Love shouldn't fall in love with the people, but the helpless put not hand. 爱着不该爱上的人，却无可奈何的放不了手。

　　Most of people are looking forward the crystal-like love—pure without any defect. However the truth is most people are having the glass-like love. 许多人向往水晶般的 爱情,晶莹剔透没有瑕疵。但更多人拥有的是玻璃般的爱情。

　　No matter the ending is perfect or not, you cannot disappear from my world. 我的世界不允许你的消失,不管结局是否完美。

　　To the same word, is both miss, is also missed "miss" 同一个单词，既是想念，也是错过。

　　Acting as if nothing borne in mind is the best revenge.It's all for myself to live better. 若无其事，原来是最狠的报复。

　　Do you fear a love fool who is loving you so deeply 难道你怕一个深爱着你的痴情儿?

　　When love is not madness, it is not love. 如果爱不疯狂就不是爱了。

　　I know that love shall not be compared, but I still used to complaining what he is lack of. 我知道感情不能拿来比较，但无意中还是习惯抱怨他所缺少的。

　　Sometimes you need to look back, otherwise you will never know what you have lost in the way of forever searching. 偶尔要回头看看，否则永远都在追寻，而不知道自己失去了 什么。

　　Tell me you are mine. I'll be yours through all the years, till the end of time.请告诉我你是我的。岁岁年年，我都属于你，永远永远。

　　I don't know what to say...I was just thinking of her a lot at that moment. 我不知道该说什么，我只是突然在那一刻很想念她。

　　Love means never having to say you are sorry.爱，意味着永不说后悔。

　　When the words "I love you" were said by you for the first time, my world blossoms.第一次听到你对我说"我爱你"，我的世界一瞬间鲜花绽开。

　　A heart that loves is always young. 有爱的心永远年轻。唯美的英文爱情句子

　　The rain then makeup, summer rain, summer lightning, beautiful flowers. 夏末的雨停后，空气里没有传来春末雨的清新感。

　　In this world, only those men who really feel happy can give women happiness.在这个世界上，只有真正快乐的男人，才能带给女人真正的快乐。

　　In such a soft and warm season, please accept my sincere blessing and deep concern for you. 在这充满温馨的季节里，给你我真挚的祝福及深深的思念。

　　To lost in something you love is better than to win in something you hate. 宁可失败在你喜欢的事情上，也不要成功在你所憎恶的事情上。

　　One is always on a strange road, watching strange scenery and listening to strange music Then one day, you will find that the things you try hard to forget are already gone. 一个人总要走陌生的路，看陌生的风景，听陌生的歌，然后在某个不经意的瞬间，你会发现，原本是费尽心机想要忘记的事情真的就那么忘记了。

　　Love is hard to get into, but harder to get out of.爱很难投入，但一旦投入，便更难走出。

　　Look into my eyes - you will see what you mean to me. 看看我的眼睛，你会发现你对我而言意味着什么。

　　Wish to meet my angle again lovely girl in my dream! 但愿会在梦中再见到我心爱的女孩!

　　When you feel hurt and your tears are gonna to drop Please look up and have a look at the sky once belongs to us If the sky is still vast,clouds are still clear, you shall not cry because my leave doesn't take away the world that belongs to you. 当你的心真的在痛，眼泪快要流下来的时候，那就赶快抬头看看，这片曾经属于我们的天空;当天 依旧是那么的广阔，云依旧那么的潇洒，那就不应该哭，因为我的离去，并没有带走你的世界。

　　An unacceptable love needs no sorrow but time- sometime for forgettingA badly-hurt heart needs no sympathy but understanding. 一段不被接受的爱情，需要的不是伤心，而是 时间，一段可以用来遗忘的时间。一颗被深深伤了的心，需要的不是同情，而是明白。

　　First impression of you is most lasting.对你最初的印象，久久难以忘怀。

　　Do you understand the feeling of missing someone It is just like that you will spend a long hard time to turn the ice-cold water you have drunk into tears. 你知道思念 一个人的滋味吗，就像喝了一大杯冰水，然后用很长很长的时间流成热泪。

　　At the touch of love everyone becomes a poet. 每一个沐浴在爱河中的人都是诗人。

　　I know someone in the world is waiting for me, although I've no idea of who he is But I feel happy every day for this. 我知道这世上有人在等我，但我不知道我在等谁，为了 这个，我每天都非常快乐。

　　Love me little and love me long.不求情意绵绵，但求天长地久。

 

2、2020年改善心理健康的五种科学方法
　　2020年在分裂的政治、国际安全威胁和一系列仇恨犯罪中拉开帷幕，地球也受到了环境带来的各种威胁。与此同时，每个人还承受着由就业、健康问题和生活方式的改变所带来的压力。难怪我们这么多人感到焦虑和沮丧。

　　不过，人们可以采取得到科学证实的方法来改善自己的心理状态。2020年，让我们一起提升自己的心理健康水平!

　　1. Practice optimism

　　以乐观的心态实践

　　The studies are positive: Looking on the bright side of life really is good for you. Optimists have a 35% less chance of having a heart attack or stroke, are more likely to eat a healthy diet and exercise regularly, have stronger immune systems; and even live longer. In fact, a 2019 study found people with the most positive outlook had the greatest odds of living to 85 or beyond.

　　研究给出了正面的证明：关注生活的光明一面确实对人有好处。乐观主义者心脏病发作或者中风的概率要比其他人低35%，同时他们更有可能摄入健康膳食，定期锻炼，拥有更强大的免疫功能甚至拥有更长的寿命。事实上， 2019年的一项研究发现，心态最乐观的人寿命也是最长的，他们能够活到85岁甚至以上。

　　Now, let's get real: Being an optimist doesn't mean you ignore the stress of daily life. Who can do that? It simply means that when crummy things happen, you don't blame yourself unnecessarily. If you face a challenge or obstacle, you're more likely to see it as temporary or even positive, allowing you to learn and grow.

　　我们来说点实际的做法：做一个乐观主义者并不意味着忽略日常生活的压力。谁又能做到呢?心态乐观意味着在面对糟糕的事情时，你不要毫无必要地责备自己，你要能够把自己所面对的挑战或障碍看作是暂时的甚至是积极的事情，从而使自己在这些磨砺中学习和成长。

　　Optimists also believe they have control over their fate and can create opportunities for good things to happen.

　　乐观主义者也相信他们可以掌控自己的命运，并不断为好事的发生创造机会。

　　Not a natural optimist? No worries. Science has shown you can train your brain to be more positive. Only about 25% of optimism is programmed by our genes anyway.

　　不是天生的乐观主义者?别担心。科学表明，人们可以通过思维训练来变得更加积极乐观。只有25%的乐观因素根植于基因之中，(剩下的75%可以通过思维训练来启发)。

　　According to a meta-analysis of existing studies, using the "Best Possible Self" technique is one of the most effective ways to increase your optimism. It's based on exercises that ask you to imagine yourself with all of your problems solved in a future where all of your life's goals were achieved.

　　根据对于现有研究的元分析，“成就最好的自己”是提高乐观程度最有效的方式之一。这种方式通过练习来让人们想象自己处于一个解决了未来的所有问题并且实现了人生的一切追求的状态中。

　　meta-analysis: n. 荟萃分析;元分析

　　In one study, people who did this for only 15 minutes a week over an eight-week period became more positive and remained that way for nearly six months. What do you have to lose?

