thing.

　　86. 不要小看ipod上的一颗按钮，它和别人不一样的是我们做了21个方案、84000次测试、57次改进，用户的满意源于不必要的坚持。

　　87. don't look down upon a single button on the ipod, it and others are different is that we did 21 scheme, 84,000 times test, 57 times improvement, the satisfaction of customers from unnecessary insists

　　88. Life is brief, and then you die, you know?

　　89. 人生短暂，过着过着你就没了，明白么?

　　90. Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower.

　　91. 领袖和跟风者的区别就在于创新。

　　92. 乔布斯经典语录

　　93. We're here to put a dent in the universe. Otherwise why else even be here?

　　94. 活着就是为了改变世界，难道还有其他原因吗?

　　95. I would trade all of my technology for an afternoon with Socrates.

　　96. 我愿意用我所有的科技去换取和苏格拉底相处的一个下午。

　　97. Be a yardstick of quality. Some people aren't used to an environment where excellence is expected.

　　98. 成为卓越的代名词，很多人并不能适合需要杰出素质的环境。

　　99. 乔布斯名言

　　100. There's a phrase in Buddhism, 'Beginner's mind.' It's wonderful to have a beginner's mind.

　　101. 佛教中有一句话：初学者的心态;拥有初学者的心态是件了不起的事情。

　　102. Do you want to spend the rest of your life selling sugared water or do you want a chance to change the world?

　　103. 你想用卖糖水来度过余生，还是想要一个机会来改变世界?

　　104. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose.

　　105. 谨记自己总会死去，是让自己避免陷入“人生有所失”思考的最佳方法。

　　106. I'm the only person I know that's lost a quarter of a billion dollars in one year... It's very character-building.

　　107. 我是我所知道的唯一一个在一年中失去2.5亿美元的人……这对我的成长很有帮助。

　　108. 乔布斯经典语录

　　109. We think basically you watch television to turn your brain off, and you work on your computer when you want to turn your brain on.

　　110. 我们认为看电视的时候，人的大脑基本停止工作，打开电脑的时候，大脑才开始运转。

　　111. You can't just ask customers what they want and then try to give that to them. By the time you get it built, they'll want something new.

　　112. 你不能只问顾客要什么，然后想法子给他们做什么。等你做出来，他们已经另有新欢了。

　　113. Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life’s change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new.

　　114. 死亡很可能是唯一的、最好的生命创造。它是生命的促变者。它送走老一代，给新一代开出道路。

　　115. 乔布斯名言

　　116. Have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.

　　117. 要有勇气追随心声，听从直觉，它们在某种程度上知道你想成为的样子。其他事情都是其次的。

　　118. Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life.…Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice.

　　119. 你的时间有限，不要浪费于重复别人的生活。不要让别人的观点淹没了你内心的声音。

 

（来源：360个人图书馆）

2020年10月29日 17:22

 

 

24、布什姐妹致奥巴马姐妹的一封信
 

The daughters of George W Bush have written an open letter to Sasha and Malia Obama as they prepare to leave the White House.

　美国前总统小布什的两个女儿在奥巴马一家即将离开白宫之际给奥巴马的女儿萨莎和玛利亚写了一封公开信。

　　President Barack Obama’s time in office ends on 20 January.In the letter, Jenna Bush-Hager and Barbara Bush say they will be "rooting" for the Obama sisters in their "next chapter".They also lived in the White House for eight years, 2001 to 2009, and moved on to university and jobs.

　　奥巴马的总统任期将于1月20日结束。在这封信中，小布什的女儿珍娜和芭芭拉说她们要“力挺”奥巴马姐妹翻开人生的新篇章。2001年到2009年，她们也在白宫度过了八年时光，然后上大学，就业。

　　Here’s the letter in full, published in Time Magazine

　　这封信刊载在《时代周刊》上，以下是全文：

　　Malia and Sasha, eight years ago on a cold November day, we greeted you on the steps of the White House. We saw both the light and wariness in your eyes as you gazed at your new home.

　　“玛利亚、萨莎：8年前的11月份，寒冷的一天，我们站在白宫的台阶上迎接你们的到来，看到你们用闪亮而拘谨的眼神盯着自己的新家。

　　"We left our jobs in Baltimore and New York early and travelled to Washington to show you around. To show you the Lincoln bedroom, and the bedrooms that were once ours, to introduce you to all the people—the florists, the grounds-keepers and the butlers—who dedicate themselves to making this historic house a home.

　　“当时，我们从工作的巴尔的摩和纽约来到华盛顿，带你们参观白宫。带你们瞻仰林肯的卧室，看我们曾经的卧室，把你们介绍给大家——介绍给花艺师、外场看管员和管家——他们投入的工作让这座充满历史感的建筑成为舒适的家。

　　"The four of us wandered the majestic halls of the house you had no choice but to move in to. When you slid down the banister of the solarium, just as we had done as eight-year-olds and again as 20-year-olds chasing our youth, your joy and laughter were contagious.

　　“我们四个漫步在白宫宏伟的大厅里，搬到这里居住你们别无选择。当你们像我们八岁时来到白宫和二十多岁再次来到白宫一样，从日光室的楼梯扶手上滑下来的时候，你们欢乐的笑声感染了整个大厅。

　　"In eight years, you have done so much. Seen so much.

　　“八年来，你们经历颇丰、眼界大开。

　　"You stood at the gates of the Robben Island cell where South Africa’s Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for decades, your arms around your father.

　　“你们挽着父亲站在罗布恩岛牢房门口，南非前总统尼尔森·曼德拉曾被囚禁在这里几十年。

　　"You travelled to Liberia and Morocco with your mom to talk with girls about the importance of education - girls who saw themselves in you, saw themselves in your parents, saw who they could become if they continued to study and learn.

　　“你们和妈妈来到利比里亚和摩洛哥告诉这里的女孩子教育的重要。你们是她们的榜样，你的父母也是他们的榜样，她们知道了不断学习会有怎样的成就。

　　"You attended state dinners, hiked in national parks, met international leaders and managed to laugh at your dad’s jokes during the annual Thanksgiving turkey pardon, all while being kids, attending school and making friends.

　　“你们参加过国宴，在国家公园里远足，和各国领导人见面，还得在一年一度的感恩节火鸡赦免仪式上听爸爸讲笑话，还得笑出来，与此同时你们还要上学，交朋友。

　　"We have watched you grow from girls to impressive young women with grace and ease.

　　“我们看着你们从小姑娘长成了漂亮、优雅、从容的淑女。

　　"And through it all you had each other. Just like we did.

　　“这一切经历，你们和我们一样，都有彼此陪伴。

　　Now you are about to join another rarified club, one of former First Children - a position you didn’t seek and one with no guidelines.

　　“如今，你们即将成为另外一个不常见的群体的一员，成为“前第一孩子”——一个自动加在你们身上且只能自行探索的职位。

　　But you have so much to look forward to. You will be writing the story of your lives, beyond the shadow of your famous parents, yet you will always carry with you the experiences of the past eight years.

　　“然而，你们也有很多美好的憧憬。你们会摆脱父母的光环，开始书写属于自己的人生故事，虽然过去八年烙印会永远与你们相伴。

　　Never forget the wonderful people who work at the White House. Our greeter as seven-year-olds at our grandfather’s inauguration was Nancy, the White House florist, who ushered us in from the cold.

　　“千万别忘记那些在白宫工作过的精兵强将们。我们七岁那年参加祖父的就职仪式，是白宫的迎宾员兼花艺师南希，把我们从寒冷中迎进白宫。

　　She helped us make colourful bouquets of winter flowers for our grandparents’ bedside. Twenty years later, Nancy did the flowers for Jenna’s wedding. Cherish your own Nancy.

　　“她帮我们制作了多彩的冬花花束放在祖父身边。二十年后，南希为珍娜的婚礼布置鲜花。珍惜你们的南希吧。

　　We stay in touch with our secret service. They were part of growing up for us: there for first dates, first days and even an engagement and a honeymoon.

　　“我们和特勤人员还保持着联系。他们是我们成长的一部分：第一次约会，热恋期甚至订婚和蜜月都有他们的身影。

　　We know it wasn’t always easy - the two of you and the two of us were teenagers trailed by men in backpacks—but they put their lives on hold for us.

　　“我们知道有时候这也挺难受的——我们和你们是被一群背着背包的男人尾随的孩子——但他们在用生命保护我们。

　　Enjoy college. As most of the world knows, we did. And you won’t have the weight of the world on your young shoulders anymore. Explore your passions. Learn who you are. Make mistakes - you are allowed to.

　　“享受大学时光吧。显然，我们就是这样做的。大学阶段，你们还不必用稚嫩的肩膀承担俗世之重。释放你们的激情吧，了解自己。可以犯错——这个可以有。

　　Continue to surround yourself with loyal friends who know you, adore you and will fiercely protect you. Those who judge you don’t love you, and their voices shouldn’t hold weight. Rather, it’s your own hearts that matter.

　　“继续和那些了解你们，喜欢你们，并且为你们挺身而出的死党们在一起吧。对你们评头论足的人并不爱你们，他们的话无足轻重，你们的心才重要。

　　Take all that you have seen, the people you have met, the lessons you have learned, and let that help guide you in making positive change. We have no doubt you will.

　　“带上你们所有的见识、人脉和教训吧，让这些指导你们前进。相信你们会这样做的。

　　Travelling with our parents taught us more than any class could. It opened our eyes to new people as well as new cultures and ideas.

　　“跟随父母游历的收获胜过任何课堂，它让你们开阔了眼界，看见别样的人群、别样的文化和别样的思想。

　　We met factory workers in Michigan, teachers in California, doctors healing people on the Burmese border, kids who lined the dusty streets of Kampala to see the American president, and kids with HIV waiting to get the antiretroviral drugs that would save their lives.

　　“我们见过密歇根的工人，加利福尼亚的教师还有缅甸边境治病救人的医生，坎帕拉满是灰尘街道上排着队等着看美国总统的孩子，携带艾滋病病毒等待抗逆转录病毒药物救命的孩子。

　　One tiny girl wearing her finest lavender dress looked young, which she was not.

　　“一个穿着她最好的淡紫色裙子的小女孩，看起来很小，实际上不是。

　　She was little because she was sick. Her mom admitted that she might not live to see these drugs work, but her brothers and sisters would. After meeting this girl, Barbara went back to school and changed her major, and her life’s path.

　　“她长得小是因为生病。她妈妈说她也许活不到这些药物起作用的时候了，但是她的弟弟妹妹会。见过这个女孩，芭芭拉回学校改了专业，从而改变了自己的人生轨迹。

　　You have lived through the unbelievable pressure of the White House. You have listened to harsh criticism of your parents by people who had never even met them.

　　“你们经历过白宫中高压的生活。你们也听过那些甚至没见过你们父母的人对他们的苛责。

　　You stood by as your precious parents were reduced to headlines. Your parents, who put you first and who not only showed you but gave you the world. As always, they will be rooting for you as you begin your next chapter. And so will we.

　　“当你们亲爱的父母成为占据新闻头条的大人物时你们在身旁支持他们。把你们摆在生命第一位的父母为你们展现了一个世界，也赋予了你们一个世界。他们会一如既往地“挺”你们，迎接人生新的篇章。我们也会。”

 

2020年11月22日 17:29

 

 

25、特郎普就职演说
　　

       Chief Justice Roberts, President Carter, President Clinton, President Bush, President Obama, fellow Americans, and people of the world: thank you.

　　罗伯特大法官、卡特总统、克林顿总统、布什总统、奥巴马总统，全世界人民：谢谢。

　　We, the citizens of America, are now joined in a great national effort to rebuild our country and to restore its promise for all of our people.Together, we will determine the course of America and the world for years to come.We will face challenges. We will confront hardships. But we will get the job done.

　　我们，美国公民，正致力于重塑国家和恢复国家对人民的承诺的洪流中。我们齐心协力，引领美国和世界未来的进程。我们面对着挑战。我们面临艰难困苦。我们将如愿以偿。

　　

　　Every four years, we gather on these steps to carry out the orderly and peaceful transfer of power, and we are grateful to President Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama for their gracious aid throughout this transition. They have been magnificent.

　　每隔四年，我们就站到这些台阶上，完成和平有序的权力交接，我们感谢奥巴马总统和第一夫人米切尔在交接过程中的殷切帮助。他们就是这样优雅大气。

　　Today’s ceremony, however, has very special meaning. Because today we are not merely transferring power from one Administration to another, or from one party to another – but we are transferring power from Washington, D.C. and giving it back to you, the American People.

　　然而，今天的庆典有着特殊的意义。因为我们今天不是将权力从一届政府传给另一届，或从一个政党传给另一个政党--而是把权力从华盛顿返还给你们，美国人民。

　　For too long, a small group in our nation’s Capital has reaped the rewards of government while the people have borne the cost.Washington flourished – but the people did not share in its wealth.Politicians prospered – but the jobs left, and the factories closed.The establishment protected itself, but not the citizens of our country.Their victories have not been your victories; their triumphs have not been your triumphs; and while they celebrated in our nation’s Capital, there was little to celebrate for struggling families all across our land.

　　长期以来，我们国家首都的一小撮人拿着政府的奖励却让人们买单。华盛顿繁荣了--但是人们没有获得感了。政治家们富裕了--但是他们的工作没有完成，工厂也倒闭了。体制保护它自己，而不是保护我们的国民。他们的胜利不是你们的胜利;他们的凯旋不是你们的凯旋;而他们在我们国家的首都庆祝，全国上下辛苦奋斗的家庭却没什么好庆祝的。

　　That all changes – starting right here, and right now, because this moment is your moment: it belongs to you.It belongs to everyone gathered here today and everyone watching all across America.

　　所以这些都将改变--从此时此地开始，这一刻是你们的时刻：它属于你们。它属于家庭在场的每个人和举国上下关注这里的所有人。

　　

　　This is your day. This is your celebration.And this, the United States of America, is your country.What truly matters is not which party controls our government, but whether our government is controlled by the people.January 20th 2017, will be remembered as the day the people became the rulers of this nation again.

　　这是你们的节日。这是你们的庆典。这个国家，美利坚合众国，是你们的国家。真正重要的不是哪个党执政，而是是否由人民执政。2017年1月20日，将作为人民重新执掌这个国家的纪念日。

　　The forgotten men and women of our country will be forgotten no longer.Everyone is listening to you now.You came by the tens of millions to become part of a historic movement the likes of which the world has never seen before.At the center of this movement is a crucial conviction: that a nation exists to serve its citizens.

　　被国家遗忘的男男女女们再也不会被遗忘了。现在每个人都在倾听你们的声音。你们汇集成百万大军，成为这个世界上前所未有的历史性运动的一部分。这场运动的核心就是一个至关重要的信念：国家为民而生。

　　Americans want great schools for their children, safe neighborhoods for their families, and good jobs for themselves.These are the just and reasonable demands of a righteous public.

　　美国人需要为自己的孩子们建设一流的学校，为自己的家庭建设安全的社区，为自己创造最好的工作岗位。这是享有公民权的公众的正当合理要求。

　　But for too many of our citizens, a different reality exists: Mothers and children trapped in poverty in our inner cities; rusted-out factories scattered like tombstones across the landscape of our nation; an education system, flush with cash, but which leaves our young and beautiful students deprived of knowledge; and the crime and gangs and drugs that have stolen too many lives and robbed our country of so much unrealized potential.

　　但是对我们的很多公民，情况大相径庭：在城市的中心区，居住着贫困母亲和子女;锈迹斑斑的废弃工厂像墓碑一样遍布我国各地;大把的钞票例如教育系统，但是我们的年轻人和可爱的学生们却想不到知识;犯罪团伙和贩毒团伙残害了那么多生命，侵蚀了我们国家那么多的未开发潜能。

　　This American carnage stops right here and stops right now.We are one nation – and their pain is our pain. Their dreams are our dreams; and their success will be our success. We share one heart, one home, and one glorious destiny.

　　此时此地，美国人民的灾难结束了。我们是一个统一的国家--他们的痛苦就是我们的痛苦。他们的梦想就是我们的梦想;他们的成功就是我们的成功。我们的心一起跳，我们有一个共同的家，我们有同样的荣耀尊严。

　　

　　The oath of office I take today is an oath of allegiance to all Americans.For many decades, we’ve enriched foreign industry at the expense of American industry;Subsidized the armies of other countries while allowing for the very sad depletion of our military;We've defended other nation’s borders while refusing to defend our own;And spent trillions of dollars overseas while America's infrastructure has fallen into disrepair and decay.

　　我今天的就职誓言是效忠所有美国人的誓言。几十年来，我们牺牲了美国各行各业的利益肥了外国的各行各业;我们让我们的军队捉襟见肘而补贴了他国的军队;我们不保护自己的国家却为保护他国尽心尽力;我们为外国花了几万亿美元而我们自己的基础设施年久失修、老化破坏。

　　We’ve made other countries rich while the wealth, strength, and confidence of our country has disappeared over the horizon.One by one, the factories shuttered and left our shores, with not even a thought about the millions upon millions of American workers left behind.