　　在一项研究中，在八周时间内每周只花15分钟实践了这种方法的人变得更加积极，并保持这种状态将近六个月。反正又没有损失，何不尝试一下?

　　2. Start volunteering

　　开始志愿之旅

　　A prayer attributed to St. Francis of Assisi tell us, "It is in giving that we receive."

　　阿西尼城的圣弗朗西斯的祈祷告诉我们：“我们所得到就是我们所给予的。”

　　Turns out he was scientifically right. Studies have shown that putting the well-being of others before our own without expecting anything in return, or what is called being altruistic, stimulates the reward centers of the brain. Those feel-good chemicals flood our system, producing a sort of "helper's high."

　　研究证明这是科学的论断，将他人的福祉放在自我福祉之前，不求回报地为他人付出或是所谓的利他主义会刺激我们大脑的奖赏中枢。这些让人感觉愉悦的化学物质会充盈人体系统，让助人者获得快乐与满足。

　　altruistic[ˌæltruˈɪstɪk]: adj. 利他的;无私心的

　　There are physical benefits, too: Studies show volunteering minimizes stress and improves depression. It can reduce the risk for cognitive impairment. It can even help us live longer.

　　在精神受益之外身体也会受益：研究表明志愿活动会使压力最小化并改善抑郁症，从而降低认知损伤的风险，甚至有助于人们更长寿。

　　Even if you have little time to offer, just the act of giving has been shown to improve our health, possibly by temporarily reducing our sense of pain.

　　即使没有时间做志愿活动，仅仅是付出也被证实能够改善健康状况，这可能是通过暂时降低痛苦感而实现的。

　　A new study found that people who said they would donate money to help orphans were less sensitive to an electric shock than those who declined to give. In addition, the more helpful people thought their donation would be, the less pain they felt.

　　一项新研究发现，那些愿意通过捐款来帮助孤儿的人与那些不愿捐款的人相比对电击的敏感度更低。此外，人们如果认为自己的捐款帮助较大，所感受到的痛苦就更少。

　　3. Be grateful

　　感恩

　　We heard a lot about the benefits of thankfulness in the last decade, and that is backed by science: Counting our blessings protects us against anxiety and depression and boosts optimism. Need more proof? Middle-schoolers who practiced gratitude exercises had less problem behavior.

　　在过去的十年中，我们经常听到关于感恩的各种益处，并得到了科学的支持：数算福分可以保护我们免受焦虑和沮丧的困扰并激发乐观情绪。需要更多证据吗?那些接受过感恩教育的中学生出现的行为问题更少。

　　One of the best ways to make thankfulness a part of your life, say experts, is to keep a daily journal. Before you go to bed, jot down any positive experience you had that day, no matter how small.

　　如专家们所说，使感恩成为你人生的一部分的最佳方式之一是记日记。在你睡觉前，简单记下你在这一天遇到的各种正能量的经历，不论大小。

　　If you do that for one minute each morning and evening, that sense of appreciation can broaden to others in your life and bolster optimism and better mental health.

　　如果你每天早晚用一分钟的时间来做这件事，这种感恩之情将扩展到你生活中的其他人身上，增强你的乐观情绪，改善你的心理健康。

　　4. Bolster your social connections

　　维持你的社交网络

　　"People who are more socially connected to family, to friends, to community, are happier, they're physically healthier, and they live longer than people who are less well connected," said Harvard psychiatrist Robert Waldinger in his popular TEDx talk.

　　哈佛大学的精神病学家罗伯特·瓦尔丁格在颇为流行的TEDx演讲中提到：“那些与家庭、朋友和社区联系更加紧密的人更加开心、健康，寿命也更长。”

　　The proof for this comes from the Harvard Study of Adult Development, which tracked 724 Boston men for more than 75 years and then began following more than 2,000 of their offspring and wives.

　　哈佛的成人发展研究为此提供了证明，这一研究追踪了724名波士顿人超过75年，然后还追踪了超过2000名他们的后代和妻子。

　　"The clearest message that we get from this 75-year study is this: Good relationships keep us happier and healthier. Period," Waldinger said.

　　瓦尔丁格说：“我们从这一长达75年的研究中所获取的最明确的信息是：良好的社会关系能够使人们更加快乐和健康。”

　　And you don't have to be in a committed relationship or have scores of pals to get this benefit. Instead, it's the quality of the relationship that matters, he said.

　　你不是非要婚姻稳定或是拥有众多的好友才能获取这一益处，事实上，社会关系的质量才是更重要的。

　　"High-conflict marriages, for example, without much affection, turn out to be very bad for our health, perhaps worse than getting divorced," Waldinger said. "And living in the midst of good, warm relationships is protective."

　　瓦尔丁格说：“例如，事实证明冲突迭起、缺乏感情的婚姻将对我们的健康非常有害，甚至可能比离婚所带来的害处更大。而生活在美好、温暖的关系中会对我们的健康起到保护作用。”

　　5. Find your purpose

　　找到你的目标

　　Finding a sense of purpose contributes greatly to well-being and a longer, happier life, experts tell CNN.

　　专家们对美国有线电视新闻网说，拥有目标感对于幸福和更长久、快乐的生活具有极为重要的意义。

　　University of Pennsylvania psychologist Martin Seligman, who co-founded the field of positive psychology, says a sense of purpose will come from being part of something bigger than ourselves. He points to religion, family, and social causes as ways to increase meaning in our lives.

　　宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·塞利格曼是积极心理学领域的共同创始人，他说目标感来源于成为比我们自己更加庞大的事物的一部分。他指出宗教、家庭和社会事业能够使我们的生活更具意义。

　　It doesn't have to be a traditional religion to be effective, according to Lord Richard Layard, one of Britain's most prominent economists and the author of several books on happiness.

　　英国最杰出的经济学家之一理查·莱亚德勋爵认为，并不一定非得是传统宗教才能够发挥作用。莱亚德曾出版过几本关于幸福的书。

　　In his landmark book, "Happiness: Lessons From a New Science," he says spiritual practices can range from meditation to positive psychology to cognitive therapy.

　　在他的里程碑式著作《快乐经济学》中，他说精神实践的囊括范围很广，包括冥想、积极心理学，以及认知疗法等。

　　"If your sole duty is to achieve the best for yourself, life becomes just too stressful, too lonely -- you are set up to fail. Instead, you need to feel you exist for something larger, and that very thought takes off some of the pressure."

　　“如果你唯一的职责就是成就最好的自己，那么你的人生就会压力太大，太孤独——你注定要失败。相反，你需要觉得自己为一些更加高远的事物而存在，这种思想可以解除一部分的压力。”

（来源：网络）

2021年9月14日 11:54

 

 

3、双语美文：用脚掌亲吻大地等
　

   1、用脚掌亲吻大地

　It was a day in late December.

　　那是十二月末的一天

　　The Christmas tree had been taken down.

　　圣诞树已经从街头搬走

　　The lights and decorations had been boxed up

　　彩灯和装饰物收回了盒子

　　and put in the closet

　　放回橱柜里

　　until next year.

　　等着明年再取出来

　　And I was feeling a little blue.

　　我感到有些沉郁

　　I sure wasn’t looking forward to the long, cold, dark Winter to come.

　　对于即将到来的漫长，严寒，黑暗的冬天，我没有多少向往

　　I had always been a light lover on the inside.

　　在我的内心，我一直喜欢光明

　　I tried to take comfort

　　我试着安慰自己

　　in knowing that

　　因为我知道

　　a few more minutes of daylight was being added each day,

　　每一天，日照的时长都会比昨天多一点

　　but I still felt tired

　　但我仍感到疲乏

　　and run down.

　　似乎已经被掏空了

　　I was both surprised and delighted then

　　没想到一件事情让我感到既惊喜又振奋

　　when I looked out my window

　　那时，我从窗口看出去

　　and saw that a Spring like day had suddenly arrived.

　　发现一个像春天一样暖和的日子刚刚到来了

　　The temperatures quickly soared into the sixties

　　温度很快升到了华氏60°

　　and the sun was shining down on the earth

　　阳光普照大地

　　with a loving light.

　　温暖人心

　　I could hear the neighborhood children outside playing in the warm air.

　　天气暖和了，我能听到邻居家的孩子在外面玩耍

　　I smiled when I saw them

　　看到他们时，我报以微笑

　　and my inner child longed to be out there

　　我内心的小孩也渴望着出门去

　　riding bikes

　　去骑自行车

　　and playing games as well.

　　去玩游戏

　　I leashed my dogs

　　我给几条狗栓了狗绳

　　for their afternoon walk

　　准备下午带他们去散步

　　hoping to enjoy some of the sunshine myself.

　　希望自己也能享受一些阳光

　　As I was about to head out the door, however,

　　可是，当我正准备出门的时候

　　I decided to do something a little different.

　　我决定做一点不一样的事情

　　I reached down

　　我蹲下身

　　and pulled my shoes and socks off.

　　把自己的鞋子和袜子脱了下来

　　I hadn’t been barefoot outside since the Summer.

　　夏天结束以后，我就没有光着脚出门过了

　　I slowly stepped out

　　我慢慢的迈步出门

　　on the cool, damp grass.

　　踩在冰凉，湿漉漉的草地上

　　It felt so alive under my feet.

　　它们在我脚下，是那样鲜活

　　I laughed as I walked along.

　　我一边走一边笑

　　I remembered something I once read too

　　想起自己曾读到过的一句话:

　　“Walk as if you were kissing the earth with your feet.”

　　在大地上行走，如同你在用脚掌亲吻大地

　　And with each step I did so.

　　每踩出一步，我心中都是这样想

　　My walk felt sacred and holy.

　　我感到自己的步子有种圣洁而神圣的意味

　　I felt a oneness with the world

　　我感到自己与世界合为一体

　　and the love of nature all around me.

　　感到大自然的爱萦绕在自己周身

　　With love in my heart

　　我心中充满了爱

　　I thanked nature for the gift of this day

　　我感谢大自然将今天这个礼物送给众人

　　and no longer dreaded the Winter to come.

　　再也不畏惧冬天的到来

　　All of us are walking through this life.

　　我们每个人都在穿越自己的人生之路

　　But it is up to each of us how we do so.

　　但应该怎么走，却是由各人做主

　　Are you going to stumble and stomp

　　你会磕磕绊绊，步履沉重

　　and complain with each step you take?

　　每迈出一步就抱怨一句吗

　　Or

　　抑或

　　are you going to kiss the earth with your feet

　　你选择用脚掌亲吻大地

　　and nature with your heart?

　　用心灵亲吻大自然?

　　The choice is yours.

　　选择权在你自己手中

　　2、飓风来时，我们镇定自若

　　Well today it happened…

　　好吧这是今天发生的事情

　　A day we never want to happen,

　　我们从不曾希望会有这样一天

　　but continually prepare for

　　但却一直做着准备

　　throughout the school year.

　　贯穿这一整个学年

　　We had a tornado touch down near the school,

　　飓风在学校附近登陆了

　　and as expected,

　　应验了我们的预期

　　went into our emergency tornado procedures.

　　我们开始按照预演的应灾步骤进行

　　I wasn’t even in the classroom when it happened.

　　一切发生时，我甚至并不在教室里

　　I had taken a student with me

　　那时我带着一个学生

　　to the workroom

　　两人一起去了储备室

　　to help gather items for a project.

　　一起去拿教学需要的教具

　　When the sirens starting wailing

　　警报响起的时候

　　I immediately grabbed my student’s hand

　　我立刻抓住学生的手

　　and ran as fast as I could

　　用最快的速度

　　back to the classroom.

　　跑回了教室

　　Never did I imagine

　　我从不曾想到过

　　needing to put our tornado drills to use.

　　应对飓风的程序会真的派上用场

　　I never imagined

　　我从未想过

　　actually needing to line my students up on the wall,

　　我真的会让学生们在墙边排队站好

　　have them crouch down

　　让他们全部下蹲

　　with their knees and heads touching the ground,

　　膝盖和头触着地面

　　hands on the backs of their heads.

　　手放在他们的后脑勺上

　　Their hearts beating so fast

　　他们的心慌跳得那么快

　　(and mine, if we are honest)

　　(老实说，我的也是)

　　they couldn’t catch their breath,

　　他们不能呼吸

　　or the fear filled eyes

　　他们眼中写满了恐惧

　　looking up at me

　　抬头看着我

　　as they ask if

　　问我

　　their mommies, daddies,

　　他们的爸爸妈妈

　　maw maws, and friends

　　爷爷奶奶，还有朋友们

　　were going to be okay.

　　会不会安然无恙

　　Never did I imagine

　　我从未想过

　　the eery silence that would come over the whole school,

　　寂静笼罩整个校园

　　with hundreds of students lined up against the walls of one building.

　　成百上千的学生聚集在同一幢教学楼里，靠墙而立

　　Never did I imagine

　　我从未想过

　　the way I would feel,

　　自己会是这样的心情

　　and other teachers along with me,

　　其他老师也和我一起

　　as we tried our best to comfort our students,

　　我们尽全力安抚我们的学生

　　assure them of their safety,

　　让他们相信他们是安全的

　　and promise them everything would be alright;

　　承诺一切都会没事

　　when we truly didn’t know

　　其实我们自己也不知道

　　what the outcome would be.

　　事情最后的结果会是什么样

　　Today has taken a toll on me,

　　今天的灾难让我深受其害

　　as I am sure

　　我相信

　　it has on the hundreds and thousands of teachers

　　其他成百上千的老师

　　in the local areas and surrounding areas.

　　在本地和临近地区的他们亦是如此

　　But at the same time,

　　但与此同时

　　I am beyond proud,

　　我又感到无比的骄傲

　　surprised,

　　惊喜

　　and elated

　　且欢欣鼓舞

　　at how my students handled themselves today.

　　因为我的学生们今天的表现太棒了

　　In the midst of a very scary, emotional , and dangerous situation,

　　期间在十分恐怖，危险，让人心惊胆战的情况下

　　my students handled themselves

　　我的学生们都能镇定自若

　　with the attitudes and mindset of children much older than them.

　　态度和心境都像是比他们年长许多的孩子

　　Never in my life

　　这一生中

　　have I seen my students follow directions

　　我都没见过学生们这样好的服从指令

　　so quickly, precisely,

　　迅速，准确

　　and without hesitation.