　　我们使他国富裕了，而我们的财富、国力和信心却日薄西山。我们的工厂一个个关门和移到海外，对几百万美国工人根本不屑一顾。

　　The wealth of our middle class has been ripped from their homes and then redistributed across the entire world.But that is the past. And now we are looking only to the future.We assembled here today are issuing a new decree to be heard in every city, in every foreign capital, and in every hall of power.

　　我们的中产阶级的财富被从他们的家里掠走，然后分给全世界。这样的事一去不复返了。现在我们只看未来。我们今天在这里相聚，就是要把一个信念传递到每个城市、传递到每个国家的首都、传递到每个权力中心。

　　From this day forward, a new vision will govern our land.From this moment on, it’s going to be America First.Every decision on trade, on taxes, on immigration, on foreign affairs, will be made to benefit American workers and American families.

　　从今往后，一种新的观念将引领我们的国家。从此时此刻起，美国至上。任何关于贸易、税收、移民、外事等方面的决定，都将根据美国工人和美国家庭的利益作出。

　　

　　We must protect our borders from the ravages of other countries making our products, stealing our companies, and destroying our jobs. Protection will lead to great prosperity and strength.I will fight for you with every breath in my body – and I will never, ever let you down.

　　我们必须保护我们的边境，不能让生产我们的产品、偷走我们的公司和剥夺我们的就业岗位的国家如入无人之境。保护将带来巨大的繁荣和强大国力。我将为你们奋斗到最后一滴血--我永远、永远不会让你们倒下。

　　America will start winning again, winning like never before.We will bring back our jobs. We will bring back our borders. We will bring back our wealth. And we will bring back our dreams.We will build new roads, and highways, and bridges, and airports, and tunnels, and railways all across our wonderful nation.

　　美国将重新取胜，取得前所未有的胜利。我们将把工作岗位找回来。我们将掌控我们的边境。我们将找回我们的财富。我们将找回我们的梦想。我们将在壮丽的祖国各地，建设新公路、新高速、新桥梁、新机场和新隧道，以及新铁路。

　　We will get our people off of welfare and back to work – rebuilding our country with American hands and American labor.We will follow two simple rules: Buy American and Hire American.We will seek friendship and goodwill with the nations of the world – but we do so with the understanding that it is the right of all nations to put their own interests first.

　　我们将让人们不依赖福利而重返工作岗位--用我们自己的双手和辛劳打造自己的国家。我们将遵循两个简单规则：买美国产品、雇佣美国人。我们将与全世界所有国家寻求友谊和善意--但是我们就本着这样的理解来实现这个目标，即所有国家都有权把自己的利益放在首位。

　　We do not seek to impose our way of life on anyone, but rather to let it shine as an example for everyone to follow.We will reinforce old alliances and form new ones – and unite the civilized world against Radical Islamic Terrorism, which we will eradicate completely from the face of the Earth.At the bedrock of our politics will be a total allegiance to the United States of America, and through our loyalty to our country, we will rediscover our loyalty to each other.

　　我们不谋求把我们的生活方式强加于任何人，恰恰相反，我们让它成为每个人追随的光辉榜样。我们将巩固老盟友并发展新盟友--联合文明世界抵御激进的伊斯兰恐怖主义，我们将从地球上彻底根除恐怖主义。我们的政治的基石是完全效忠美利坚合众国，借助我们对国家的忠诚，我们将重新找回我们的相互忠诚。

　　

　　When you open your heart to patriotism, there is no room for prejudice.The Bible tells us, “how good and pleasant it is when God’s people live together in unity.“We must speak our minds openly, debate our disagreements honestly, but always pursue solidarity.

　　如果你敞开胸怀接纳爱国主义，那么偏见就没有立足之地。圣经告诫我们，“最美好最愉快的境界，是上帝的子民亲如一家。“我们必须公开我们的想法，坦诚地辩论我们的分歧，但是要永远追求团结。

　　When America is united, America is totally unstoppable.There should be no fear – we are protected, and we will always be protected.We will be protected by the great men and women of our military and law enforcement and, most importantly, we are protected by God.Finally, we must think big and dream even bigger.

　　如果美国步调一致，美国的步伐就不可阻挡。没有恐惧--我们能够保卫自己，我们永远能够保卫自己。我们军队的优秀儿女们、我们的执法人员们会保护我们，最重要的是，上帝保佑我们。最后，我们必须放眼大局、梦想宏伟。

　　In America, we understand that a nation is only living as long as it is striving.We will no longer accept politicians who are all talk and no action – constantly complaining but never doing anything about it.

　　在美国，我们深知国家只有奋斗才能生存。我们将不再容忍只知道耍嘴皮子的政治家--整天胡说八道什么也不做的政治家。

　　The time for empty talk is over.Now arrives the hour of action.Do not let anyone tell you it cannot be done. No challenge can match the heart and fight and spirit of America.We will not fail. Our country will thrive and prosper again.

　　高谈阔论的时代一去不复返了。现在是行动的时刻。不听任何人告诉你什么不可能做。美国的志向、奋斗和精神将战胜一切挑战。我们必胜。我们的国家将再次繁荣昌盛。

　　We stand at the birth of a new millennium, ready to unlock the mysteries of space, to free the Earth from the miseries of disease, and to harness the energies, industries and technologies of tomorrow.A new national pride will stir our souls, lift our sights, and heal our divisions.

　　我们站在新千年的开始，时刻准备叩开太空神秘的大门，使地球免于疾病的折磨，收获明天的能源、行业和技术带来的效益。新的民族自豪感荡涤着我们的灵魂，提升我们的视野，拟合我们的分歧。

　　

　　It is time to remember that old wisdom our soldiers will never forget: that whether we are black or brown or white, we all bleed the same red blood of patriots, we all enjoy the same glorious freedoms, and we all salute the same great American Flag.And whether a child is born in the urban sprawl of Detroit or the windswept plains of Nebraska, they look up at the same night sky, they fill their heart with the same dreams, and they are infused with the breath of life by the same almighty Creator.

　　现在是我们回味一下我们的军人永远不会忘记的箴言的时候了：无论我们是黑人、棕人还是白人，我们的血管里都流着相同的红色爱国血液，我们都享有同样的辉煌自由，我们都向同一面美国国旗敬礼。一个婴儿无论诞生在底特律的市区，还是在大风肆虐的内布拉斯加平原，他们都共戴一片蓝天，他们的心里都有同样的梦想，他们都充满同一个造物主赋予生命的力量。

　　So to all Americans, in every city near and far, small and large, from mountain to mountain, and from ocean to ocean, hear these words:You will never be ignored again.Your voice, your hopes, and your dreams, will define our American destiny. And your courage and goodness and love will forever guide us along the way.

　　所以生活在从南到北、从东到西的大大小小、远方和附近的城市中的各位美国公民，请记住这几句誓言：你永远不会被忽视。你的声音，你的希望和你的梦想，将定义我们的美国命运。 你的勇气和善良与爱将永远引导我们一路走来。

　　Together, We Will Make America Strong Again.We Will Make America Wealthy Again.We Will Make America Proud Again.We Will Make America Safe Again.And, Yes, Together, We Will Make America Great Again. Thank you, God Bless You, And God Bless America.

　　我们将齐心协力再次使美国强大。我们将再次使美国富庶。我们将再次使美国自豪。我们将再次使美国安全。我们将齐心协力再次使美国伟大。谢谢，上帝保佑各位，上帝保佑美国。

（来源：网络）

2020年12月28日 12:32

 

 

26、苹果CEO库克杜克大学演讲：毕业生要无所畏惧
　　

      Apple CEO Tim Cook gave a commencement speech to new graduates of Duke University on Sunday.

　　He says that despite major issues like inequality, climate change, and political division, technology has made this 'the best time in history to be alive.'

　　Cook also encouraged Duke grads to be 'fearless,' like the women of the MeToo movement or the survivors of the Parkland school shooting.

　　苹果CEO蒂姆·库克(Tim Cook)周末在杜克大学的毕业典礼上发表演讲。他在演讲中鼓励杜克大学毕业生无所畏惧;关于数据隐私策略，他表示苹果采取了与其他科技公司不同的做法。

　　库克鼓励杜克大学毕业生无所畏惧，还向Parkland校园枪击案的幸存者，以及那些捍卫移民权利的人士致敬。

　　Hello, Blue Devils! It’s great to be back.

　　Hi，蓝魔们(杜克大学别名)，我很高兴回到这里。

　　It’s an honor to stand before you—both as your commencement speaker and a fellow Duke graduate.

　　很荣幸能够站在大家的面前，你们都是毕业典礼的主角，也是杜克大学最新的毕业生。

　　I earned my degree from the Fuqua School in 1988. In preparing for this speech, I reached out to one of my favorite professors from back then. Bob Reinheimer taught a great course in Management Communications, which included sharpening your public speaking skills.

　　我在1988年获得了福库商学院的学位。在准备这次演讲的时候，我与当时最喜欢的一位教授取得了联系。他的名字叫做鲍勃-雷宁海默(Bob Reinheimer)，负责“管理交流”课程的教学，这门课程可以提高你们的演讲技巧。

　　We hadn’t spoken for decades, so I was thrilled when he told me: he remembered a particularly gifted public speaker who took his class in the 1980s…With a bright mind and a charming personality!

　　我们已经有几十年没有联系过了，所以当他告诉我可以在母校演讲之后，我很激动。他说他想起了一位在上世纪80年代教过的学生，不仅极具演讲天赋，而且还有聪明的头脑和迷人的个性。

　　He said he knew—way back then—this person was destined for greatness.

　　他说当时他就知道，这个人注定不平凡。

　　You can imagine how this made me feel. Professor Reinheimer had an eye for talent. And, if I do say so, I think his instincts were right…

　　你能想象听到这些赞美后我是什么感觉，雷宁海默对人才一向有着敏锐的嗅觉，如果非要我评价的话，我觉得他的看法都是正确的。

　　Melinda Gates has really made her mark on the world. I’m grateful to Bob, Dean Boulding, and all of my Duke professors. Their teachings have stayed with me throughout my career.

　　梅琳达-盖茨(Melinda Gates，比尔盖茨夫人)之前也来过这里演讲，我很感激鲍勃、迪安-博尔丁(Dean Boulding)和所有教过我的杜克大学教授。在我的职业生涯中，他们的谆谆教导一直陪伴着我。

　　I want to thank President Price, the Duke Faculty, and my fellow members of the Board of Trustees for the honor of speaking with you today. I’d also like to recognize this year’s honorary degree recipients.

　　我还要感谢普莱斯(Price)主席、杜克大学的教职人员以及其他董事会成员，感谢他们愿意与大家交流，我也想感谢在座所有获得学位的人。

　　And most of all, congratulations to the class of 2018!

　　最重要的是，祝贺大家成为2018届杜克大学毕业生!

　　No graduate gets to this moment alone. I want to acknowledge your parents, grandparents and friends here cheering you on, just as they have every step of the way. Let’s give them our thanks.

　　没有人能只靠自己取得成绩，因此我还要替大家感谢你们的父母、祖父母和为你们加油的朋友，就像他们每天陪伴你们一样，让我们向他们表示感谢。

　　Today especially, I remember my mother, who watched me graduate from Duke. I wouldn’t have been there that day—or made it here today—without her support.

　　今天，让我想起了我的母亲，她看着我从杜克大学毕业。如果没有她的支持，我当年不会站在这里，今天更不会站在这里。

　　Let’s give our special thanks to all the mothers here today, on Mother’s Day.

　　今天是母亲节，在这里我们要特别感谢所有的母亲。

　　I have wonderful memories here. Studying—and not studying—with people I still count as friends to this day. Cheering at Cameron for every victory. Cheering even louder when that victory is over Carolina.

　　在这里我保存了美好的回忆，和一些今天依然还是朋友的人不仅在一起学习，还为每一次胜利欢呼。

　　Look back over your shoulder fondly and say goodbye to act one of your life. And then quickly look forward. Act two begins today. It’s your turn to reach out and take the baton.

　　当我们深情的回顾这几年，你会发现现在到了告别过去的时光、继续向前看的时候了。从今天开始行动，生活由你们自己掌控。

　　You enter the world at a time of great challenge.

　　你们活在一个充满挑战的时代与世界。

　　Our country is deeply divided—and too many Americans refuse to hear any opinion that differs from their own.

　　我们的国家现在存在严重的分歧，太多的美国人拒绝听取任何与自己不同的意见。

　　Our planet is warming with devastating consequences—and there are some who deny it’s even happening.

　　我们的星球正在变暖，未来会有毁灭性的后果，但有人却否认这样的现实。

　　Our schools and communities suffer from deep inequality—we fail to guarantee every student the right to a good education.

　　我们的学校和社区都在遭受着严重的不平等待遇，不能保证每个学生都能接受良好的教育。

　　And yet we are not powerless in the face of these problems. You are not powerless to fix them.

　　但面对这些问题，我们并非无能为力，可以通过自己的努力去纠正它。

　　No generation has ever held more power than yours. And no generation has been able to make change happen faster than yours can. The pace at which progress is possible has accelerated dramatically. Aided by technology, every individual has the tools, potential, and reach to build a better world.

　　没有哪一代人比你们拥有更强大的力量，没有哪一代人比你们能够更快的做出改变。我们现在实现目标的速度已经大幅缩短，在科技的帮助下，每个人都可以通过工具、潜能和自己的能力建设一个更美好的世界。

　　That makes this the best time in history to be alive. Whatever you choose to do with your life…Wherever your passion takes you.

　　这是有史以来最好的时代，无论你选择如何对待自己的生活，也无论你将自己的激情燃烧在哪里。

　　I urge you to take the power you have been given and use it for good. Aspire to leave this world better than you found it.

　　我希望大家能好好利用自己的力量，这个世界远远要比你想象得更美好。

　　I didn’t always see life as clearly as I do now. But I’ve learned the greatest challenge of life is knowing when to break with conventional wisdom.

　　其实我也并非总是能够清晰的看清自己，但我明白，人生最大的挑战就是拥有知道何时打破传统的智慧与勇气。

　　Don’t just accept the world you inherit today.Don’t just accept the status quo.

　　不要只是一昧的接受今天你所生活的世界，不要安于现状。

　　No big challenge has ever been solved, and no lasting improvement has ever been achieved, unless people dare to try something different. Dare to think different.

　　没有无法突破的挑战、没有永远不会进步的人，大家要敢于尝试不同的东西，要敢于“非同凡想”(Think Different)。

　　I was lucky to learn from someone who believed this deeply. Someone who knew that changing the world starts with “following a vision, not a path.” He was my friend and mentor, Steve Jobs.

　　我很幸运，能够从一位坚信这条理念的人那里学习很多东西。他之所以能够改变世界，就是因为他坚信要追随自己的理想，不能循规蹈矩。他就是我的朋友和导师，史蒂夫-乔布斯。

　　Steve’s vision was that great ideas come from a restless refusal to accept things as they are. And those principles still guide us at Apple today.

　　史蒂夫认为，伟大的思想来自于不安分的内心以及拒绝接受事情的现状。这些原则在今天依然指引着苹果的发展方向。

　　We reject the notion that global warming is inevitable. That’s why we run Apple on 100% renewable energy.

　　我们坚决反对全球变暖，这就是为什么我们要用百分之百的可再生资源来维持苹果的运营。

　　We reject the excuse that getting the most out of technology means trading away your right to privacy. So we choose a different path: Collecting as little of your data as possible. Being thoughtful and respectful when it’s in our care. Because we know it belongs to you.

　　我们拒绝以技术为借口，剥夺用户的隐私权。因此苹果选择了一条不同的道路：尽可能不去收集用户数据，我们非常尊重用户的权力和思想，因此我们知道这一切都属于用户。

　　In every way, at every turn, the question we ask ourselves is not ‘what can we do’ but ‘what should we do’.

　　在每一个方面、每一个转折点，我们要问自己的问题不是“我能做什么”，而是“我应该做什么”。

　　Because Steve taught us that’s how change happens. And from him I learned to never be content with things as they are.

　　在每一个方面、每一个转折点，我们要问自己的问题不是“我能做什么”，而是“我应该做什么”。

　　I believe this mindset comes naturally to young people…and you should never let go of that restlessness.

　　我相信这种心态对年轻人来说是顺其自然的事情，你们不要放弃这种年轻人的特质。

　　So today’s ceremony isn’t just about presenting you with a degree, it’s about presenting you with a question.

　　所以今天的仪式不仅仅是授予大家学位，而是向大家提出了一个问题。

　　How will you challenge the status quo? How will you push the world forward?

　　你们会如何挑战现状?如何推动世界的发展?

　　Fifty years ago today—May 13th, 1968—Robert Kennedy was campaigning in Nebraska, and spoke to a group of students who were wrestling with that same question.

　　50年前的今天，1968年5月13日，罗伯特.肯尼迪(Robert Kennedy)在内斯加州参加竞选，同样与一群备受困扰的学生们进行了交谈。

　　Those were troubled times, too. The U.S. was at war in Vietnam. There was violent unrest in America’s cities. And the country was still reeling from the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King a month earlier.

　　这是非常困难的时期，当时美国在越南处于战争状态，在美国国内的城市里也爆发了暴力和骚乱。一个月之前，马丁.路德金(Martin Luther King)博士被害，这个国家蹒跚前行。

　　Kennedy gave the students a call to action. When you look across this country, and when you see peoples’ lives held back by discrimination and poverty… when you see injustice and inequality. He said, you should be the last people to accept things as they are.

　　肯尼迪向学生们发起了行动的号召，当你们看到这个国家里许多人被贫困和歧视深深困扰、看到他们遭遇不公平和不公正的对待时，你应该是最后一个放弃的人。

　　Let Kennedy’s words echo here today.

　　肯尼迪的话在今天依然还萦绕在我们的脑海中。

　　“You should be the last people to accept [it].”Whatever path you’ve chosen…Be it medicine, business, engineering, the humanities—whatever drives your passion.

　　无论你选择什么道路，医学、商业、工程、人文学科，无论什么都会激发你的热情。

　　Be the last to accept the notion that the world you inherit cannot be improved.

　　即使这个世界无法改变，你也应该是最后一个放弃努力的人。

　　Be the last to accept the excuse that says, “that’s just how things are done here.” Duke graduates, you should be the last people to accept it. And you should be the first to change it.

　　你们要做最后接受“完成工作必须要这样”的借口 的那个人。杜克大学的毕业生们，除了最后一个放弃努力之外，还应该是第一个改变它的人。

　　The world-class education you’ve received—that you’ve worked so hard for—gives you opportunities that few people have.

　　你们所接受的都是世界一流的教育，你应该为之努力奋斗，因为并不是所有人都有这样的机会。

　　You are uniquely qualified, and therefore uniquely responsible, to build a better way forward. That won’t be easy. It will require great courage.

　　你们有这样的资格，因此也要承担这样的责任，来更好的努力 。这并不容易，还需要很大的勇气。

　　But that courage will not only help you live your life to the fullest—it will empower you to transform the lives of others.

　　但这种勇气不仅能帮助你们拥有更充实的生活，而且还能改变别人的生活。

　　Last month I was in Birmingham to mark the fiftieth anniversary of Dr. King’s assassination. And I had the incredible privilege of spending time with women and men who marched and worked alongside him.

　　上个月我前往伯明翰参加了马丁.路德金逝世50周年纪念活动。我有幸和那些曾与马丁.路德金共同前进和工作的人们共处了一段时间。

　　Many of them were younger at the time than you are now. They told me that when they defied their parents and joined the sit-ins and boycotts, when they faced the police dogs and firehoses, they were risking everything they had—becoming foot soldiers for justice without a second thought.

　　在那个时代，他们中的很多人和你们现在一样青春年少。他们对我说，当他们违背了父母的意愿，加入了静坐和抵制活动时，他们那时面对的是警犬和消防水管，他们那时冒着失去一切的风险——但是他们依然毫不犹豫的成为了捍卫公正的斗士。

　　Because they knew that change had to come.

　　因为他们当时深知改变将会到来。

　　Because they believed so deeply in the cause of justice.

　　因为他们当时深信公正的力量。

　　Because they knew, even with all the adversity they had faced, they had the chance to build something better for the next generation.

　　因为他们知道，尽管自己正处于逆境，但是他们有机会为后人铺设一条更好的道路。

　　We can all learn from their example. If you hope to change the world, you must find your fearlessness.

　　我们都应该以他们为榜样，向他们学习。如果你希望改变世界，你就必须找到自己无畏的那一面。

　　Now, if you’re anything like I was on graduation day, maybe you’re not feeling so fearless.

　　此时此刻，你可能像我毕业那天一样，完全没有觉得无所畏惧。

　　Maybe you’re thinking about the job you hope to get, or wondering where you’re going to live, or how to repay that student loan. These, I know, are real concerns. I had them, too. But don’t let those worries stop you from making a difference.

　　现在，也许身处毕业典礼的你们正在考虑自己将来的工作、不知道未来会住在哪里、还在为如何偿还学生贷款发愁。我知道这些都是应该担忧的事情，但不要让这些阻碍妨碍你做出改变。

　　Fearlessness means taking the first step, even if you don’t know where it will take you. It means being driven by a higher purpose, rather than by applause. It means knowing that you reveal your character when you stand apart, more than when you stand with the crowd.

　　无畏意味着勇敢迈出第一步，即使你不知道它会将你带往何处。也许驱使你的是更崇高的目标、也许是周围人的目光。当你独自一人的时候，才会看到自己真正的问题，而不是与大家站在一起的时候。

　　If you step up, without fear of failure… if you talk and listen to each other, without fear of rejection… if you act with decency and kindness, even when no one is looking, even if it seems small or inconsequential, trust me, the rest will fall into place.

　　如果你迈出了这一步，不怕失败……如果你和其他人进行对话，并且倾听，不怕被拒绝……如果你内心深处拥有善良与正直，那么就算暂时没有人了解你、就算现在你无关紧要，相信我，属于你的时代早晚都会到来。

　　More importantly, you’ll be able to tackle the big things when they come your way. It’s in those truly trying moments that the fearless inspire us.

　　更重要的是，当你的时代来临时，就能找到解决问题的方法。在一次又一次的尝试中，正是无所畏惧的精神激励着我们。

　　Fearless like the students of Parkland, Florida—who refuse to be silent about the epidemic of gun violence, and have rallied millions to their cause.

　　就像佛罗里达州帕克兰学校的学生们一样，他们不惧怕枪支暴力带来的威胁，并没有保持沉默，而是为了目标团结了数百万人。

　　Fearless like the women who say “me, too” and “time’s up”… women who cast light into dark places, and move us toward a more just and equal future.

　　还有那些勇于站出来对性骚扰“说不”的女性，她们的光辉照耀到了最黑暗的地方，让我们朝着更加公正和公平的未来前进。

　　Fearless like those who fight for the rights of immigrants… who understand that our only hopeful future is one that embraces all who want to contribute.

　　像那些为了争取自己移民权力而斗争的人一样，他们明白只要有所贡献，就能构建一个美好的未来。

　　Duke graduates, be fearless.

　　杜克大学的毕业生们，你们要无所畏惧。

　　Be the last people to accept things as they are, and the first people to stand up and change them for the better.

　　要成为最后一个放弃的人，也要成为第一个为更好的生活奋斗而站出来的人。

　　In 1964, Martin Luther King, Jr. gave a speech at Page Auditorium to an overflow crowd. Students who couldn’t get a seat listened from outside on the lawn. Dr. King warned them that someday we would all have to atone, not only for the words and actions of the bad people, but for “the appalling silence and indifference of the good people, who sit around and say, ‘Wait on time.’”

　　1964年，马丁-路德金在发表演讲时，台下坐满了人，那些没有座位的学生则拥挤在草坪上。那时路德金博士就告诫学生们，人们总有一天都要为自己的行为付出代价，作恶的坏人如此，那些沉默和冷漠的“好人”也是如此。

　　Martin Luther King stood right here at Duke, and said: “The time is always right to do right.” For you, graduates, that time is now.

　　马丁-路德金曾在杜克大学说过：“只要做对的事情，永远都是最好的时机。对你们来说，毕业生们，现在是时候行动了。”

　　It will always be now. It’s time to add your brick to the path of progress.

　　做对的事情，永远都不会太晚。现在就是你们给这条道路添砖加瓦的时候。

　　It’s time for all of us to move forward.

　　现在是我们所有人前进的时候。

　　And it’s time for you to lead the way.

　　现在是你带领人们前进的时候。

　　Thank you—and congratulations, Class of 2018!

　　谢谢大家，祝贺你们，2018届的毕业生们。

（来源：新东方网）

2021年1月31日 15:42

 

 

27、你就是这么毁了你的人生
　　

       Understand that life is not a straight line. Life is not a set timeline of milestones. You are allowed to backtrack. You are allowed to figure out what inspires you. You are allowed time, and I think we often forget that.

　　你应该明白，生活不是一条直线，也不是一个时间轴，上面标记了重大事件。你可以选择倒带。你可以停下来想想是什么东西启发着你。你还有很多时间，我想常常我们忘记了这一点。

　　You ruin your life by choosing the wrong person.

　　自毁人生之一：选错了终身伴侣

　　What is it with our need to fast-track relationships? Be alone. Eat alone, take yourself on dates, sleep alone. In the midst of this you will learn about yourself. You will grow, you will figure out what inspires you, you will curate your own dreams, your own beliefs, your own stunning clarity, and when you do meet the person who makes your cells dance, you will be sure of it, because you are sure of yourself.

　　为什么我们觉得自己需要狂飙突进似的恋爱关系?学着独处。独自进餐，和自己约会，独自入眠。在这个过程中，你会明白自己是什么样的人。你会有所成长，了解到在人生道路上启发着你的究竟是什么。你将掌控自己的梦想，坚定自己的信仰，理清自己的思路。如此一来，当你遇到那个让你坠入爱河的人的时候，你能够确信他(她)就是那个人，因为你确知你是什么人。

　　You ruin your life by letting your past govern it.

　　自毁人生之二：纵容你的过去操控自己

　　It is common for certain things in life to happen to you. There will be heartbreak, confusion, days where you feel like you aren’t special or purposeful. You cannot let these define you. If you don’t allow yourself to move past what happened, what was felt, you will look at your future with that lens, and nothing will be able to breach that judgment.

　　人生不如意十九，这是很自然的事情。你可能会心碎，会迷茫，会觉得自己毫无过人之处，觉得自己活得毫无目的。别让这些不如意的过往限定自己。如果你不能从过去里走出来，从过去的感受里超脱，你就会带着过去的眼光看待自己的未来，那么所有事情无一例外都会受这种偏见的影响。

　　You ruin your life when you compare yourself to others.

　　自毁人生之三：比附他人

　　We get caught up in what our friends are liking, who our significant others are following, and at the end of the day this not only ruins our lives, but it also ruins us.

　　我们常常为了他人的偏好桎梏自己：我们的朋友们喜欢什么，我们的恋人在追求什么，如此一来，不仅会把我们的生活弄得一团糟，也把我们的关系弄得一团糟。

　　You ruin your life by tolerating it.

　　自毁人生之四：一味忍耐

　　At the end of the day you should be excited to be alive. When you settle for anything less than what you innately desire, you destroy the possibility that lives inside of you. Life and work, and life and love, are not irrespective of each other. They are intrinsically linked. We have to strive to do extraordinary work, we have to strive to find extraordinary love. Only then will we tap into an extraordinarily blissful life.

　　最重要的是，你应该为活着而感到欢欣。如果你不去追求内心渴望的东西，而是得过且过，你就丧失了让自己内心的想法实现的机会。生活与工作，生活与爱情，它们并不是不相干的。它们之间都有着内在的联系。我们必须努力把工作干得棒棒的，努力把情感经营得棒棒的。只有这样，我们才能获得美好的，幸福的生活。

（来源：网络）

2021年3月31日 21:13

 

 

28、《红楼梦》片段译析
　　

《红楼梦》

　　一语未了，只听外面一阵脚步响，丫鬟进来笑道：“宝玉来了!“黛玉心中正疑惑着：“这个宝玉，不知是怎生个惫懒人物，懵懂顽童?“——倒不见那蠢物也罢了。心中想着，忽见丫鬟话未报完，已进来了一位年轻的公子。

　　译文：

　　The words were hardly out of her mouth when they heard footsteps in the courtyard and a maid came in to announce, "Baoyu is here."

　　Daiyu was wondering what sort of graceless scamp or little dunce Baoyu was and feeling reluctant to meet such a stupid creature when, even as the maid announced him, in he walked.(杨宪益&戴乃迭)

　　While they were speaking, a flurry of footsteps could be heard outside and a maid came in to say that Bao-yu was back.

　　'I wonder,' thought Dai-yu, 'just what sort of graceless creature this Bao-yu is going to be'.(霍克斯)

　　解析：

　　此时，两人还未相见，黛玉已经借着母亲和王夫人的描述脑补了宝玉的形象——“惫懒人物“、“懵懂顽童“，对见他这事儿并不多上心。这也与后文的熟悉感形成了对比。

　　从译文中可以看出，杨戴把黛玉心中所想事无巨细地体现出来，用graceless scamp(淘气鬼)、little dunce(愚笨的人)和stupid creature来形容宝玉，层层递进，水到渠成地表现了黛玉不情愿的情绪。而霍克斯则直接抹去了黛玉的情绪，只用what sort of graceless creature将她的疑惑译了出来。

　　相对于下文中的反转，英大倾向于杨戴的译文，把不情愿的情绪的表现出来更为贴切。

　　这里，两个版本的creature都选得很妙，就像宝玉说的，“女儿是水作的骨肉，男人是泥作的骨肉“，虽然说的是人，可不就是个“生物“嘛!

　　贰

　　

《红楼梦》

　　黛玉一见，便吃一大惊，心下想道：“好生奇怪，倒像在哪里见过一般，何等眼熟到如此!“

　　译文：

　　His appearance took Daiyu by surprise. "How very strange!" she thought. "It's as if I'd seen him somewhere before. He looks so familiar."(杨戴)

　　Dai-yu looked at him with astonishment. How strange! How very strange! It was as though she had seen him somewhere before, he was so extraordinarily familiar.(霍克斯)

　　解析：

　　短短几句话表现了黛玉初见宝玉的思绪，似曾相识的熟悉扑面而来，这让黛玉极为惊讶。但身为女儿家，她没有表现出来，只是暗暗地在心中想。在程度的把握上，霍克斯的叠句和“extraordinarily“比杨戴的更好。除此之外，两个版本的译文大同小异。

　　比较明显的不同是杨戴用了第一人称表现黛玉的惊讶，而霍克斯则用了第三人称。英大私以为，杨戴的处理方式更好，原文本来就是黛玉的主观感受，用第一人称让读者更有代入感，与下文中宝玉的反应形成呼应。

　　叁

　　

《红楼梦》

　　宝玉看罢，因笑道：“这个妹妹我曾见过的。“贾母笑道：“可又是胡说，你又何曾见过她?“宝玉笑道：“虽然未曾见过她，然我看着面善，心里就算是旧相识，今日只作远别重逢，亦未为不可。“

　　译文：

　　"I've met this cousin before,"he declared at the end of his scrutiny.

　　"You're talking nonsense again," said his grandmother, laughing.

　　"How could you possibly have met her?"

　　"Well, even if I haven't, her face looks familiar. I feel we're old friends meeting again after a long separation."(杨戴)

　　Having completed his survey, Bao-yu gave a laugh. 'I have seen this cousin before.'

　　'Nonsense!' said Grandmother Jia. 'How could you possibly have done?'

　　'Well, perhaps not,' said Bao-yu, 'but her face seems so familiar that I have the impression of meeting her again after a long separation.’(霍克斯)

　　解析：

　　说完了黛玉，再来说说宝玉。他素来是家里的掌珠，被一群人捧在手心里长大的，自是有什么说什么，也不管是不是浑话。他觉得似曾相识，也不藏着掖着了，直接宣之于口。此处，也算借宝玉的口说出了两人的心里话，是为心有灵犀，正式拉开了俩人爱情的大幕。

　　胡说都是nonsense，久别重逢都是meeting again after a long separation，细节处理不相同。

　　值得一提的是“看“这个词的选择，杨戴用了scrutiny，霍克斯用了survey，两个词都偏学术气息，不够日常。两者之间，英大倾向于scrutiny，表示“审视，打量“。

　　除了以上的叙述，这一段最精彩的就是对宝玉和黛玉两人外貌和服饰的描述，而这些古代特有的服饰也向来是译者最头疼的地方。需要注意的是，原书的这一章中有两段对宝玉的描述，换装前后各一次，而《朗读者》中是节选，只出现了换装后的一段。就把两段一起放上来，来看看两位大家是如何描述这位浊世佳公子的吧。

　　肆

　　

《红楼梦》

　　换装前：

　　戴着束发嵌宝紫金冠，齐眉勒着二龙戏珠金抹额，一件二色金百蝶穿花大红箭袖，束着五彩丝攒花结长穗宫绦，外罩石青起花八团倭缎排穗褂，登着青缎粉底小朝靴。面若中秋之月，色如春晓之花，鬓若刀裁，眉如墨画，鼻如悬胆，睛若秋波，虽怒时而似笑，即瞋视而有情。项上金螭缨络，又有一根五色丝绦，系着一块美玉。

　　译文：

　　His face was as radiant as the mid-autumn moon, his complexion fresh as spring flowers at dawn. The hair above his temples was as sharply outlined as if cut with a knife. His eyebrows were as black as if painted with ink, his cheeks as red as peach-blossom, his eyes bright as autumn ripples. Even when angry he seemed to smile, and there was warmth in his glance even when he frowned.(杨戴)

　　As to his person, he had:

　　a face like the moon of Mid-Autumn,

　　a complexion like flowers at dawn,

　　a hairline straight as a knife-cut,

　　eyebrows that might have been painted by an artist's brush,

　　a shapely nose, and eyes clear as limpid pools,

　　that even in anger seemed to smile,

　　and, as they glared, beamed tenderness the while.(霍克斯)

　　换装后：

　　头上周围一转的短发，都结成小辫，红丝结束，身上穿着银红撒花半旧大袄，仍旧戴着项圈，宝玉，寄名锁，护身符等物，锦边弹墨袜，厚底大红鞋，越显得面如敷粉，唇若施脂，转盼多情，语言常笑，天然一段风骚，全在眉梢，平生万种情思，悉堆眼角。看其外貌最是极好，却难知其底细。

　　译文：

　　His face looked as fair as if powdered, his lips red as rouge. His glance was full of affection, his speech interspersed with smiles. But his natural charm appeared most in his brows, for his eyes sparkled with a world of feeling. (杨戴)

　　The cheeks might have been brushed with powder and the lips touched with rouge, so bright was their natural colour.