　　毫不犹豫

　　Even though some tears were shed,

　　虽然我们都流下了眼泪

　　and some hearts were beating fast,

　　虽然我们都心跳如鼓

　　my students were brave.

　　我的学生们却十分勇敢

　　They had such an unshaking trust in my assistant

　　他们对我的指导存有不可动摇的信任

　　and myself

　　对我本人亦是如此

　　that they were able to be 100% calm

　　所以他们才能100%镇定

　　and collected the entire time.

　　一直十分镇定

　　They were brave beyond their years today

　　这一天他们表现出了超出年龄的勇敢

　　and for that,

　　为此

　　I am eternally grateful.

　　我莫大的感恩

　　Tomorrow will bring a new set of challenges;

　　明天还会有许多新的挑战

　　and will be a day used to encourage,

　　这一天我仍会鼓励

　　instill ,

　　训导学生们

　　and prepare the students

　　让他们做好准备

　　for the next time this might happen.

　　以防下一次再有这样的事情发生

　　Right now,

　　此刻

　　I look back on the day

　　我审视着这一天

　　thankful for everyones safety, courage, and bravery.

　　为每个人的安然无恙，为他们的勇气和淡定而心存感恩

　　But also heartbroken

　　同时又感到心碎

　　at the thought of

　　想到

　　millions of students,

　　数以百万的学子

　　all over the country,

　　范围覆盖全国

　　having the same scenarios play-out at their schools.

　　都在他们的校园里经历着同样的事情

　　The fear I saw in my students eyes,

　　我在我的学生们眼中看到的恐惧

　　I imagine

　　我想

　　in the eyes of every student out there.

　　一定也会出现在其他学校的每个学生眼中

　　I can only wish for those students,

　　我只能为那些学生祝福

　　their parents,

　　为他们的家长

　　and especially their teachers.

　　尤其他们的老师祝福

　　For behind every great, brave,

　　因为，在每一个优秀，勇敢

　　and courageous student,

　　镇定的学生背后

　　is a long line of individuals

　　都有许多成年人

　　who have made it their life’s goal

　　立下了一生的志愿

　　to empower, train, and teach them.

　　要训练，教导他们，给他们力量

       3、这辈子让你思考最多的一句话

　　Which sentences have made you think the most in your life?

　　生活中哪些话让你思考最多?

　　获得132.6k好评的回答@Eva Gutierrez：

I read this quote about six years ago when I was in college. It took me five years to figure out what it really meant.

　　我大概是6年前上大学时读到这句话的，用了5年时间才弄明白它真正的含义。

　　Like 90% of my peers, I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life or who I wanted to become. At the exact same time Instagram was becoming really big. I started following bloggers and world travelers who seemed to have it all together. I can still feel the sting that pinged my heart when I would see that these globe trotters were younger than me and seemed to have it all figured out.

　　我像90%的同龄人一样，不知道自己想怎样度过自己的人生或者想成为什么样的人。那时Instagram(一款分享图片的应用程序)真的很火，我开始关注一些博主和环球旅行者，他们似乎活得很明白。我仍能感觉到当我知道那些环球旅行者比我年纪小却好像活得很明白时心上那种刺痛。

　　How had they figured it out? What had they been given that I hadn’t?

　　他们怎么弄明白的?他们拥有什么我所没有的?

　　For years I asked these questions. I would wonder what the difference between them and I were. It took me until one year ago to realize what the difference was between these “successful” millennials and myself.

　　这些问题我思考了几年。我就想知道他们和我有什么区别，直到一年前我才弄明白这些“成功”的千禧一代和我之间的区别。

　　They had taken action. They had done something at some point that had catalyzed them to the lifestyle they were now living. While I had been spending years wondering what they had been given that allowed them to create successful blogs and travel the world they had been taking the action and finding out how to create successful blogs and travel the world.

　　他们会采取行动。他们在某个时刻做了些事塑造了他们现在的生活方式。当我正花数年时间想弄明白他们被赋予了什么才会创建出成功的博客并环游世界的时候，他们就已经在采取行动弄明白如何创建成功的博客并环游世界了。

　　We were both totally equal, the only thing separating us was action.

　　我们是完全平等的，唯一的区别就是“行动”。

　　All it took for me to go from unhappy college graduate working at a bar to freelancing writer was realizing that if I took things into my own hands, I would figure it out.

　　我从一个在酒吧工作的不开心的大学毕业生变成一个自由撰稿人就是因为我意识到如果我把一切都攥在手心，我就能把他们弄明白。

　　To this day, this quote has been the most powerful sentence I have ever come across. It explains everything you need to know about creating the lifestyle and career that you have always wanted.

　　直到今天这句话一直是我读过的最有影响力的一句话，它解释了关于创造你一直想拥有的生活方式和事业所需要知道的一切。

　　获得37.8k好评的回答@Susan Kaveny：I was working in a car shop while I was in college. One Friday evening, we had just finished up there and the guys wanted to go to the bar across the side street. I wanted to go too, and I wanted to go get cleaned up first. The guy who owned the garage, Bob, said, “If they don’t like you dirty, they don’t like you clean either.”

　　大学时我正在一家汽车店工作，一个周五的晚上我们刚忙完，朋友们想去小巷对面的酒吧，我也想去，我想先把自己身上弄干净。开修车厂的Bob说：“如果他们不喜欢你脏的样子，那他们也不会喜欢你干净的样子。”

　　That applies to a lot of areas of life. If they don’t like you how you are, the people in question probably just don’t like you and won’t even if you change.

　　这句话适用于生活很多方面，如果他们不喜欢你本来的样子，那他们可能就是不喜欢你，即使你做出改变也不会喜欢你。

　　

翻译：菲菲

2021年10月29日 16:22

 

 

4、师说（双语）
　 

       《师说》英译稿 古之学者必有师。师者，所以传道受业解惑也。人非生而知之者，孰能无惑?惑而不从师，其为惑也，终不解矣。生乎吾前，其闻道也，固先乎吾，吾从而师之;生乎吾后，其闻道也，亦先乎吾，吾从而师之。吾师道也，夫庸知其年之先后生于吾乎?是故无贵无贱，无长无少，道之所存，师之所存也。 嗟乎!师道之不传也久矣，欲人之无惑也难矣。古之圣人，其出人也远矣，犹且从师而问焉;今之众人，其下圣人也亦远矣，而耻学于师。是故圣益圣，愚益愚。圣人之所以为圣，愚人之所以为愚，其皆出于此乎? 爱其子，择师而教之;于其身也，则耻师焉，惑矣。彼童子之师，授之书而习其句读者，非吾所谓传其道、解其惑者也。句读之不知，惑之不解，或师焉，或不焉，小学而大遗，吾未见其明也。巫医、乐师、百工之人，不耻相师。士大夫之族，曰“师”曰“弟子”云者，则群聚而笑之。问之，则曰：彼与彼年相若也，道相似也， 位卑则足羞，官盛则近谀。呜呼!师道之不复，可知矣。 巫医、乐师、百工之人，君子不齿，今其智乃反不能及，其可怪也欤! 圣人无常师。孔子师郯子、苌弘、师襄、老聃。郯子之徒，其贤不及孔子。孔子曰“三人行，则必有我师。”是故弟子不必不如师，师不必贤于弟子。闻道有先后，术业有专攻，如是而已。 李氏子蟠，年十七，好古文，六艺经传皆通习之，不拘于时，学于余。余嘉其能行古道，作《师说》以贻之。 