　　His glance was soulful,

　　yet from his lips the laughter often leaped;

　　a world of charm upon that brow was heaped;

　　a world of feeling from those dark eyes peeped.(霍克斯)

　　解析：

　　杨戴的译文信息完整，句式繁杂，霍克斯的译文信息简洁，选用了类似诗体的形式。整体来看，杨戴对原文进行了增译，把所有有用的信息铺陈在读者面前，方便读者理解;而霍克斯则尽量遵循原文，保留了琵琶半遮的美感，各有千秋。

　　鬓若刀裁：鬓发指的是脸颊靠近耳朵的头发，杨戴将它译成“hair above his temples(太阳穴)“，而霍译直接简化成hairline(发际线)，采取了模糊的翻译方式。如果日常翻译中遇到了拿捏不准的内容，不妨借鉴霍克斯的方法试一试。

　　鼻若悬胆：杨戴省去了这一句话，而霍译用shapely(形状美观的)代替了“悬胆“这个词。虽然文化信息被省略了，但从达意层面上是有利于读者理解的。

　　睛若秋波：秋波这个词也是中国特有的形容词，指秋风中的湖泊涟漪，形容眼神清澈。杨戴的autumn ripples体现了原意，霍克斯的limpid(清澈的，透明的) pools侧重了清澈。

　　风骚、情思：两版译文都选用了charm和feeling。

　　伍

　　

《红楼梦》

　　两弯似蹙非蹙笼烟眉，一双似喜非喜含情目。态生两靥之愁，娇袭一身之病。泪光点点，娇喘微微。闲静似娇花照水，行动如弱柳扶风。心较比干多一窍，病如西子胜三分。

　　译文：

　　Her dusky arched eyebrows were knitted and yet not frowning, her speaking eyes held both merriment and sorrow; her very frailty had charm. Her eyes sparkled with tears, her breath was soft and faint. In repose she was like a lovely flower mirrored in the water; in motion, a pliant willow swaying in the wind. She looked more sensitive than Bi Gan, more delicate than Xi Shi.(杨戴)

　　Her mist-wreathed brows at first seemed to frown, yet were not frowning;

　　Her passionate eyes at first seemed to smile, yet were not merry.

　　Habit had given a melancholy cast to her tender face;

　　Nature had bestowed a sickly constitution on her delicate frame.

　　Often the eyes swam with glistening tears;

　　Often the breath came in gentle gasps.

　　In stillness she made one think of a graceful flower reflected in the water;

　　In motion she called to mind tender willow shoots caressed by the wind.

　　She had more chambers in her heart than the martyred Bi Gan;

　　And suffered a tithe more pain in it than the beautiful Xi Shi.(霍克斯)

　　解析：

　　两版译文虽用词不同，但都算忠实完整地呈现了原文的描述。这里，英大想说说最后一句“心较比干多一窍，病如西子胜三分“的译文，比干和西子(西施)是中国古代的人物，如果要铺开讲需要很大的篇幅，两种译文都省去了对他们的解释。

　　那么要想准确传达文中的意思就需要在前文中多下功夫，这里英大很喜欢杨戴版本的处理。一贯秉承信息完整的杨戴在这句话的处理上撇开了异化，采取了归化的方式。用sensitive和delicate恰到好处地表现了林黛玉的两大特质：敏感、美丽。而霍译对读者的理解力和想象力都是不小的挑战。

　　中华文学博大精深，很多东西是不可译的，有些庆幸我们能享有这些精致而美丽的语言，有些遗憾不能把它们分享给更多人。感谢杨戴和霍克斯给出了如此磅礴的两个译本，让我们能学到更多。

　　这段宝黛初见乍一看没什么玄机，其实为后续的进展埋下了许多伏笔。林黛玉和贾宝玉的爱情源于木石前盟，他们一个是赤瑕宫神瑛侍者，另一个是西方灵河岸上三生石畔的绛珠仙草，长期以来，神瑛侍者一直用甘露灌溉这株仙草，使其修成女体。双双入凡间成了表兄妹，初见便似曾相识，别人只当是宝玉胡说，却不知道这是前世的缘分。

　　一个是阆苑仙葩，一个是美玉无瑕，可惜木石前盟没有比得过金玉良缘(贾宝玉和薛宝钗)，最后只能是水中月镜中花，一场悲剧。

 

2021年4月28日 17:06

 

 

29、双语美文：席慕蓉《一棵开花的树》等
　　

         A Blooming Tree

　　——by Xi Murong

　　一颗开花的树——席慕容

      May Buddha let us meet in my most beautiful hours,

　　I have prayed for it for five hundred years.

　　如何让你遇见我在我最美丽的时刻为这我已在佛前求了五百年

　　求佛让我们结下一段尘缘Buddha made me a tree

　　By the path you may take.

　　佛于是把我化做一棵树

　　长在你必经的路旁

　　In full blossoms I'm waiting in the sun

　　Every flower carrying my previous hope.

　　阳光下慎重地开满了花

　　朵朵都是我前世的盼望

　　As you are near,

　　Listen carefully

　　The quivering leaves are my waiting zeal,

　　当你走近

　　请你细听

　　那颤抖的叶是我等待的热情

　　As you pass by the tree without noticing me.

　　My friend,

　　Upon the ground behind you

　　Is not the fallen petals

　　But my withered heart.

　　而当你终于无视地走过在你身后落了一地的

　　朋友啊

　　那不是花瓣

　　那是我凋零的心

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　　《那些花儿》英文歌词翻译

　　‘Those Flowers’ is often sung at graduation anniversaries parties from elementary schools to universities.

　　一首《那些花儿》曾唱出无数学子毕业的心声。毕业了，离开了留下青春的土地。 那些荒唐搞笑、忧郁飞扬、无比快乐的时光一去不返，而那种放肆的幸福以后也不会再有了。用心记住每个人的样子，记得那青春的容颜，因为那里有我们生命中最美好的回忆和永恒的怀念。歌曲《那些花儿》，原唱朴树，收录于朴树1999年发行的首张个人专辑《我去2000年》中，曾作为2002年电影《那时花开》的片尾曲。许多歌手曾经翻唱过这首歌，比如范玮琪、王菲、马天宇、常安、李娜、刘惜君等。如果你有把握能够翻译得更好不妨添加日志或者贡献翻译稿哦!Pu Shu‘s version of ‘Those Flowers’

　　Lyrics: Pu Shu

　　Singer: Pu ShuLyrics (Original Chinese and English Translation):那片笑声让我想起 我的那些花儿

　　That laughter reminded of those flowers of mine在我生命每一个角落

　　in every corner of my life静静为我开着

　　quietly blooming for me我曾以为 我会永远 守在她身旁

　　I once thought I would always be by her side今天我们 已经离去

　　But today we have already parted在人海茫茫

　　lost in the sea of peopleCHORUS:她们都老了吧

　　They must have got older?她们在哪里呀

　　Where are they now?我们就这样 各自奔天涯

　　And like this, we each ran to the ends of the world啦啦啦啦 啦啦啦啦

　　Lalalala lalalala啦啦啦 想她

　　Lalala missing her啦啦啦啦 啦啦啦啦

　　Lalalala lalalala她还在开吗

　　Is she still blooming?啦啦啦啦 啦啦啦啦

　　Lalalala lalalala啦啦啦 去呀

　　Lalala go ahead她们已经 被风吹走

　　They have been blown away by the wind散落在天涯

　　scattered to the ends of the world有些故事 还没讲完

　　Some stories haven’t yet finished那就算了吧

　　but forget it那些心情 在岁月中 已经难辨真假

　　those thoughts and feelings, with the passage of time, are already difficult to identify如今这里 荒草丛生 没有了鲜花

　　Today this place is overgrown with weeds, the fresh flowers gone好在曾经 拥有你们的春秋和冬夏

　　fortunately it has previously witnessed the four seasons of your livesCHORUS她们已经被风吹走

　　They have been blown away by the wind散落在了天涯

　　scattered to the ends of the world她们都老了吧

　　They must have got older?她们在哪里呀

　　Where are they now?我们就这样 各自奔天涯

　　And like this, we each ran to the ends of the world

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　　欧美最具生命力的情歌：Crying In The Rain

　　歌曲：Crying In The Rain歌手：Carole King所属专辑：The Legendary Demos

   歌词：I'll never let you see

　　我永远不会让你看见

　　The way my broken heart is hurting me

　　我伤痕累累的心，怎样隐隐作痛

　　I've got my pride and I know how to hide

　　我还有自尊心，也知道如何掩藏

　　All the sorrow and pain

　　一切的悲伤和痛苦

　　I'll do my crying in the rain

　　我只会在雨中哭泣If I wait for cloudy skies

　　如果我等到阴云密布

　　You won't know the rain from the tears in my eyes

　　你就不会看见，在雨中我流下泪水

　　You'll never know that I still love you

　　你永远不会知道我仍然爱你

　　So though the heartaches remain

　　虽然心痛依旧

　　I'll do my crying in the rain

　　我只会在雨中哭泣Raindrops falling from heaven

　　天空中 雨滴点点坠落

　　Could never wash away my misery

　　雨水也无法洗去我的伤悲

　　But since we're not together

　　但因我们不会在一起

　　I'll wait for stormy weather

　　我会等来狂风暴雨时

　　To hide these tears I hope you'll never see

　　藏起眼泪 不愿让你看见Someday when my crying's done

　　等到有一天 我的泪水流尽

　　I'm gonna wear a smile and walk in the sun

　　我会面带笑容 走在阳光下

　　I may be a fool

　　我也许是个傻瓜

　　But till then, darling, you'll never see me complain

　　但在那之前 亲爱的 你绝不会见我抱怨

　　I'll do my crying in the rain

　　我只会在雨中哭泣

　　I'll do my crying in the rain

　　我只会在雨中哭泣

 

（来源：沪江英语）

2021年5月29日 18:46

 

 

30、法律英语翻译：法律翻译常用词汇注释(A-Z)

Ab initio

Ab initio是拉丁文，其意思是“自开始之时”或“从头开始”，可以直接翻译为“自始”。在法律英语中，ab initio的使用频率较高，比较常见。如：ab initio mundi（有史以来），void ad initio（自始无效）等。

Accord

accord在普通英语中的含义是符合，一致，在法律英语中则表示和解或和解协议，指指债务人和一个债权人达成的、以偿还部分债务免除全部债务责任的协议。如reach an accord达成和解协议，accord and satisfaction和解与清偿等。

Accused

被告 Accused通常指刑事案件的被告，民事诉讼的被告称为Defendant；而申索案件中的被索偿的一方称为Respondent（答辩人）。

Acquire

acquire在普通英语中的含义是获得，获取，而且通常指通过后天的努力获得。在法律英语中通常指对公司的购买，收购，我们通常所说的M&A，即是acquire的名词acquisition和merger的缩写。如The foreign investor has acquired more than 10 PRC domestic enterprises engaging in related industries within a year. 外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。

Acquittal

罪名不成立。刑事案件经审讯后，被告罪名不成立被释放，称为“The accused is acquitted”。Acquittal是名词。详见民法中和刑法中表达不同意思的“acquit”一文。

Act

act在普通英语中的含义是行动，行为，在法律英语中通常理解为作为，与不作为forbear相对应。如：Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Commission, direct the Commission to act or forbear from。

Action

act在普通英语中的含义是行动，在法律英语中则理解为诉讼，相当于suit或lawsuit，如initiate an action提起诉讼，win an action在诉讼中获胜，defend oneself in an action在诉讼中为自己辩护等。

Adjourn

休庭，押后 法庭在聆讯途中暂时休庭30分钟，称为“adjourned for 30 minutes”。如要将聆讯押后再排期重审，称为“adjourned to a date to be fixed”。

Admission

admission是admit的名词，在普通英语中的含义是承认或接纳。在法律英语中，则通常是法律程序中的一个用语，意思是采纳，采信（证据），如The defendant challenged the admission of the evidence by the court on the ground that the evidence was irrelevant.被告以证据没有相关性为由反对法院对其予以采信。

Adopt

adopt的最常见含义是采用，通过，如adopt a law通过一项法律，adopt a proposal采纳一个建议等，这种用法在法律英语中也较为常见。另外，adopt在法律英语中可能会用到一个含义是收养，如adopt an orphan according to law根据法律规定收养孤儿。

Affect

affect是普通英语中最常见最普通的单词之一，意思是影响，通常用在口语和非正式的场合中。但在法律英语，affect（本义没有改变，仍然是影响），确实非常正式的用法，通常不能用influence等单词替换。如The failure of either party at any time or times to require performance of any provision hereof shall in no manner affect its right at a later time to enforce the same．任何一方在任何时候未要求另一方履行本协议任一条款，并在不影响其以后强制执行该条款的权利。

Affidavit

誓章 以宗教仪式发誓后签署的书面证供称为Affidavit，而以真诚发誓所签署的证供称为Affirmation，两者的格式用词有些分别，但主要作用相同。

Affiliate

affiliate是法律英语的常见单词之一，意思是关联方，关联公司，也可以associate或connected person表示。如“Affiliate” means any person or company that directly or indirectly controls a Party or is directly or indirectly controlled by a Party，including a Party’s parent or subsidiary, or is under direct or indirect common control with such Party.“关联公司”指直接或间接控制一方(包括其母公司或子公司)或受一方直接或间接控制，或与该方共同受直接或间接控制的任何人或公司。

Agent

agent也是法律英语中常见单词之一，意思是代理人，代理商，通常指商业代理，如果指非商业性质的代理，如替别人出席会议等，则可用proxy。例：Nothing in this Agreement or in the performance of any of its provisions is intended or shall be construed to constitute either party an agent, 1egal representative, subsidiary，joint venturer，partner，employer，or employee of the other for any purpose whatsoever．参考译文：本协议的任何内容或本协议任何条款的履行，无意表示、亦不应被理解为任何一方为任何目的可以充当另一方的代理人、法定代表、子公司、合营方、合作伙伴、雇主或雇员。

Allegation

声称 诉讼陈词中未经证实的声言，例如：The Plaintiff alleged that his loss was due to the Defendant’s breach of contract，原告声称他的损失是被告违约所引致。Allegation是名词。

Applicable

applicable在法律英语中的意思是可适用的，如例句：If any one or more of the provisions contained in this Agreement or any document executed in connection herewith shall be invalid，illegal，or unenforceable in any respect under any applicable law, the provision/provisions shall be deemed to have been severed from this agreement.如果本协议或涉及本协议而签署的任何文件中某条或数条条款，根据任何适用法律在任何方面是无效的、不合法或不能强制执行的,视为该条款从本协议中删除。

A right of audience

发言权

Assault

殴打，侵犯 以武力侵犯他人的行为，称为Assault，一般性质的殴打，称为“Common Assault”；严重者称为Aggravated Assault；未经许可触摸他人身体，可以被控非礼，称为Indecent Assault。

As is

现状 “As is”意指“现状”。常用于物业买卖的合约中，指物业的现状。“The property is and will be sold on an “as is” basis …”即物业将会以其现状出售。又如deliver the house as is. 按照房屋的现状交付房屋。The software is provided as is.按软件现有状况提供软件等。

As of

as of 是“到…截止”或“在…时”的意思。有些中文参考书对“as of”含义的解释是不对的，它们把as of解释为从…开始，相当于since。“as of”具体使用和翻译方法请参见为什么“as of”的中文翻译常出错？一文

Asset

asset的含义是资产、财产，不仅包括动产，不动产，也包括可以动用的资源。如fixed asset固定资产，floating asset流动资产，Asset and capital verification 清产核资，asset management资产管理等。

Assign

assign是法律英语中常用单词之一，意思是转让，也可以指受让人,通常指权利的转让。如assign the rights to a third party。把权利转让个第三方。又如Without the prior express written consent of the Principal, the Agent may not assign this Agreement to any other party.未经委托方事先明确的书面同意，代理方不得将本协议转让给任何第三方。

Attach

attach在普通英语中的含义是依附，粘贴，在法律英语中指扣押财产。Attach the property扣押财产。Attachment order扣押令等。

B

Bail

保释 刑事案中的疑犯或被告，可以暂时被释放。保释可以是有条件的，也可以是无条件的。保释的条件包括缴交指定金额的保释金、提供人事担保及定时向警署报到等。

Balance of Probabilities

可能性较高者。这是民事案件中举证的标准，法庭对原告和被告所提出的证据，认为那一方的可信性较高，便会判处该方胜诉。相对刑事案而言，民事案中败诉的后果一般都只是经济利益，所以法庭对举证的要求，相对也较刑事案为低。

Bankrupt

bankrupt的意思是破产，既可以指单位也可以指个人破产。如go bankrupt破产，declare bankrupt宣布破产，adjudicate sb. Bankrupt判决某人破产等。

Beyond a reasonable doubt

无合理疑点。这是刑事案件中举证的标准，控方向法庭提出的证据，必须是在合理的情况下并无疑点，法庭才会判处被告有罪。刑事罪的后果对被告而言，较为严重，举证标准的要求也因此而较民事案严格，如果法庭认为证据有任何疑点，都会将疑点的利益“benefit of doubt”归于被告。具体翻译可参见刑事诉讼中的“beyond a reasonable doubt”该如何翻译一文。

Bind

bind在普通英语中的含义是包扎，粘合。在法律英语中含义是约束，对…产生约束力。如the agreement binds all the parties to it协议对各方均有约束力，bind sb. to do使某人负有做…事情的义务等。具体用法参见怎样把“bind”一词“约束”好？一文

Binding

有约束力的 “binding”通常的解释是连结一起，但法律上则多用作有约束力的，例如：This provisional agreement is a binding contract。这份临时协议是有法律约束力的。

Board of directors/supervisors

board of directors/supervisors分别为董事会和监事会，是公司的重要权力或监督机构。Board在法律英语中的含义是委员会，如果没有特别说明，一般指董事会，如果是单独的董事、监事，可以分别以director和supervisor表示。

Body Corporation

法人团体 经法律程序而产生具有与自然人相同法律地位的组织，例如：根据公司条例注册成立的有限公司Limited Company，可以拥有资产，可以向外借贷，可以提出控诉，也可以被申索。法人团体没有自然的死亡因素，所以必须经法律程序才可以将它消除。

Breach

breach的意思是违反，侵犯，通常指违反合同、协议等。如If Party A materially breaches this Contract，Party B or its successor in interest is entitled to terminate this Contract or claim damages for the breach of contract．如果甲方实质性违反本合同，乙方或其权益承继人有权终止本合同或要求得到损害赔偿。

Burden of Proof

举证责任 无论是刑事或民事案件，提出控诉的一方，都负有举证的责任，即是向法庭提出证据，支持控诉和申索的事由。虽然在一般的情况下，向法庭举证是主控和原告的责任，但如果被告在刑事案中被法庭判罪之后，再被受害人以民事追讨赔偿，则在有关的民事诉讼中，如果被告否认他对受害人的损失需要负上赔偿的责任，被告便有责任向法庭举证，支持他的抗辩。

C

Call

call在普通英语中意思是呼唤，召集，如call the board meeting 召集董事会。另外在法律英语中通常为催促，催款。如The seller issued a notice of call to the buyer to urge the buyer to pay off the balance of the amount due and owing to seller.卖方向卖方发出催款通知，要求买方向卖方支付已到期尚未支付的账款余额。

Capital

capital是法律英语中的常见单词，意思是资本，如current capital流动资本，authorized capital授权资本，capital reserve资本公积，capital investment资本投资等。
　　
Cause of Action

诉讼理由 提出诉讼，必须要有合理的事实根据，缺乏合理的诉讼理由，对方不但可以向法庭请求剔除有关的诉讼，同时可以要求赔偿浪费了的律师费及其它费用。

Caution

警诫词。执法人员（警察及海关人员等）在拘捕疑犯时，提醒疑犯保持缄默的权利的警告说话。执法人员在没有给予疑犯警诫词的情况下所录取的供词，可能不会被法庭接纳为有效的证供。

Certified Copy

核证副本。指经律师或其它合资格人士核证的文件副本，核证副本都有核证人的签署和核证日期，以确认该副本进行了核证，除特别声明必须用文件正本的情况外，核证副本一般都视为有效的文件。

Chamber

办公室。诉讼律师和法官的办公室，称为“Chamber”。诉讼程序中有部份的聆讯是在法官的办公室中进行的，称为内庭聆讯”hearing in chambers”，内庭聆讯只准许当事人及其法律代表出席。

Charge

收费，控罪，抵押，押记 Charge可以是名词，也可以是动词，它包含了多个不同的解释：1. 是提供服务的收费，例：Legal Charge 律师收费；2. 是刑事控罪，例：This case has more than one charge 这案件包含多于一项的控罪；3. 是借贷的抵押，例：The company charged its property for the loan 这间公司以其物业作为借款的抵押；4. 是对法定债务人的物业的押记，用以偿还有关的法定债务。

Circumstance

circumstance在普通英语中指环境，情景。在法律英语中指法官予以定罪量刑的情节等。如aggravating/mitigating circumstance加重/减轻情节，legal circumstance法定情节等。

Claim

claim在法律英语中的意思是索赔，诉求，既可以作名词，也可以作动词。如claim damages要求损害赔偿金，claim on the insurance 进行保险索赔，reject a claim拒绝一项索赔请求等。

Communication

communication在这里不是抽象意义的交流，沟通，而是商业往来中的具体讯息，书信，包括来往函电，信件信件等。如Notices or other communications required to be given by one Party pursuant to this Agreement shall be written in Chinese.一方根据本协议要求发出的通知或其他书信应以中文书写。

Company

company是法律英语翻译中最常用的单词之一，意思是公司，如controlling/holding company 控股公司，parent company母公司，limited liability company有限责任公司，company limited by shares 股份有限公司，listed company上市公司等。

Composition

composition在普通英语中的常见意思为作文，结构，在法律英语中的意思为和解协议，指债务人与全部或至少相当一部分债权人达成的此类协议。如In case a settlement agreement is reached through conciliation between the debtor and creditors, the court shall make a decision in accordance with the contents of the composition reached by and between both parties.经债务人和债权人经调解达成和解协议的案件，法院应当根据双方当事人和解协议的内容，作出判决。

Concession

concession指（政府授予的）特许权，特许经营权，如BOT project concession period consists of two parts: concession period limit and concession period length. BOT项目特许权转让协议中有关特许期的约定涉及两部分内容，包括特许期限定和特许期长度。

Concurrent Sentence

合并判决。刑事案中的被告犯了两项或以上的罪名同时成立，但各项罪名的判刑同时执行，例如第一项罪的判刑是一年监禁，而第二项罪的判刑是监禁两年，两项罪合并判决，被告只需要被服刑两年。

Confidential

confidential是法律英语中的常用词汇，意思是保密的，机密的，相当于secret，但一般不能用secret替换。如Each party agrees to protect the other’s Confidential Information at all times and in the same manner as each protects the confidentiality of its own proprietary and confidential materials．各方同意，在任何时候都以保护自身专有资料和机密资料相同的方式保护另一方的机密信息。

Consecutive Sentence

连续判决。刑事案中的被告所犯的不同罪行，是以连续判决执行，则被告需要分别服刑，例如一项罪被判了两年，另一项罪则被判了三年，被告便需要连续服刑五年，才会被释放。

Consideration

对价，约因 合约是订约方自愿建立的法律关系，是一方以有价值的代价或者承诺以换取对方的承诺或代价，这些合约中的承诺或代价称为对价或约因，缺乏有效的对价或约因，合约便不能成立。如Party A agrees to pay RMB 5000yuan in consideration for the service rendered by Party B.甲方同意支付5000元人民币作为乙方提供服务的对价。

Consolidation

consolidation也是法律英语中的一个重要词组，意思是合并，兼并，即若各干企业合并成一个新企业，原企业解散，亦即新设合并，如Neither Party may assign this Agreement, in whole or in part, without the other Party’s prior written consent, expect to any corporation resulting from any merger, consolidation or other reorganization involving the assigning Party.任何一方未经另一方事先书面同意，不得转让本协议的全部或部分，除非转让给涉及转让方的因兼并、合并或其他重组而产生的任何公司。

Construction

construction在普通英语中的最常见含义是“建设，构建”，“construction of the country”（国家建设）。在法律英语中，construction也有一个常见含义，即“解释”通常指对法律、条例、判决或其他法律规范的含义和适用所作的说明，相当于interpretation。如construction of the contract in accordance with the law（根据法律规定解释合同），strict construction of the law（对法律的严格解释）等。我们在使用时要注意区分，不能看到construction就当做“建设”理解。

Construe

construe是法律英语中的重要单词，意思是解释，即对法律、合同等法律文件的内容作出解释，与interpret意思相同。如A waiver by one of the parties at any time of a breach of any term or provision of this Agreement committed by the other party shall not be construed as a waiver by such party of any subsequent breach to be committed by the other party.一方在任何时候放弃追究另一方违反本协议任何条款或规定的行为，不应被视为该一方放弃追究另一方以后的违约行为。

Contempt of Court

藐视法庭 是一种严重的罪行，可以被判罚款或监禁。藐视法庭包括不遵守法庭命令、违反对法庭作出的承诺，妨碍司法公正等行为。

contribution

contribution是公司法中常用的一个单词，意思是出资，不同于其在普通英语中的意思（贡献、投稿、捐赠），如When a Party (the “Disposing Party”) wishes to transfer all or part of its registered capital contribution to a third party, it shall provide a written notice (the “Notice”) to the other Party (the “Non-Disposing Party”).一方（“转让方”）欲将其全部或部分注册资本出资额转让给第三方时，应向另一方（“非转让方”）提供书面通知（“通知”）。

Contributory Negligence

共同过失。意外中的伤者对意外的造成及他自己的受伤程度，需要分担部份疏忽的责任，他所获得的赔偿额也会相对地减少。

Copyright

版权。是作者对他所创作的作品的发表、翻印、复制等专有权利，版权在作品完成后便自动产生及受法律保护，毋须经过任何注册程序，但必须为原创作品才拥有版权。

Counterclaim

反申索，反诉。在民事诉讼中，被告对原告作出申索，而该申索的事实和理据与原告的申索是有关连的，反申索是一项独立的申索，所以原告必须对反申索作出适当的响应，例如进行抗辩等。

Creation

creation有两个意思，一个创造，通常出现在有关知识产权的法律中，如invention and creation发明创造。另一个意思是创设，通常指权利的设定，如The effect of all this is that, on the creation and sale of the Bankers’ Acceptance, the Borrower receives a sum of money and, on the later maturity date, the Borrower pays back a slightly higher sum of money. 全部这种做法的效果在于，在设立和售出银行承兑时，借方收到一笔钱款，而在以后的到期日，借方付还一笔略高的钱款。

Customs

很多人望文生义，看到这个单词，直接把它理解成为“风俗，惯例”，而忽略了其形式是复数。Custom在法律英语中有“惯例、惯例法”的意思，如custom and usage（惯例、习惯法）。但Customs用作复数时，在法律英语中指海关，如customs declaration（报关），customs duty （关税，有时候也可以直接用customs表示关税），customs officer（海关官员等）。

Custody

保管，监护，拘留 一般而言，Custody这个名词是指对对象的保管或拥有，但在家事法中，Custody of Children 是指对未成年子女的监护权；而在刑事案件中，则指对被告的拘留。

Damages

damages在法律英语中表示损害赔偿金，要注意用的是复数形式，如果用单数，则表示损害。如incidental damages 附带损害consequential damages 间接损害claim damages for the breach of contract．因违约要损害赔偿金等。

Debenture

debenture的意思是债券，通常指的是无担保债券。如bank debenture 金融债券 bearer debenture 不记名债券 coupon bank debenture 附息票金融债券 customs debenture 海关退税凭单等。

Declaration

declaration在法律英语中常用作申报，如customs declaration报关，export declaration出口申报，income tax declaration个税申报等。

Decree

法庭判令。法庭聆讯后所作出的判令，可以分成暂时性判令“decree nisi” 和永久性判令 “decree absolute”，常见于离婚呈请的程序。一般而言，法庭颁出decree nisi后，在指定的期限过后，除非收到反对，否则都会颁出永久判令。

Deed

契约。是一种特别的合约，须要经过当事人签署、盖章并送交对方才算有效，契约上的盖章在法律上被视为一种有效的约因。

Defamation

诽谤。非法破坏他人名誉的行为，口头的毁谤和以书面的永久形式诽谤都可以构成民事索偿的理据或者刑事罪行。

Defence

抗辩。刑事或民事案件中的被告，否认有关的指控或申索，同时提出反对的支持事实。

Delegate

delegate在法律英语中的意思是转让，通常指义务的转让，如：In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter “China”), the consent of the creditors shall be obtained for the delegation of obligations to become effective.根据中华人民共和国（以下称“中国”）法律，义务的转让须取得债权人的同意方可生效。

Dependant

受养人。是指某人的某些家庭成员，需要依靠这个人提供的经济来支持生活，如果这个人因意外死亡，他的受养人因而遭受损失，是有权追究责任，要求赔偿有关的损失。

Discharge　　

discharge在法律英语中的常用含义有两个：①履行，侧重于对具体义务的履行，相当于fulfill，如 He discharged his obligations after the call of the creditors。他在债权人的督促下，才履行了自己的义务。②免除，即免除他人的义务或债务。His liability to pay the loan to the bank was discharged due to his bankruptcy。他对银行的借款偿还义务因其破产而免除。从上面两个例子可以看出，discharge的两个含义是截然相反的，因此，我们在理解和翻译它的含义时，应当放到上下文中，不能望文生义。一般来说，如果主语是自己（如例证1），就理解为履行，动作由别人发出（如例证2），则理解为免除。

Disclaimer

弃权，否认。是指某人愿意放弃法律上的某项权益，如果这项权益是以书面确认，则这份文件称为Disclaimer。此外，也可以是指对某个声称或指控作出否认的行为。

Discovery

discovery在法律英语中指的不是发现，而是证据的开始，是英美法中审判程序的一个环节，通常为evidence discovery，也叫evidence disclosure.