       On the Teacher In ancient times those who wanted to learn would seek out a teacher, one who could propagate the doctrine1, impart professional knowledge, and resolve doubts. Since no one is born omniscient, who can claim to have no doubts? If one has doubts and is not willing to learn from a teacher, his doubts will never be resolved. Anyone who was born before me and learned the doctrine before me is my teacher. Anyone who was born after me and learned the doctrine before me is also my teacher. Since what I desire to learn is the doctrine, why should I care whether he was born before or after me? Therefore, it does not matter whether a person is high or low in position, young or old in age. Where there is the doctrine, there is my teacher. fRom Joozone.com. Alas! The tradition of learning from the teacher has long been neglected. Thus it is difficult to find a person without any doubts at all. Ancient sages, who far surpassed us, even learned from their teachers. People today, who are far inferior to them, regard learning from the teacher as a disgrace. Thus, wise men become more wise and unlearned men become more foolish. This explains what makes a wise man and what makes a foolish man. It is absurd that a person would choose a teacher for his son out of his love for him, and yet refuse to learn from the teacher himself, thinking it a disgrace to do so. The teacher of his son teaches the child only reading and punctuation, which is not propagating the doctrine or resolving doubts as the aforementioned. I don"t think it wise to learn from the teacher when one doesn"t know how to punctuate, but not when one has doubts unresolved, for that I find to be the folly of learning in small matters, but neglecting the big ones. Even medicine men, musicians and handicraftsmen do not think it disgraceful to learn from each other. When one of the literati calls another man his "teacher"and himself his "student" people will get together and invariably laugh at him. If you ask them why they are laughing, they will say that since he is almost of the same age and as erudite as another man, it would be degrading for him to call the other man "teacher" if the other man"s social rank is lower than his; and it would be flattering if the other man"s social rank is higher. Alas! It is clear that the tradition of learning from the teacher can no longer be restored. Medicine men, musicians and handicraftsmen are despised by the gentlemen. How strange it is that gentlemen are less wise than these people!

                   

　　The ancient sages did not limit themselves to particular teachers. Confucius had learned from people like Tanzi2, Changhong3, Shixiang4, and Laodan5, who were not as virtuous and talented as Confucius. Confucius said "If three men are walking together, one of them is bound to be good enough to be my teacher."A student is not necessarily inferior to his teacher, nor does a teacher necessarily be more virtuous and talented than his student. The real fact is that one might have learned the doctrine earlier than the other, or might be a master in his own special field. Pan, the son of Li"s family, who is only seventeen years old, loves to study Chinese classics of the Qin and Han dynasties, and masters the six jing6 and their annotations. He does not follow conventions and is willing to learn from me. I appreciate his ability to act in accordance with the old tradition of learning. Therefore I dedicate this piece to him.

 

2021年11月22日 21:46

 

 

5、英语美文精华：实践与坚持等

　　Application and Perseverance

　　实践与坚持

　　

         The greatest results in life are usually attained by simple means, and the exercise of ordinary qualities. The common life of every day, affords ample opportunities for acquiring experience of the best kind.

　　人生最大的收获往往是通过最简单的方法或对常识的准确应用而获得的。每一个平凡的日子都会为我们提供许多机会， 并使我们的阅历有所增强。

　　Fortune has often been blamed for her blindness. Those who look into practical life will find that fortune is usually on the side of the industrious, as the winds and waves are on the side of the best navigators. In the pursuit of even the highest branches of human inquiry, the commoner qualities are found the most useful,such as common sense, attention, application, and perseverance.

　　人们常常认为：机会是可遇而不可求的。而那些懂得细心观察生活的人往往会发现：机会总是更偏向于勤勉的人，正如海风与波浪经常会与航海家做伴一样。哪怕是在对人类事业的最高追求上，实践也是最有效的途径之一。当然，顽强的毅力也是必不可少的。

　　Genius may not be necessary, though even genius of the highest sort does not disdain the use of these ordinary qualities. The very greatest men have been among the least believers in the power of genius, and as worldly wise and persevering as successful men of the commoner sort. Some have even defined genius to be only common sense intensified. A distinguished teacher and president of a college spoke of it as the power of making ef forts. John Foster held it to be the power of lighting one's own fire.

　　天赋并不是获取成功的制胜法宝，即便是天才也同样会意识到常识的重要性。事实上，一些伟大人物往往是那些最不相信天赋的人。真正的智者和成功人士也并非在哪一方面特别出众，甚至他们曾被认为是缺少天赋的人。没错，他们之所以能够获得成功正是凭借着扎实的基本功，对基本常识的强化训练。一位校长兼优秀教师曾说过，他的成功源自不懈的努力。约翰•福斯特则把这种力量称之为“点燃生活的火焰“。

　　

　　Newton's was unquestionably a mind of the very highest order, and yet, when asked by what means he had worked out his extraordinary discoveries, he modestly answered, "By always thinking unto them." At another time he thus expressed his method of study: "I keep the subject continually before me, and wait till the first dawning open slowly by little and little into a full and clear light." It was in Newton's case, as in every other,only by diligent application and perseverance that his great reputation was achieved.

　　无可争议，牛顿的头脑是最高才智的头脑，但当我们问及他是通过什么方法取得了如此重大的发现时，他非常谦虚地答道：“全靠对那些问题不断地深思。“另一次，他这样表述他的研究方法：“我从未停止探索的脚步，当我看到第一缕曙光后，坚定的信念支 持着我最终看到了清晰的世界。“正是通过勤奋和实践，牛顿才最 终获得了不朽的名誉和伟大的成就。

　　Dalton,the chemist,repudiated the notion of his being "a genius," attributing everything which he had accomplished to simple industry and accumulation. John Hunter said of himself, "My mind is like a beehives; but full as it is of buzz and apparent confusion, it is yet full of order and regularity, and food collected with incessant industry from the choice set stores of nature. "

　　英国化学家道尔顿对世人称他为“天才“的做法进行了批判。 他认为自己之所以能获得成功完全凭借自身的不懈努力和对知识的不断积累。约翰•亨特也曾说过：“我的思想如同一个蜂箱，常常嗡嗡作响，甚至还会出现混乱，但通过不懈的努力，嗡嗡声已经消失了，蜜蜂们也都恢复了正常的秩序，而且还学会了如何从大自 然的宝库中寻找食物。“

　　We have, indeed, but to glance at the biographies of great men to find that the most distinguished inventors, artists, thinkers, and workers of all kinds, owe their success, in a great measure, to their indefatigable industry and application.

　　我们同样可以在诸多人物传记中看到：大多数杰出人物，无论是发明家、艺术家、思想家、工人，还是社会各界人士，都无一例外地将自己的成就归功于勤奋和实践。

　　On Pleasure

　　由如歌的快乐

　　Pleasure is a freedom song, but it is not freedom. It is the blossoming of your desires; but it is not their fruit, it is a depth calling unto a height; but it is not the deep nor the high, it is the caged taking wing; but it is not space encompassed. Ay, in very truth, pleasure is a freedom song. And I fain would have you sing it with fullness of heart; yet I would not have you lose your hearts in the singing.