Discovery of documents

披露文件。在民事诉讼的程序中，原告和被告都需要向法庭及对方披露其所持有关于该案件的所有文件，基于公平、公开和公正的法律原则，是“所有与案有关的文件”都需要披露，而不是只披露对自己有利的文件。

Discretion

discretion在法律英语中的意思是裁量权，自由决定权。如Either party may, at its sole discretion, assign the whole or any part of the contract or any benefit or interest in or under the contract, provided a prior notice of the same shall be given to the other party.合同的任何一方都可以自行决定全部或部分转让本合同，或转让本合同项下的利益和权益，但应提前通知合同另一方。

Dissolution

dissolution通常指（公司等）解散，如The JVC becomes bankrupt or is the subject of proceedings for liquidation or dissolution by reason of insolvency or ceases to carry on business or becomes unable to pay its debts as they become due.合营公司破产，或因资不抵债而进入清算程序或解散，或终止其业务，或无力偿付到期债务。

Distraint

封租。租客拖欠租金，业主可以根据租约条文向法庭请求封租令，将租客留在物业中的物品充公拍卖，偿还所拖欠的租金和封租的费用。

Distress

distress在法律英语中的常用意义为扣押物，如abuse the distress滥用扣押物，distress sale扣押物出售等。

Domicile

住所。是一个人定居的地方，[住所]与[居所]不同，每一个人只可以有一个住所，但却可以多于一个居所，住所可以是以出生地为住所，也可以自行选择移居的住所，也可以是法律界定的住所。

Draft

draft在法律英语中通常有两个含义，一个是起草，如draft a law起草法律，draft a contract起草合同等。另一个意思是汇票，如承兑汇票也可以是honor a draft，开具汇票可以说是issue a draft等。

Due

due 在法律英语中的常用含义为债权债务的到期等，如Upon expiration or termination of this Agreement, Distributor shall immediately cease to be a Supplier distributor and all monies then owed to either party hereunder shall become immediately due and payable notwithstanding any credit terms previously made available to Distributor. 参考译文：本协议到期或终止时，经销商作为“供应方”经销商的身份应立即终止，即使经销商被明确允许赊销付款，双方的欠款也均应即时得到清偿。

E

Effective

effective在法律英语中的常见含义是有效的，生效的，如Notices given by personal delivery shall be deemed effective on the date of personal delivery，provided that receipt shall be acknowledged in writing by the receiving party.通知在专人送达之日视为生效，但收件方应书面确认已收到通知。

Encumbrance

encumbrance 在法律英语中的意思是财产或权利负担，包括担保，租赁，扣押等。如“Encumbrances”include any option，right to acquire，right of preemption，mortgage，charge，pledge，lien，hypothecation, title creation，right of set-off，counterclaim，trust arrangement or other security or any equity or restriction (including any relevant restriction imposed under the relevant law)．“权利负担”包括期权、收购权、优先权、抵押、押记、质押、留置、押汇、所有权的产生、抵付权、反诉、信托安排或其他担保、或股权、限制(包括有关法律规定的任何有关限制)。

Enforce

enforce在法律英语中的意思是执行，通常指依靠法律的强制力强制执行等。如The failure of either party to require performance of any provision hereof shall not affect its right at a later time to enforce the same.。任何一方未要求另一方履行本协议任一条款，并在不影响其以后强制执行该条款的权利。

Engagement

engagement的通常含义是从事，在法律英语中的特殊含义是聘用，相当于retain，如 Either party has the right to terminate the engagement by providing written notification to the other party. The engagement shall be deemed terminated once either party has received notice of termination.任何一方都有权在向对方发出书面通知后终止本聘用协议，聘用在另一方收到终止通知后即视为终止。

Enter into

enter into仅仅用在法律英语中，且通常在合同中出现，表示合同的订力。如The contract is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B in Shanghai.合同由甲乙双方于上海订立。

Entrust

entrust的含义是委托、信托。如entrust loan委托贷款，entrust lease 委托租赁，entrust the property to a fund把财产委托给基金进行管理等。

Equity

equity的意思是股权，既不同于股票，也不同于出资，而是股票或出资所代表的权益，如equity interest权益，equity transfer agreement股权转让协议，private equity非上市公司的股权等。

Estoppel

不可反言。是“Stop”的意思，法律上不容许否认经已作出的行为，或者不容许引申某项违反公平原则的争辩。

Exclusive

exclusive是法律英语中出现频率较高的一个单词，意思是专有的、独享的，如exclusive agent独家代理商，exclusive jurisdiction专属管辖权，exclusive contract专买或专卖合同，exclusive license排他性许可，exclusive right等。

Execute

execute是法律英语中常用也是比较容易出错的单词，通常理解为合同的签订等。如the contract shall take effect upon its execution 合同自签订之日起生效。很多人容易把它理解为执行，这是错误的。但execution的确有执行、履行的意思，如果它与表示一段的时间状语连用，那肯定是执行、履行的意思，如in the course of the execution of the contract在合同履行过程中。

Ex Parte

单方。在公平的原则下，诉讼的程序一般都是以双方“Inter Parte”形式进行，即是与讼双方同时有机会向法庭作出申辩。但在某些特殊的情况下，例如对申请人有人身或财物安全的迫胁，或者不让对方有机会毁灭证据等，是可以容许以单方形式进行。例如以单方传票向法庭申请禁制令，禁止对方将子女擅自携离香港。

F

False Imprisonment

非法禁锢。非法禁锢是一种刑事罪行，也是一种侵权行为，不单是指将受害人拘禁的行为，同时是指无合法理由而禁止他人自由离开的行为。触犯非法禁锢罪行，可以被警方控诉，也可以被受害人追讨赔偿损失。

Fiduciary Duty

诚信责任。公司董事和受托人等，因为其身处位置，对委托人或有关的受益人都负有诚信的责任，基本上，诚信责任就是不能以位或权而谋私，凡事均以委托人的利益为前题。

Financing

financing的意思是融资，不是金融（finance），也不是形容词经济的（financial），注意把三个单词区分开来。如project financing项目融资，financing manager融资经理，financing decision-making融资决策等。

Forthwith

forthwith在法律英语中的含义是立即，马上，相当于immediately，但由于法律英语文体的庄重性，一般不用immediately替换。如During the valid term of this Agreement，if any party changes its address at any time it shall forthwith notify the other party in writing of such change．在本协议有效期内，若任何一方在任何时候变更其地址，应立即书面通知另一方。又如：The outstanding sum should be settled forthwith. 应该立即清还所欠的款项。其实，所谓立即，可以理解为最短的合理时间。

Frivolous

琐屑无聊。民事诉讼中原告的申索理由，或者被告的抗辩理据，如果是Frivolous 琐屑无聊，对方可以根据高等法院规则向法庭申请，将该申索或抗辩剔除，并索取诉讼费。

Futures

futures也可以称得上是一个经济词汇，其含义是期货。对于这个单词，比较容易望文生义理解成“未来”，而忽略了其复数形式。这个词的复数形式在法律英语中表示期货，即买卖双方约定在将来某一时间交割的商品或证券、外汇等，如futures sales（期货交易），futures contract（期货合同），futures market（期货市场）等。另外，futures本身单独使用也可以指期货合同。

G

Garnishee

第三债务 是法定债务人的债权，例如在银行中的存款，出租楼宇所得的租金等。如果败诉的一方，并没有依照法庭判令对另一方作出赔偿，胜诉一方便可以向败诉方的第三债务发出扣记令，要求从该第三债务中取得获判的赔偿。

Grace

grace是法律和经济等专业英语中用的都较多的一个单词，意思是（还款）宽限期，如day of grace, grace period宽限期等。

Guarantee

保证 保证人(Guarantor)承诺当某人不作出某指定的行为时，例如不依期还款，便负责赔偿受保证人的损失。保证一般都会以书面并以契约形式订立，称为Deed of Guarantee。

H

Hearing

聆讯。案件在公开审讯前，法庭进行的各项中途聆听与讼各方的申请或陈述，聆讯一般都在内庭形式进行，与案无关人士不得列席。

Hearsay evidence

传闻证据。不是证人从亲身经历而得的证据，只是听取其它人的转述，或者呈交由他人制定的文件，例如收费单据等。

Hereby

古英语中较为典型的一个，表示“在此，兹”，如we hereby reaches this agreement 我们谨达成如下本协议，With all that stated, we hereby advise as follows通过对以上事实的说明，我们提出如下建议….

Honor

honor 通常用在票据法中，表示对票据的承兑，如all the instruments to be consistent with one another to be honored所有的票据都要彼此符合才能得到承兑，honor a bill承兑汇票等。

I

Implied term

默示条款。在合约中并没有明文订立的条款，但因为事实的需要，法例的规定或者有关行业的惯例，在合约中暗含的条款。例如在雇佣合约中，虽然没有订明雇员必须尽忠职守，勤力工作，但其实这些条件，经已默示在合约当中，被视为有效的条款。

Indemnify

indemnify是法律英语尤其是合同中一个常用单词，意思是补偿、赔偿，比compensate（补偿）的含义要广泛。如Each party shall indemnify the other from any and all losses that may arise out of breach by such party of any of the warranties set forth in this Article.一方如果违反其在本条中的任何保证而使另一方发生损失，应向损失方做出赔偿。

Infant/minor

infant的一般含义是婴儿，但在法律英语中表示未成年人，相当于minor。如the contract made by the an infant is voidable in accordance with the Chinese law.

Information

information在法律英语中的基本意思是“诉讼”、“控告”，它常被翻译为“检察官起诉书”或“检察机关的起诉书”，有别于“公诉书”（indictment）及“大陪审团起诉报告”（presentment）等。注意：这里的information是可数名词。

Infringement

侵犯权利。 一般指侵犯了他人的民事权利，多用于知识产权的侵占行为。例：Using a registered trade mark without its owner’s permission is a serious infringement of the owner’s proprietary right. 盗用他人注册商标是一项严重的侵犯权利行为。

Injunction

禁制令。禁制令是法庭颁下禁止某项行为或不行为，受禁人必须遵从命令的指示，例如不可以接近某人等，或者清除所有非法僭建物等，不理会禁制令等于是藐视法庭，可以被判罚款甚至监禁。

In question

under consideration; being discussed about 即“在考虑中的或议论中的”某事、某问题，可译成“这”或“该”, 比如“该事项”, 可译为“the matter in question”,这是合同中常用的专业词组。

Instrument

文书，文件。处理法律事务及作为证据的文件，例如股份转让时用的转让文书(Instrument of Transfer)。

Inter alia

其它以外。在法律文件书信中，经常会出现这个拉丁词，意思是在“当中列出这一项”，即是尚有其它事项。

Interim order

暂时命令。指在诉讼过程中暂时性的命令，例如在离婚呈请中法庭所颁下的暂时性赡养费令 (Interim Maintenance Order)，在案件审理后，法庭再判定永久性命令，以取代该暂时性命令。

Interlocutory

中途的指令。法庭在诉讼过程中发出的指令，例如指定双方在14天内交换文件清单，或者批准其中一方申请延期将文件送交法庭存盘等。

Intestacy

无遗嘱。逝世后没有留下遗嘱，死者的遗产便须要按照<<无遗嘱者遗产条例>>分配，但在进行遗产分配之前，在该条例中指明合资格的人，应先向高等法院的遗产承办处申请成为死者的遗产承办人(Administrator)，然后负责分配死者的遗产。

Intra vires

权力以内。得到授权行事，必须在权力范围以内进行，才算是合法的行为，并没有得到授权而进行的事项，都属于权力以外( ultra vivres)。

Ipso facto

事实使然。单以行为或事实本身所产生的效果，便已经可以对事情作出判断。

Issue

发出，争论点，子嗣。Issue可以作多方面的解释，例如:

1. 发出，签发：This writ was issued more than one year. 这份传票是在1年多以前发出的，issue an order签发命令，issue a notice签发通知，issue stock发行证券，issue a draft开具汇票等。

2. 争论点：The issue of this action is the date of the contract.这案件的争论点是合约的日期，issue at/in law 法律上的争点，issue of fact事实上的争点等。

3. 子嗣：None of his issues will be benefited from his estate.他的子嗣都不会在其遗产中得益。

J

Joint and several

joint and several是一个常用词组，意思是连带的，如joint and several liability连带责任，又如a warranty，representation，undertaking, indemnity, covenant or agreement on the part of two or more persons binds them jointly and severally. 两人或两人以上对其所作的保证、陈述、承诺、赔偿、约定或协议负有连带责任。

Joint tenancy

联权。两人共同拥有一项物业，可以以联权的形式拥有，亦可以以分权的形式(Tenancy in Common) 拥有。联权拥有物业，一般人称为“长命契”，联权形式是双方共同拥有物业的全部，当其中一方逝世后，剩余的一方便独自拥有该物业。

K

Kickback

Kickback在法律英语中是“回扣”的意思，是指将已经收取的款项作部分返还，尤指采取秘密方式或强迫而为之。 如：Bribes and kickbacks are unlawful. 贿赂和回扣是非法的。

King’s peace

可译为“国王和平”或“公共秩序”，是英国法中历史内涵丰富的术语。例：Though King, son and grandson, were all died in one day, still the King’s peace should hold over all England. 虽然国王及国王的子孙都将在某天死去，而国王和平将在全英格兰继续！

Knowledge

Knowledge是名词，在法律英语中有着特定的含义。它的意思是“知道，明知”，即对某一事实或情况的认识。反义词是ignorance（不知）。

L

Lapse

失去时效。在商议的过程中，所给予考虑的时限过后，有关的提议也失去了效力。例：This offer will be lapsed automatically after the time limit. 这项要约在期限过后，便会自动失效。

Leave

许可。Leave这个词一般解作“离去”，但法律上则用作为法庭的许可，例：It is necessary to seek the Court’s leave to file a document out of time. 时限过后，必须得到法庭的许可才可以将文件存盘。

Letter

letter是法律英语中常见的一个单词，可以作为信函的意思，如comfort letter 安慰函（政府或公司律师出具的证明公司良好的证明），attorney letter律师函，但更多的时候，letter应当理解为…书，如Engagement letter聘用书，conformation letter确认书, letter of intent意向书，letter of compliance符合规定证明等。

Liability

释义：liability的意思是责任，通常指因违反法律或合同规定的义务而导致的民事责任。如legal liability法律责任，contractual liability合同责任等。Liability的形容词是liable，通常用在be liable to do 或be liable to sb for sth 结构中，如“Face Amount” means in respect of a BA Instrument, the amount payable to the holder on its maturity, and in respect of a Documentary Credit, the maximum amount which the issuing Person is contingently liable to pay to the Beneficiary.“票面金额”对银行承兑汇票而言，指到期时应付持票人的金额，对跟单信用证而言，指发行人可能应付受益人的最大金额。

Lien

lien是法律英语中的一个专门用于，意思是留置，但有时在法律文件中可能会对其含义作出扩大性的定义，如“Lien” means any mortgage, charge, pledge, hypothecation, security interest, assignment, encumbrance, lien (statutory or otherwise), title retention agreement or arrangement, restrictive covenant or other encumbrance of any nature or any other arrangement or condition that in substance secures payment or performance of an obligation.“留置权”指本质上保证清偿或履行债务的任何抵押、担保、出质、质押、担保物权、让与、债务负担、留置（法定或其它方式的）、保留所有权协议或安排、限制性约定或任何性质的其它债务负担或任何其它安排或条件。

Limitation

释义：limitation的常用含义是限制，如责任限制，可以说是limitation of liability。Limitation在法律英语中的特殊含义是时效，如lapse of limitation已过时效等。

Limitation period

时限。民事申索案件，一般都有一个指定的时限，时限过后，必须要得到法庭的特别批准，才可以进行有关的申索或者程序。一般的合约纠纷时限为6年，但涉及契约的纠纷则有12年时限，雇员工伤索偿的时限是由意外发生日起的两年内进行，而其它受伤索偿的时限则有3年。

Liquidated damages

定额赔偿。民事诉讼中原告所申索的赔偿是一个指定的数额，当被告收到了传票后，如果他照该指定赔偿额付款给原告，原告便再没有申索的理据，案件也就因此而完结。

Liquidation

liquidation 在法律英语中通常指企业的清算，如If a receiver, manager or other custodian (interim or permanent) of the Collateral or any part thereof is appointed by private instrument or by court order, if any execution, winding up, liquidation, sequestration, extent or other process of any court becomes enforceable against of with respect to the Debtor or the Collateral or any part thereof, or if distress or analogous process is made against the Collateral or any part thereof.如果根据私下协议或法院命令，对“担保物”或其任何部分任命了接管人、管理人或其它保管人（暂时或永久的），或如果任何法院对“债务人”或“担保物”或其任何部分的任何执行、倒闭、清算、扣押、扣留或其它处分成为可执行的，或如果对“担保物”或其任何部分提起扣押或类似处分。

list

list在法律英语中通常指股票的上市，如listed company上市公司，listing shares上市股票等。

Listing

案件排期 案件发展至进行审讯的阶段，便可以向法庭申请将案件排期审讯，案件可以在固定名册中排期，也可以在浮动名册中排期。

M

Maintenance

供养，赡养费。 一个人向另一个人提供经济给予的行为，称为供养。而在家事法上，对子女配偶提供的生活费用，称为赡养费。

material

material在法律英语中常常作为形容词使用，意思是实质性的，如If Party B materially breaches this Contract，Party A is entitled to request Party B，by issuing a written notice，to redress the breach within fifteen(15)days upon receiving such notice．如果乙方实质性违反本合同，甲方经发出书面通知，有权要求乙方在收到书面通知后十五(15)天内改正违约行为。如果乙方在十五(15)天期限内未予改正，甲方则有权解除合同并要求得到违约赔偿。

Mature

mature在法律英语中通常指债务、票据等到期，可用作动词，也可用作形容词。如The Term Loan Facility will mature on the fifth anniversary of the date of the Credit Agreement. “定期贷款服务”在贷款协议生效日的第五个周年到期。

May

may是法律英语中常用的一个情态动词，表示可以或允许做某事，一般不能用can替换。如Neither Party may assign this Agreement, in whole or in part, without the other Party’s prior written consent.任何一方未经另一方事先书面同意，不得转让本协议的全部或部分。另外，在表示“应当、必须”时，一般都用shall表示，这是不能把shall当成是第一人称的将来时态，也不能用表示道德意思的应当should来替换。如Party A shall maintain the confidential information herein甲方应当对此处的保密信息保密。

merger

merger的意思是合并，与consolidation不同，merger指其中一公司解散，另一公司存在，即吸收合并，如The Borrower shall not (and shall ensure that no other member of the Group will) enter into any amalgamation, demerger, merger or corporate reconstruction without the prior written consent of the Lender.未经出借方的书面同意，借款方不得（并保证集团内的其他任何成员不得）进行任何合并、中止合并、兼并或公司重组。