　　快乐是一首自由的歌，但它不是自由。它是你们的欲望绽放的花朵，但不是它们的果实;它是深谷对高峰的呼唤，然而它既不深沉也不高耸;它是囚禁在笼中展翅的鸟儿，而不是环抱的空间。哦，的确，快乐是首自由的歌。我愿你们全心全意地歌唱它，不愿你们在歌唱时迷失自己的心。

　　Some of your youth seek pleasure as if it was all, and they are judged and rebuked. I would not judge nor rebuke them. I would have them seek, for they shall find pleasure, but not her alone;seven are her sisters, and the least of them is more beautiful than pleasure. Have you not heard of the man who was digging in the earth for roots and found a treasure?

　　你们年轻人中有一些追求快乐，好像它就是一切，他们已受到判决和谴责。我不会判决他们，也不会谴责他们，我会让他们去寻找。因为他们寻找的是快乐，然而也不单单是快乐;快乐有七个姐妹，她们中最小的也比她柔美。难道你们未曾听说有人在刨树根时发现了宝藏吗?

　　And some of your elders remember pleasures with regret like wrongs committed in drunkenness. But regret is the beclouding of the mind and not its chastisement. They should remember their pleasures with gratitude, as they would the harvest of a summer. Yet if it comforts them to regret, let them be comforted.

　　你们中有一些老年人遗憾地回忆快乐，好像在追悔酒醉后做的错事。但遗憾只会让心灵蒙上阴影，而不是一种惩罚。他们应以感恩之心回忆他们的快乐，好像回忆夏曰的收获。但如果遗憾能给他们以慰藉，那就让他们得到安慰吧。

　　

　　And there are among you those who are neither young to seek nor old to remember; and in their fear of seeking and remembering they shun all pleasures, lest they neglect the spirit or offend against it.

　　你们中一些人，既不是喜欢追寻的年轻人，又不是沉洒于回忆的老年人;他们在追寻和回忆的恐惧中逃避一切快乐，唯恐自己忽视或惹怒了心灵。

　　But even in their foregoing is their pleasure.

　　然而，在他们的前行中也有快乐。

　　And thus they too find a treasure though they dig for roots with quivering hands.

　　因而，即使他们用颤抖的双手挖掘树根，他们也会找到宝藏。

　　But tell me, who is he that can offend the spirit?

　　请告诉我，谁敢惹怒灵魂呢?

　　Shall the nightingale offend the stillness of the night,or the firefly the stars? And shall your flame or your smoke burden the wind?

　　夜鸾会扰乱夜的寂静，萤火虫会惹恼繁星吗?你们的火焰和烟雾会拖累风吗?

　　Think you the spirit is a still pool which you can trouble with a staff? Oftentimes in denying yourself pleasure you do but store the desire in the recesses of your being.

　　你们以为灵魂是一汪止水，你们用一根木棍就可以搅乱吗?你们通常拒绝快乐，你们只是把快乐的欲望潜伏在内心中。

　　Who knows but that which seem omitted today, waits for tomorrow? Even your body knows its heritage and its rightful need and will not be deceived.

　　有谁知道，今天被忽略的事，明天会不会存在?甚至你们的身体也了解它的本性和合理需求，而不会被欺骗。

　　And your body is the harp of your soul, and it is yours to bring forth sweet music from it or confused sounds.

　　你们的身体是你们心灵的琴弦，它或奏出柔美的乐曲，或拨弄出混乱的噪音，全都在你。

　　And now you ask in your heart, "How shall we distinguish that which is good in pleasure from that which is not good?" Go to your fields and your gardens and you shall learn that it is the pleasure of the bee to gather honey of the flower, but it is also the pleasure of the flower to yield its honey to the bee, for to the bee a flower is a fountain of life, and to the flower a bee is a messenger of love, and to both, bee and flower, the giving and the receiving of pleasure is a need and an ecstasy.

　　现在你们扪心自问：“我们将怎样区别快乐冲的善与恶呢?“去你们的田野和花园，你们就会明白蜜蜂的快乐在于采集花蜜，对于花朵而言，给蜜蜂提供花蜜就是快乐。因为蜜蜂视花朵为生命之泉，而花朵视蜜蜂为爱之使者，对于两者而言，蜜蜂与花朵，给予与接受的快乐是一种需要，一种醉人心扉的喜悦。

　　People of Orphalese, be in your pleasures like the flowers and the bees.

　　奥菲里斯城的人们，尽情享受快乐吧，就像花朵和蜜蜂一样!

　　The Strenuous Life

　　艰辛的人生

　　A life of slothful ease, a life of that peace which springs merely from lack either of desire or of power to strive after great things, is as little worthy of a nation as an individual.

　　一种怠惰安逸的生活，一种仅仅是由于缺少追寻伟大事物的渴望或能力而导致的悠闲生活，对国家与个人都是毫无价值的。

　　We do not admire the man of timid peace. We admire the man who embodies victorious efforts, the man who never wrongs his neighbor, who is prompt to help a friend, but who has those virile qualities necessary to win in the stern strife of actual life. It is hard to fail, but it is worse never to have tried to succeed. In this life we get nothing save by effort. Freedom from effort in the present merely means that there has been effort stored up in the past. A man can be freed from the necessity of work only by the fact that he or his fathers before him have worked to good purpose. If the freedom thus purchased is used aright, and the man still does actual work, though of a different kind, whether as a writer or a general, whether in the field of politics or in the field of exploration and adventure, he shows he deserves his good fortune.

　　我们不欣赏那种怯懦安逸的人。我们钦佩那种表现出奋力向上的人，那种永不屈待邻人，能随时帮助朋友，但是也具有那些刚健的品质，足以在现实生活的严酷斗争中获取胜利的人。失败是难以忍受的，但更为糟糕的是从来不去努力争取成功。在人的这一生中，任何的收获都要通过努力去得到。目前不作任何的努力，只不过意味着在过去有过努力的积储。一个人不必工作，除非他或其先辈们曾经努力工作过，并取得了丰厚的收获。假如他能够把获得的这种自由加以正确地运用，仍然做些实际的工作，尽管那些工作是属于另一类的，不论是做一名作家还是将军，不论是在政界还是在探险和冒险方面做些事情，都表明了他没有辜负自己的好运。

　　

　　But if he treats this period of freedom from the need of actual labor as a period, not of preparation, but of mere enjoyment, even though perhaps not of vicious enjoyment, he shows that he is simply a cucumber on the earth's surface; and he surely unfits himself to hold his own place with his fellows, if the need to do so should again arise. A mere life of ease is not in the end a very satisfactory life, and, above all, it is a life which ultimately unfits those who follow it for serious work in the world.

　　但是，假如他未将这段需要从事实际工作的自由时期用于准备，而仅仅是用于享乐(即使他所从事的或许并非不良的享乐)，那也就表明了他只是地球表面上的一个赘疣;而且如果那种需要再度出现的话，他肯定无法在同僚之中维持自己的地位。一种纯粹安逸的生活终究不是一种令人很满意的生活，而且，最主要的是，过那种生活的人最终肯定没有能力担当起世上之重任。

　　As it is with the individual, so it is with the nation. It is a base untruth to say that happy is the nation that has no history. Thrice happy is the nation that has a glorious history. Far better it is to dare mighty things, to win glorious triumphs, even though checkered by failure, than to take rank with those poor spirits who neither enjoy much nor suffer much, because they live in the gray twilight that knows neither victory nor defeat.

　　对于个人是如此，对于国家也是这样。有人说一个没有历史的国家是得天独厚的，这是根本错误的。一种得天独厚的优越感来源于一个国家所具有的光荣历史。敢于挑战非比寻常的事物，去赢得光辉的胜利，即使其中掺杂着失败，那也远胜于与那些既没有享受多大快乐也没有遭受多大痛苦的平庸之辈为伍，因为他们生活在一个既享受不到胜利也不会遭遇挫败的灰暗的境界中。

　　The Meditations

　　沉思录

　　Begin each day by telling yourself: I shall be meeting with interference, ingratitude, insolence,disloyalty, ill-will, and selfishness 一 all of them due to the offenders' ignorance of what is good or evil. But for my part I have long perceived the nature of good and its nobility, the nature of evil and its meanness, and also the nature of the evildoer himself, who is my brother (not in the physical sense, but as a fellow-creature similarly endowed with reason and a share of the divine); therefore none of those things can injure me, for nobody can implicate me in what is degrading. Neither can I be angry with my brother or fall foul of him; for he and I were born to work together, like a man's two hands, feet, or eyelids, or like the upper and lower rows of his teeth. To obstruct each other is against Natures law 一 and what is irritation or aversion but a form of obstruction...

　　每天早晨醒来的时候告诉你自己：今天我将要面对纷纷扰扰,U忘恩负义，傲慢无礼，背叛与敌意，自私自利，所有这些都是那些冒犯者对善恶无知的表现。而对我来说，自己一直都深知善的真谛和崇高，恶的本质和低俗，以及施恶者的本性。那些所谓施恶者其实是我的兄弟(并非因为肉体上的接近，而是神赋予我们共同的理智和神圣)。既然如此，任何的攻击都无法伤我一根毛发，任何人都不能够将我卷入卑劣的事情。我既不会生我兄弟的气，也不会与之发生争吵，因为我们天生注定要在一起工作，就如同人的两只手,一双脚，或一对眼睑，上下两排牙齿一样紧密不可分。妨碍别人就是违反自然法则，而愤怒与厌恶只是这种妨碍的一种形式……

　　

　　Men seek for seclusion in the wilderness, by the seashore, or in the mountains — a dream you have cherished only too fondly yourself. But such fancies are wholly unworthy of a philosopher, since at any moment you choose you can retire within yourself. Nowhere can man find a quieter or more untroubled retreat than in his own soul... avail yourself often, then, of this retirement, and so continually renew yourself. Make your rules of life brief, yet so as to embrace the fundamentals;recurrence to them will then suffice to remove all vexation, and send you back without fretting to the duties to which you must return...

　　人在荒郊野外、高山海滨寻求隐居之所,愉快地追寻着自己所珍视的梦想。但是，对于一个哲人来说，这些幻想毫无必要。一个哲人可以随时选择自我隐居，最清静、不受纷扰的静修之所莫过于他的内心。善于利用好隐居所带来的好处，不断地升华自己，使你的生活规则变得简单，拥抱世间的基本规律。如此循环往复，定会消除一切烦恼，并且让你安然返回到原来的生活责任当中，而不需愤怒和焦虑……

　　At day's first light have in readiness, against disinclination to leave your bed, the thought that"I am rising for the work of man." Must I grumble at setting out to do what I was born for, and for the sake of which I have been brought into the world? Is this the purpose of my creation, to lie here under the blankets and keep myself warm? "ah, but it is a great deal more pleasant!" was it for pleasure, then, that you were born, and not for work, not for effort? Look at the plants, the sparrows, ants, spiders, bees, all busy at their own tasks, each doing his part towards a coherent world-order; and will you refuse man's share of the work, instead of being prompt to carry out Nature's bidding?

　　当清晨第一缕阳光将要照射进来的时候，打消掉一切不愿起床的念头,要想到：“我起来是要为人类工作的。“对于我们注定要完成的天赋使命，我们非得去抱怨一番吗?殊不知我们正是为这个天赋使命而来到世间。上帝创造了我，难道就是让我躺在毯子下面温暖自己的身体吗?“噢，但是那样做很舒适的啊!“难道我们生来便是为了舒适,而不是为了辛勤努力，为了工作劳动吗?看看那些植物，那些麻雀，那些蚂蚁，那些蜘蛛，那些蜜蜂，它们都在忙着自己的工作，为世界秩序的和谐尽着自己的那份力;难道你真的情愿放弃人类应该履行的职责，而不主动接受大自然给我们的赏赐吗?

 

2022年4月15日 14:07

 

 

6、英汉双语版《傲慢与偏见》第二章节选等
 

After listening to their praise of the officers one morning, Mr Bennet said coolly, 'From what I can see, you must be two of the silliest girls in the country. I've suspected it for some time, but now I'm convinced.'

一天早上，班纳特先生听了她们对军官的称赞以后冷冷地说：“依我看，你们俩肯定是全英国最傻的女孩。过去，我还一直怀疑这个，现在我彻底相信了。”

解析：convinced 确信的、深信的

eg: He is convinced that she could make him happy.

虽然他对她了解不多，但是他坚信她可以让自己过得快乐。

Kitty was embarrassed and did not reply, but Lydia, the youngest, continued to express her admiration for a certain Captain Carter, with perfect indifference.

吉蒂感到害臊，没有吱声。可是最小的丽迪亚毫不在意，继续表达她对一个什么卡特尔上尉的爱慕之情。

解析：embarrassed 尴尬的、窘迫的

eg: Jim was embarrased for making such a big mistake.

吉姆对自己犯了那么大个错误而感到尴尬不已。

indifference 漠不关心、冷淡；相应的形容词形式为 indifferent

eg: Everyone can feel his indifference.

每个人都能感受到他的冷淡。

'I am very surprised, my dear,' said Mrs Bennet, 'that you should be so ready to think your own children silly. As it happens, they are all very clever.'

“我真感到奇怪，亲爱的，”班纳特夫人说，“你为什么总是爱把自己的孩子想得那么傻。巧得很，她们都很聪明。”

'That is the only point, I think, on which we do not agree. I am afraid I must say that I consider our two youngest daughters unusually foolish.'

“我想，只有这一点我们俩意见不一致。恐怕我得说，我们的两个小女儿还不是一般的愚蠢。”

'My dear Mr Bennet, you mustn't expect such young girls to have the common sense of their father or mother. I remember when I used to like a red coat myself, and indeed I still do. If a good-looking officer with five or six thousand a year wanted to marry one of my girls, I wouldn't turn him down. And I thought Colonel Forster looked very handsome last night at Sir William's, in his regimental uniform.'

“我亲爱的班纳特先生，她们还小呢，你不能指望她们有父母一样的见识。我记得自己过去就很喜欢红色的外套，确实，我现在还喜欢。如果哪一位年收入五六千英镑的漂亮军官想娶我们的哪个姑娘，我是不会拒绝他的。我觉得福斯特上校昨天晚上在威廉爵士家身穿兵团制服看起来很英俊。”

解析：expect 期望、指望、预期；其名词形式为expectation

eg: I never expect that you will come.