Merits

法律理据。诉讼案件中的事实，致令原告作为提出控诉的法律依据，或者作为被告抗辩的理由。

Mesne profits

代租金。租客不依期缴交租金，业主可以就租客的违约行为取消有关的租约，追讨拖欠的租金，如果租客在业主取消租约后，仍然占用有关楼宇，业主可以追讨相等于租金数额的代租金，作为租客非法占用楼宇的赔偿。

Misappropriation

挪用。未经物主同意，擅自取用他人的对象或金钱的行为，如果有证据显示挪用者有意永久占有该对象，则挪用者的行为属于盗窃。

Mitigation

轻判，减低。

1. 刑事案中的被告请求法庭轻判其罪行，法庭会视乎被告是否有犯罪记录，家庭背景，是否对所犯罪行表示悔意等而作出适量的判刑。

2. 在索偿的民事诉讼中，虽然被告有责任赔偿原告的损失，但原告也有责任将损失减低。

N

Natural child

子女。 natural child泛指亲生子女，但可以是婚生(legitimate)又或是非婚生的(illegitimate)。

Negligence

忽、怠慢。这个字很多时用在专业人士身上，主要针对专业人士并没有根据他们的专业操守、行为，而作出适当的做法，至使他们的客户因此而蒙受损失。

Next friend

诉讼保护人。有这个保护人出现，主要是因为诉讼人为未成年人或是病人，而需要由这个诉讼保护人来代表。

Nolle presequi

不起诉。enters a nolle prosequi即提出中止起诉，是原告人对被告人的承诺，中止对被告人的起诉。有别于民事案件，在刑事案件中，就算律政司提出中止起诉，并不等同被告不会因同一罪名而再受捡控。

Non est factum

这不是我所签署的。Non est factum很多时候是作为被告的辩词，声称被告没有签署文件，又或被告签署文件的时候并不知道文件的内容，所以non est factum的英文解释是it is not my deed。

Notice to quit

迁出通知书。在业主与租客的关系上，无论任何一方均可将通知书派送对方，作为中止租约例内的时间限制。而租客的迁出通知书亦不可以用作中途中止租约，除非相方同意或租约有条款列明。

Nullity of Marriage

判决婚姻无效。在法例上的某些规限，以判决婚姻无效，这个判决，可以是男方的性无能又或女方自结婚以来一直以理由拒绝与男方相好。若法庭判决婚姻无效，双方的婚姻情况便属于未婚，而不是离婚。

O

Obiter dictum

法官裁判时发表之附带意见。是法官判案时所发表的一些附带的意见，不会影响案件的最后判决。

Obligation

obligation泛指所有的民事法律义务或责任，如rights and obligations 权利义务，delegation of obligations义务的转让等。也可以指具体的义务，如The reimbursement obligation of the Borrower under any Documentary Credit shall be unconditional and irrevocable and shall be paid strictly in accordance with the terms of this Agreement under all circumstances.借方对任何跟单信用证的偿还义务应是无条件和不可撤消的，并且在任何情况下均应严格按照本协议的条款支付。

Office

在法律英语中指的不是具体的办公室，而是泛指办公地点，如head office 总部，registered office 注册地，office manager办公室经理等。

Officer

officer在法律英语中，尤其在指代公司等人员时，通常指的是公司的高级管理人员，相当于executive或senior management，不能机械的理解为官员。

Official Receiver

破产清判官。是政府的一个职位。专责处理破产或公司清盘事宜。其办公室处于香港金钟道政府合署十楼。

Onus of proof

举证责任。详情可见Burden of Proof。

Open Contract

条件未完全的合约。合约的订立，有很多组成的部份，除了基本的合约订立人、合约年期、合约模式及双方责任等，但若合约缺少了例如双方执行的时间等，便可以称为未完全的合约。(合约订立详情，请参阅法律常识版)。

Option

option是法律英语中用的较多一个词，一个意思是选择，相当于choice，但一般不能用choice 替换。另外一个是期权，是法律英语中的特有含义。如Issue or permit any of its Restricted Subsidiaries to issue shares, or any options, warrants or securities convertible into shares, except to the Borrower or another Restricted Subsidiary, provided in each case, the shares, option, warrants or securities have been pledged to the Lender pursuant to the Security Documents.股份资本，除向借方或另一个限定子公司发行外，不得发行、或允许任何限定子公司发行股份、或任何期权、股权认购证或可转换债券，除非根据担保协议已将这些股份、期权、股权认购证或可转换债券质押给贷方。

Order of discharge

解除破产令。根据现行法例，若个人被法庭裁定破产，他需要面对破产后的种种限制，包括不可以出任公司董事、不可以涉及公司管理、不可以向别人借贷而不透露自己破产的身份等等。若破产后得到法庭获准颁发解除破产令，个人便可回复自由身。

Ordinary resolution

普通决议。普通决议是指一般公司会议时，以超过一半投票人所同意的议决，这样的决议有别于extraordinary resolution (非常决议)及special resolution (特别决议)。

Otherwise

otherwise是法律英语中常用的单词之一，但一般不表示否则，而是表示“其他情况”，如The Pledgee, in appointing or refraining from appointing any agent, shall not incur liability to the agent, the Pledgor or otherwise and shall not be responsible for any misconduct or negligence of the agent.受押人在指定或拒绝指定任何代理人时，不对代理人、抵押人或其他方承担责任。受押人对代理人的任何不当行为或疏忽不承担责任。

Outstanding

在法律英语中指（债务）未偿付的，如All security held by the Lender for the obligations of the Borrower shall also secure outstanding amounts under this credit facility. All such security is to be in form and substance satisfactory to the Lender.

Overruling

推翻。即高层法院对低层法院判案决定的推翻，这个可以是上诉庭对一审法院判决的推翻，又或是最终法院对上诉庭判案的推翻。

P

Pardon

赦免。指犯人透过赦免而被撤销判罪或判刑，而当犯人被赦免后，他不可以再次因同一案件再被定罪。

Partial intestacy

部份无遗嘱继承。指死者在遗嘱内，并未完全包括死者所有的遗产。例如死者在遗嘱内只提及物业、现金(包括银行存款)的处理，实质死者还有股票及其它珠宝手饰并未在遗嘱提及，因此，这些未提及的遗产便需要根据无遗嘱继承法处理。

Party

party在普通英语中的意思是聚会，在法律英语中指当事人的一方，如Party A/B 甲/乙方，third party第三方，party to a contract 合同一方等。

perform

perform的意思是履行，通常指对合同的整体履行，如果指对合同具体义务的履行，可以用fulfil，如Each of the Borrower and the Restricted Subsidiaries has all requisite corporate power and authority to (i) own, lease and operate its properties and assets and to carry on its business as now being conducted by it, and (ii) enter into and perform its obligations under the Loan Documents to which it is a party公司（法人）权力是各借方和限定子公司拥有所有必需的公司权力和授权以(i)拥有、租用和经营其财产和资产，并继续从事其现在从事的事业，(ii)签署贷款文件并履行其在贷款文件下的义务。

Personal property

personal property是常见一个法律英语词组，意思动产，与不动产real property相对应。这个词组很容易被错误的理解成是私人财产（private property），这一点应当注意。

Personal service

专人送达。由送达人员亲身将法庭或律师楼文件交到收文件人手上。在某些情况下，法庭或法例上可能会要求特别的送达方式，专人送达是其中一种，另外可能是用挂号邮件方式或由登广告的方法。

Personam

对人。与rem对物相对。是拉丁语，指对人或与人有关的。

Petition

请求。在法律上，一个Petition可以是离婚的请求，亦可以是破产的请求，是以一个请求状的形式带出的。

Physical possession

实体占有。Physical possession有别于其它的possession，因为若对象是在一个人的实体占有，即表示那人手上真正占有该对象。不过，实体占有并不等于对象的拥有权。例如买家向卖家订货，卖家已将对象特别与其它货物分割开，而买家已将所有金额支付，那么卖家虽然仍实体占有该对象，但他并非对象的拥有者。

Plaintiff

原告。通常在诉讼过程中，向被告人发出告票的一方为原告，原告可以是个人或是法团，亦可以是政府。

Pledge

pledge在法律英语中指质押，是担保的一种，如Party A further represents and warrants that the Land is free and clear of any and all claims，charges, easement, encumbrances,1ease，covenants，security interest，liens，option，pledge, rights of others，or restrictions，whether imposed by agreement，understanding，law，equity or otherwise．甲方进一步陈述和保证，土地不存在任何权利主张、抵押、地役权、权利负担、租约、契约、担保权益、留置权、购买权、质押、他人权利或限制，无论是以协议、谅解、普通法、衡平法还是其他方式设定的。

Policy

policy在法律英语中通常的含义不是政策，而是保险单，The assets and undertaking of the Guarantor are insured for the full replacement value thereof. The Guarantor is not in default with respect to any of the provisions contained in any such insurance policy and has not failed to give notice or to present any claim under any such insurance policy in a due and timely fashion.担保人的财产及企业都已全额投保。担保人没有违反上述保险合同中的任何条款，并且，依照上述任何保险合同，担保人也都按期及时地提出了报告或者提出了索赔。无论目前还是将来，上述保险的收益都将全额支付给担保人。与上述保险有关的所有保费都已全额支付。

Possessory title

土地占有权。这个土地占有权，并没有任何契据所支持，主要因为占用人已将物业占有了一段长时间，而并没有人提出反对的话，占有人便可因此而将土地注册，成为土地的注册拥有人。

Power of Attorney

委托书。以契约形成，将个人的某些权力，委派于他人身上。最常见的是用于物业管理上，例如业主已移民外国，业主在港的物业，他委派一个可信的人替他管理，亦可以透过委托书要求受委托人替他将物业出租或出售。

Pre-emption

先买。Pre-emption最常出现在有限公司的股权买卖内，因为很多时在公司的章程内会规定，若公司的股东要将手上持有公司的股份出让，就必须要先买给现有的股东，这个情况主要防止有外来的人仕介入公司的业务内。

Premise

premise通常指的是大楼、办公场所，如The premises，plant，machinery and equipment．raw materials，components and the Products shall be insured by JVC for adequate replacement value against fire，storm，tempest，accident，flood，theft and other risks which may destroy or diminish the value of the Products or which may render the Products unfit for consumption．合营公司应为场地、厂房、机器设备、原材料、部件和产品投保，一旦发生火灾、暴风雨、风暴、事故、水灾、盗窃和可能损害或降低产品的价值或使产品不适宜于消费的其他风险，保险获得的赔付应足以重置该等财产。

Premium

premium在法律英语中有两个意思，一个是溢价，指证券发行时，高出其票面金额的部分，如shares issued at a premium溢价发行的股票，另外可以指保险费，如Insurance shall，to the extent it is available on premium and terms comparable to those abroad and as required by applicable Chinese law，be obtained in China and such policies will be denominated in Renminbi of foreign currency or both，as appropriate．如果中国具备与国外保险费和条款相类似的保险，且中国适用法律要求进行保险，则可以在中国投保。保险单根据具体情况应以人民币、外币或两种货币计价。

Presumption of death

推定死亡。香港法例，若配偶失踪达七年或以上时间，在世的配偶可以向法庭申请，推定失踪配偶已死亡。若法庭颁下命令，在世配偶便可处理失踪配偶的遗产。

principal

principal在法律英语中指本人，贷款中的本金。如principal and agent本人和代理，principal and interest本金和利息等。有时也会用作形容词，主要的，如principal office主要办公地点。

proceeding

proceeding是法律英语中特有单词，指具体的法律程序，如legal proceeding法律程序，proceeding of the trial审判的程序。有时也可以指诉讼，如initiate a proceeding提起诉讼等。

process

process在法律英语中有两个意思，一个泛指所有的法律程序，另外一个是指法院的传票，如serve the process送达传票，process server传票送达员，issue a process签发传票等。

Prohibition Order

禁制令。禁制令常见于债权人向债务人所发出，债权人必须令法庭满意债务人是有意图逃避法律责任，并会逃离香港，故便发出禁制令禁止债务人出境。

promotion

promotion在法律英语中指发起（公司）等，是公司设立方式的一种。如there are to ways to incorporate a company limited by shares, one is incorporation by promotion, the other is incorporation by share offering to the public.股份有限公司的设立方式有两种，发起设立和募集设立。

prospectus

prospectus指招股说明书，是公司发行股票并上市的必备文件。如prior to the listing of shares in the stock exchange, the company shall disclose various documents to the public as part of its efforts for information disclosure, one of which is prospectus.股票在证券交易所上市以前，公司作为信息披露的一部分，应当公布各种相关文件，其中之一就是招股说明书。

provided that

provided that 是法律英语中常用的一个词组，意思是但是，相当于but，但一般不能用but替换。如provided that the acceptance of rent by landlord after the expiration of the term of the tenancy hereby created shall not be deemed to operate as a waiver or breach of any of the terms hereof nor as a new periodic tenancy by way of holding over or otherwise . a new tenancy shall only be created by a fresh tenancy agreement in writing signed by the landlord and the tenant. 但是，出租人在本协议所产的租赁关系期满后获得租金不得被视为构成弃权或是对本协议的违反，也不得认为构成了一个新的租赁期限或其他任何解释，新的租赁关系的产生只能以出租人和承租人以书面订立的形式为之。

Q

Quantum

赔偿金额。在民事诉讼中，特别是一些个人受伤赔偿的案件，很多时候，被告都会承应责任，但至于责任要负多少来制定一个赔偿金额便是这个Quantum的问题。

Question of fact

事实问题。完全由事实为根据，与法律无关，须经由法庭所判决。例如在强奸案中，受害人指被被告强奸，而被告则指出性行为乃经受害人同意，所以这案件的事实问题是有性行为发生，但至于有没有强奸就涉及法律问题。

Question of Law

法律问题。若果裁断是根据事实问题而作出，除非有很特别的情况，否则很难可以从上诉法庭推审下级法庭的裁断。但法律问题就不同，诉讼当事人一般都可以就法律问题提出上诉。

Quiet enjoyment

平静享受的权利。平静享受的权利，一般出现于租约内，就算租约内没有明显条款规定业主要提供一平静享受的环境，这个权利都可以作为一般租务住客的隐含条款。

Quorum

quorum指法定人数，如The Board meeting requires a quorum of over two thirds of the total number of directors. When the quorum is less than two thirds, the decisions adopted by the Board meeting are invalid出席董事会会议的法定人数为全体董三分之二,不够三分之二人数时,其通过的决议无效。

R

Ratify

在法律英语中的意思是正式批准，追认。Over ninety countries ratified an agreement to ban the use of these chemicals. 九十多个国家批准了一项禁止使用这些化学品的协议。The contract made by an infant may take effect if it is ratified by the guardian of the infant.未成年人订立的合同如果经未成年人监护人追认可能会发生效力。

Real property

real property指不动产，相当于real estate，但比real estate的范围广泛些，real estate主要指是指土地及附着在土地上的人工构筑物和房屋，而real property指Real Estate及其附带的各种权益。

Realize

realize在法律英语不是指实现，而是财产的变现，如realize the security担保变现，unrealized profit未变现利润，realizing expense变现费用。

Reckless driving

鲁莽驾驶。鲁莽驾驶有别于不小心驾驶(careless driving)，鲁莽驾驶的情况比较严重，包括伤人及损毁财物等，刑罚比不小心驾驶重。

Reconciliation

和解。通常出现于离婚案件中，当当事人委托律师办理离婚时，律师通常会签署一份和解书，表明律师责任只在替当事人办理离婚的申请，但没有向当事人提出和解的意见。

Recover 的意思是“获得，取得”。在法律英语中，常见的用法是“to recover damages”, 可以被译为“获得损害赔偿金”，只通过诉讼或其他途径获得的损害赔偿。

Redemption

赎回。在楼宇按揭中，若借贷方打算将楼宇买出，他一定要先将楼宇从银行手中赎回，由于香港的楼宇买卖相当频繁，通常很少机会会先赎楼后卖出，大部份情况都是赎楼与卖出在同一天进行。

Refresher fee

大律师上庭之额外费用。大律师上庭前，通常会与当事人议定一个refresher fee即第一天上庭后的以后每天的费用。

Register

register的意思是注册，如Registered office注册地，registered capital注册资本，registered share记名股票，register at the registration authority于注册机关处注册等。

Registered office

注册地址。注册地址是指有限公司在公司注册处内所登记的地址。注册地址在法律上有相当大的意义，因为根据公司法规定，若法律和司法文件送达到公司注册地址，这个送达便可以算是完成，除非有其它理由支持收件人没有收到文件的原因。

Relief

法律补救方法。指民事上要求法庭提供补救方法。例如在收楼令发出之后，租客只要有充份的理由，要求法庭暂停或延迟收楼，最常见是租客立即交付欠交的所有租金，收楼令便可以即可暂停。

Remand

还押。在刑事案件中，疑犯还押监房并另定一日子再进行审理。不过法庭亦可就个别需要而准许疑犯保释外出，等候审讯日子。

Remote

间接。若果我们说一件事件的发生比较remote，即其发生的可能性相当低，几乎低至零。

Reorganization

reorganization指重组，如company reorganization公司重组，asset reorganization资产重组，reorganization debenture重组债券，bank reorganization银行重组等。

Representation

representation在法律英语中有两个含义，一是代表，如representation by counsel由律师代表，一个是陈述，通常和warranty连用，出现在合同中，representation and warranty为合同的“陈述与保证条款”。

Representative

representative的意思是代表，代理，如legal representative法人代表，representative of the litigant诉讼当事人的代理，representative capacity代理人身份等。

Requisition

查询。在物业交易中，买方的律师其中一项责任，是要确保业权妥当，所以他有义务就卖家所提供的业权契据文件等提出查询。这个查询过程相当重要，因为若果经这个程序而发现业权有任何问题，买家可以以此作为踢契的根据。

Rescind

rescind在法律英语中的含义是解除、撤销，如Renter may seek to be indemnified for damages for unreasonable downtime of the System or the right to rescind the remainder of the term if there is not timely repair or replacement of the System.“承租人”可对“系统”的不正常停机提出赔偿要求，而且在“系统”没有得到及时维修或更换的情况下有权利要求废除条款中的剩余部分。

Restraint of trade

限制从业。限制从业的情况，主要出现在雇佣关系上。很多时候，雇主会在雇佣合约上加上条款，限制雇员在离职以后，往别处地方工作或限制雇员在某特定时间内为其它雇主工作。这些限制有可能因地域或时间长短等而被法庭裁定无效。

Retain

retain的常见含义是保留、保持，如retained earnings 留存利益，retain the preemptive right保留优先购买权；另外，retain可以指聘请、雇佣，主要指聘请律师、顾问，如retain an attorney聘用律师等。

Review

review是法律英语中的常用单词，意思是复查、复审，如review a case复查（审）一个案件，review a contract复查合同，judicial review司法审查等。

Revoke

revoke的意思是撤销，如revoke an offer/acceptance撤销一项邀约/承诺，revoke an appointment撤销任命，revoke a trust撤销一项委托，revoke an agency撤销代理，revoke a will撤销遗嘱等。

Right

right是法律英语中最常见的单词之一，指权利，通常与义务obligation相对。如information right知情权，right of first refusal 或first right of refusal优先权，right to contract缔结合同的权利，right to liberty 自由权，right to fair trial 受公正审判权right to marry婚姻权，right to privacy隐私权，right to rescind撤销合同的权利等。

Royalty

royalty在法律英语中的意思是使用费，指因使用了他人的知识产权、版权等而缴纳的费用，如royalty bonus超额使用费，royalty interest使用费权益，royalty tax使用费税等。

Rule of law: 宪法精神。 指任何人均需要依据宪法的精神来办事。

S

Said

此处的said在法律英语中不是say的过去式，而是一个形容词，相当于aforesaid或abovementioned，如the said matter前述事项，the said payment前述付款等。

Satisfaction

satisfaction在法律英语中的常用含义是清偿（债务）或履行（义务），如satisfaction by legacy用遗产清偿，satisfaction in fact事实上的清偿，satisfaction of judgment判决的履行， satisfaction of lien/mortgage（因清偿而）解除留置/抵押等。

Seal

印章。在任何契约上，加上印章表明契约的真确和有效。在物业买卖上，一个有效的交易，法例要求契据是要“Sign seal and deliver”即需要签名、印章及送达，才是有效的一个交易。

Secondary evidence

代替性证据。在交易上若原本的合约已遗失，不能证明曾有限制及保障双方的证明时，法庭很多时均会依赖这些所谓代替性证据。这些证据可以是双方来往的书信，双方曾签订的其它文件，以证明双方的合约意图。

Secure

secure在法律英语中的意思是担保，而不是普通英语中的获取或形容词安全的，如secured bond担保债券，secured creditor有担保债权人，secured debt有担保债务，secured loan抵押贷款，secured note 有担保的本票，secured transaction担保交易等。其名词形式是security 担保，如security agreement担保协议，security deposit保证金，security interest担保权益等。

Securities

securities不是security的复数形式，而是一个具有独立意义的单词，意思是证券，如securities act 证券法，securities regulatory commission证券监管委员会，securities exchange证券交易所，securities offering证券发行，securities dealer证券经纪人等。

Service

service的常见含义为服务，如service contract 服务合同，service to the clients为委托人服务。在法律英语中的特有含义是送达，如service of a process送达传票，service by publication公告送达等。

Settlement

settlement在法律英语中的常见含义是和解，如reach a settlement达成和解，settlement out of court庭外和解。另外，settlement也可作账目的结算，如settlement of an account账目结算，settlement date交割日等。

Severance payments

遣散费。雇员若为雇主根据连续性合约工作满24个月，因裁员而遭解雇或被停工，便可享有遣散费。

Sine die

无期。通常案件被无期押后，“adjourned sine die”即法庭没有制定一个押后的日子，除非一方将文件再整理好，再要求排期聆讯为止。

Slander

短暂形式的毁谤。这些毁谤的行为是口头形式的，但并不是透过传播媒介而发出，对针对的人形成短暂的毁谤性影响。

Smuggling

走私。指走私偷运对象进入本港，目的在逃避要缴付进口税的责任。

Specific performance

强制履行。对于合约违约一方对另外一方的一种补偿方法。若遵守一方已履行合约所要求的，他可以要求法庭颁一个强制履行令，强制违约一方要根据合约的条款进行。若在楼宇买卖的交易上，强制履行便要双方履行必买必卖的条款。

Statement of affairs

资产负债状况说明书。在破产申请上，破产人需要填写一份Statement of affairs，用以列出所有债权人的资料及所欠的债项，详情可参考法律常识版破产的部份。

Sub-letting

分租。虽然在商业交易上，很多时楼宇均有分租的情况出现，但大多数的租务合约均有明文规定，不容许租客将楼宇分租，所以在租客决定将楼宇分租之前，最好先看清楚合约条款，避免日后与业主的诉讼。

Submit

submit是一个常用单词，其基本含义没有发生改变，为呈交、呈送，通常指自下而上的递送某物，如submit an application to the competent authority for the registration of a company为注册公司向有关部门递交申请，submit the dispute of a contract to arbitration commission把合同争议提交仲裁委员会等。

Sub-rogation

代位。最常出现在保险的案件。例如普通交通意外，若车主已买了保险，保险公司便会代替车主的位置去提出诉讼或向受伤的一方作出赔偿。

Subscription

subscription 是subscribe的名词形式，在法律英语中的常见含义为认购，如subscription book认购本，subscription contract认购合同，subscription right认购权，subscription to stock认购股份，stock subscription股票认购书等。

Subsidiary

subsidiary的常见含义为子公司，与母公司parent company相对应，如subsidiary company子公司。另外，subsidiary也可做形容词，意思是附属的，如subsidiary fact辅助事实，subsidiary trust从属信托等。

Survive

survive经常出现在合同中，常常理解为合同效力的继续有效，另外，要注意这个单词的用法，后面不加任何介词，如this clause shall survive the termination of the contract本条款在合同终止仍然有效。

T

Tenant in common

分权共有人。是物业业权拥有的其中一种形式。有别于联权拥有的长命契形式，各人所拥有的均为一个独立的个体，并不会因其中一方逝世而令物业归于另一方。所以若找到买家,分权共有人可以随时买出自己拥有物业的部份。

Term

term在法律英语中有两个常见含义，一是期限，如term of office任期，term of the contract 合同有效期，另外一个是条件，如term of the purchase购买条件，terms and conditions条件及条款等。

Terminate

terminate的意思是终止，通常指在合同到期之前因某种原因而终止，如either party may terminate the contract provided that a written notice thereof is sent to the other party.任何一方均可终止本合同，但应当向另一方发出书面通知。

Title

法律英语的常用单词之一，但对于其含义，尚无一个明确的界定，一般认为包括所有权（ownership）在内的各项权利，因此，常常被译作产权、所有权。如title bond产权保证书，title by limitation因时效取得所有权，title by descent因继承取得所有权，title document所有权证书，title insurance产权保险等。

Tomlin order

汤林命令。和解令的一种。主要在民事诉讼中，双方达至一和解协议，并将双方要履行的职责，附于附表中。但这个命令只是暂停诉讼的执行，若有一方不依据命令的行为而执行，另一方可向法庭申请恢复先前的诉讼。

Tracing

追查。若物主的对象被人盗去或用不正当的手段骗去，对象其后被人变卖，而买方亦清楚这对象从不正当的方法取得，物主是可以追查对象及起回不法取去对象变卖后所得的财产。

Trade and Payments Agreement

合同中经常出现的Trade and Payments Agreement中的payment在日常生活中可译为 “付款”,agreement可译为 “同意”, 但只有译为 “支付协定” 才符合商务合同措辞.

Training centre

教导所。为拘留年龄在14-21岁之间的少年罪犯的地方，少年罪犯在教导所所受的刑罚，一般比劳役中心为轻，教导所主要提供一个职业训练予少年，视乎个别情况，拘留年期大约为十八个月至三年不等。

Transfer

transfer在法律英语中的常见含义是转让，既可以指债权的转让，也可以指债务的转让，如transfer of the interest 权益的转让，transfer by endorsement背书转让，transfer agent过户代理人，transfer by operation of law法定转让等。另外，transfer也可以指案件等移送、移交，如transfer of cases案件移送，transfer of jurisdiction管辖权转移等。

Trespass

侵越。若没有任何批准而擅自进入别人的地方是一个侵越的行为，若用之于个人身上，可以指非法禁锢或殴打他人的行为。

Trust

信托。如trust property信托财产，trust power信托权力，trust receipt信托收据等。在现今的商业社会，很多人均会成立一个信托基金，用以管理个人的财产。但另一方面在法律上，这个信托可以有很多重意义，例如在物业拥有上，土地注册处上的名称可以是一个人，但实际上这个人只是一个信托单位，为一个或多个人之名拥有物业。在这种情况，拥有人通常会要求受托人签署一份文件，以证明这个受托之安排。

U

Unascertained goods

未经确定的货物。在货物买卖的交易上，买方要求卖方提供例如十件货物，但这十件货物与其它卖方的货物完全一样，而卖方亦未就买方这个要求，而将这十件货物与其它对象分开，所以这十件货物可以说是一未经确定的货物。这个名词的作用是，若不幸货物在卖家货仓时被火烧毁，由于货物未经确定为买家的货物，故若有任何损失都会归卖家负担。

Undertake

undertake在法律英语中的常见含义是承诺、允诺，相当于promise，常常出现在法律文件中，一般不能用promise替换，常用句型为undertake to do sth承诺做某事，如Both Parties undertake to mitigate the loss resulting from the force majeure event.双方均承诺减轻由不可抗力事情引起的损失。

Undertaking

承诺。是一种自愿承担的承诺，在法律上可以用于很多层面，例如楼宇买卖将要完成，而卖家还欠数份契据未能赶及在交易前交到买家律师手上，通常卖家律师会给买家律师一个undertaking，在交易完成后的若干时间会将契据送上。另外在离婚诉讼上，若得到抚养权的一方希望带子女到外国读书，除了他要得到对方的允许外，法庭亦会要求得到抚养权的一方给予一个undertaking，承诺若有需要，会将子女带回香港。

Underwrite

underwrite在法律英语中有两个常见含义，一是承保、给…保险，如underwrite the goods in transit为运输途中的货物承保，另外一个意思是证券承销、报销，如underwriting agreement证券承销协议，underwriting spread承销差价等。

Undue influence

不正当的施压。是一个阻止或防碍个人作出独立思考而作出决定的行为，最常见用于夫妇关系上，妻子因受到丈夫的不正当施压而向银行大量借贷最后无法偿还。

Unsecured

没有担保。在破产管理上，债权人可以分为有担保与没有担保的债权人，有担保的明显是有对象给债权人作抵押的，例如楼宇按揭便归于这类。而没有担保便是其它的债项，例如信用咭欠债等，在任何情况下，有担保债项一定比没有担保债项有保障。

Use

use在法律英语中有两个常用含义，一是使用，如right to possess, use and dispose of the private property占有、使用和处分私有财产的权利。另外，use可以作运用理解，常常用在词组use the reasonable efforts to do结构中，法律英语中很少使用pay或make efforts to do句型。

V

Vacant possession

交吉的地产。 在楼宇买卖交易中，除非连租约出售的物业，否则合约内必订明物业必须交吉予买方，如果到交易日期，发觉楼宇仍有人居住，卖方便因没有交吉地产而作毁约论。

Verdict

裁决。指法官就案件所作出的最后决定。若果有陪审团的话，裁决将会由陪审团作出。

Vicarious liability

因他的作为的责任。若雇员在为雇主工作时所犯下的法律责任，其雇主亦需要为这事件负责，例如雇员受雇于车房工作，他需要将车泊好，但不幸地雇员将车撞毁，雇主亦要负上责任。

Void

void的意思是无效的，常常和null连用，即null and void无效，如an act in conflict of law shall be null and void与法律冲突的行为无效。Void contract无效合同，void marriage无效婚姻，void legacy无效遗嘱，void release无效弃权等。

Voir dire

独立聆讯。主要用于刑事案件人，聆讯被告人向执法人员所作的口供是否可信，并出于自愿的。

Voluntary disposition

无偿处理财产。在破产案件中，若债务人发现破产人在破产前蓄意将财产无偿转让予他人，来逃避破产责任，债务人可以要求将已转让财产与其它破产财物一并处理。

W

Waiver

waiver是Waive名词形式，意思是弃权、权利放弃，如waiver by election of remedies因选择救济方式而产生的权利放弃；waiver of proof of loss损失证明的放弃，waiver of right to appeal上诉权的放弃，waiver of tort放弃侵权之诉等。

Ward of court

受法庭保护。若法庭发觉未成年人或因其身体的缺陷而需要法庭保护，法庭会颁令照顾这些人或会安排社会福利处或其它监护人代为照顾。

Warranty

warranty的意思是担保、瑕疵担保，保证 在合约的条款中，如warranty deed（所有权担保契约），warranty of fitness（货物）适用性担保，warranty of title所有权担保等。很多时会有一保证条款，由卖方向买方提供货物质素的保证。但亦有很多情况下，卖方亦清楚列明不会为卖出的货物提供任何情度上的保证, 所以在签定合约时, 这些条款一定要仔细查阅.

Where

where是法律英语中的常见单词，在这里并不表示地点状语的引导词，而是表示假设，通常对应的汉语为“如果”或不出现人称的句式中“….的”，如where an employee is granted any period of annual leave, the employer shall pay him annual leave pay in respect of that period not later than the day on which he is next paid his wages after that period.如果雇员被给与任何一段期间的年假，雇主最迟须于该期间后的第一个发薪日付给该雇员该段期间的年假薪酬。

Will

遗嘱。在世人士为自己死后的财务及各项安排预先签定一份俗称所谓平安纸的文件。

Windup

windup的意思是公司等停业清理，歇业，如 the windup of a company is often followed by its liquidation.公司歇业之后往往会出现清算的情况。

Withdraw

withdraw有两个常用意思，一是支取、提款，如withdraw money from the bank从银行提款，另外一个意思是撤回、撤销，如withdraw an offer撤回邀约，withdraw a charge撤回指控，withdraw from criminal activities推出犯罪活动等。

Withhold

withhold在法律英语中有两个常见含义，一是扣付，如withhold tax代扣税款，另外一个是拒绝（公开、给予等），如withhold consent不同意，withhold sentence不予判刑等。

Wounding

伤人。刑事案件，以受伤的情况及伤人的意图而分开为伤人17、19、30及40，而以数目最细的伤人罪行为最严重罪行。

Without prejudice to

without prejudice to 是法律英语中常见的一个词组，意思是不损害，如The buyer shall have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the buyer’s right to claim compensations.买方仍有权撤销部分或全部合同，且不损害买方索赔的权利。

Writ of fieri facias

抄封令。很多时会与取回物业令状一起申请，主要是执达吏在收回物业时，一并会将在物业内的对象扣押，若有需要，便会将对象拍卖以用作偿还所欠的债项。

Writ of possession

取回物业令状。这个令状主要用于取回租出后的物业。在楼宇出租后，若租客欠租而业主欲取回物业，但他不可以随便开门入屋取回物业，他必须经过法庭程序而将物业取回。当然若租客肯自动签回一份退租书，这个步骤便可省回，亦可节省费用。

2021年7月25日 11:38