我没想到你回来。

turn down 拒绝、回绝

eg: Why did you turn down his invitation？

你为什么回绝了他的邀请？

Just then a servant entered with a note for Jane, which had come from Netherfield. Mrs Bennet's eyes shone with pleasure and she called out eagerly, while her daughter was reading it, 'Well, Jane, who is it from? What does he say? Tell us, tell us quickly, my love!'

这时，一位仆人拿着给简的一张便条走了进来，便条是从尼日斐送来的。班纳特太太喜出望外，眼睛为之一亮，女儿还没看完，她就急切地叫道：“哎呀，简，是谁来的？上面写的什么？告诉我们，快告诉我们，我的乖！”

四章

The girls were delighted and agreed at once to this arrangement, and the whole group walked back to Longbourn, happily discussing the enjoyable evening they were going to have. Mr Collins had been very impressed with Mrs Philips'politeness, and when they reached Longbourn, he complimented Mrs Bennet on her sister's elegance and charming manners.

姑娘们兴高采烈，马上同意了这个安排，这一些人便又步行返回浪搏恩，一路谈论着将要度过的愉快的夜晚。柯林斯先生对于菲力普斯太太的彬彬有礼印象深刻，到达浪搏思后，便向班纳特太太称赞她妹妹迷人绰约的风姿。

解析：arrangement 安排、布置、整理

动词原形为arrange 安排、排列、整理

eg: What do you think of this arrangement ?

你们认为这样安排怎么样?。

be impressed with 对……印象深刻

eg: I'm impressed with all steps of the process.

我对程序的每一步印象都很深刻。

The next evening the carriage took him and his five cousins to Meryton, and the girls had the pleasure of hearing, as they entered the hall, that Mr Wickham had accepted their uncle's invitation, and was at that moment in the house.

第二天晚上，柯林斯先生和五个表妹乘马车到达麦里屯，姑娘们一进客厅，就听说韦翰接受了姨夫的邀请，而且已经驾到，感到十分高兴。

解析：invitation 邀请、邀请函

eg: I have sent them a formal invitation.

我已经寄给他们一份正式的邀请函。

When Mr Collins was shown into the sitting-room, and had time to look around and admire it, he said immediately to Mrs Philips, 'Madam, I must compliment you on the size and furniture of this room Really, I could almost imagine myself in the smaller summer breakfast room at Rosings!'

柯林斯先生被领到起居室，四下张望并欣赏了一会儿，马上对菲力普斯太太说。“夫人，您的房间如此宽敞，家具如此精美，我必须向您表示祝贺。实际上我几乎可以想象出我正身处罗新斯小型的夏日早餐厅！”

解析：compliment 恭维、称赞，可以作名词也可作动词

eg:　Her guests complimented her on her cooking.

客人们对她的厨艺都称赞不已。

This remark did not at first please his hostess very much, but when she heard from him what Rosings was, and who its owner was, and how much Lady Latherine's furniture cost, she realized what a great compliment it was. During the evening Mr Collins found Mrs Philips a kind and attentive listener, which was fortunate, as the Bennet girls could not bring themselves to listen to him any longer.

这句话起初并没有使女主人感到十分高兴，可是，当她得知罗新斯是什么、它的主人是谁、凯瑟琳夫人的家具多么昂贵时，她才认识到刚才的话是何等的恭维。那天晚上，柯林斯先生发现菲力普斯太太很和蔼，听别人讲话很专心。这一点使他很幸运，因为班纳特家的姑娘们已经再也耐不住性子听他讲了。

九章

9 Elizabeth in Derbyshire

9 伊丽莎白在德比郡

During the week before the regiment's departure, all the young ladies in the Meryton area became extremely depressed. Only the two elder Miss Bennets were still able to eat, drink, sleep and lead a normal life. They were often scolded by Kitty and Lydia, who could not understand such hard-heartedness.

兵团离开前一周，麦里屯地区所有的年轻小姐都变得极为沮丧。只有班纳特家两个大女儿还能吃、能喝、能睡，过着正常的生活。吉蒂和丽迪亚时常责怪她们，说不理解她们的铁石心肠。

解析：departure 离开、出发

eg: May I have your arrival and departure dates?

能告诉我您出发的日期吗？

depressed 沮丧的、情绪低落的

eg: When depressed, he always sings this song to encourage himself.

当他感到沮丧的时候，他总是唱这首歌来激励自己。

'How shall we manage without the officers!' they cried miserably. 'How can you smile like that, Lizzy?'

"军官们走了我们怎么活呀！”她们悲切地嚷道。“丽萃，你怎么还笑得出来？”

解析：miserably 痛苦地、难受地、可悲地

eg: The millionaires are only a minority, but most people live miserably.

百万富翁仅仅是少数人，而多大部分人都活得悲惨。

Their affectionate mother shared all their sadness. 'I remember when Colonel Millar's regiment went away, twenty-five years ago,' she said, 'I thought my heart was broken.'

她们慈爱的母亲和她们一样悲伤。“我记得25年前米勒上校的兵团离开时，我的心都碎了。”她说。

'I'm sure mine will be broken,' said Lydia.

“我的心也快碎了，”丽迪亚说。

'If we could only go to Brighton!' said Mrs Bennet. 'I'm certain a little sea－bathing would be good for me.'

“我们要能去布赖顿就好了！”班纳特太太说，“我肯定，洗洗海水浴对我是大有好处的。”

'Oh yes! But Papa is so disagreeable about it.'

“噢，是的！可是爸爸太反对了。”

Elizabeth tried not to listen, but could not help seeing the justice of Darcy's objections to her family.

伊丽莎白试图充耳不闻，但是，禁不住想到达西对她家的反对是正当的。

解析：objection 反对、异议

动词形式是object 反对、拒绝；object作名词意思为目标、物体

eg: The defense attorney's objection was overruled by the judge.

被告辩护律师提出的反对意见被法官驳回。

第十二章

12 Elizabeth and Darcy

12 伊丽莎白和达西

One morning, about a week after Bingley had proposed to Jane, a carriage arrived outside Longbourn House. Elizabeth, Kitty and their mother were in the sitting-room, when suddenly the door was thrown open, and their visitor entered. It was Lady Catherine de Bourgh.

一天上午，大约在彬格莱向简求婚后一周，一辆马车来到了浪搏恩府外。伊丽莎白、吉蒂和母亲正在起居室呆着，突然门被撞开了，客人闯了进来。是凯瑟琳・德・包尔夫人。

They were all extremely astonished. Mrs Bennet, flattered to have such an important visitor, received her with great politeness. After sitting for a moment in silence, Lady Catherine said very stiffly to Elizabeth, 'I hope you are well, Miss Bennet. That lady, I suppose, is your mother. And that, I suppose, is one of your sisters.'

她们都极端惊讶。班纳特太太因为来了这样重要的客人而受宠若惊，赶紧非常客气地接待她。干坐了一会儿之后，凯瑟琳夫人很傲气地对伊丽莎白说：“我希望你还好，班纳特小姐。那位夫人我想是你母亲吧。那位我想是你妹妹吧。”

解析：astonished 吃惊的、惊讶的

eg: It astonished me to learn that she was dead.

听说她死了，真使我惊愕。

stiffly 呆板地、生硬地

eg: His father turned, the wiry figure walking a little stiffly.

他父亲转过身来，他那瘦长结实的身躯走路有点不灵活。

Elizabeth replied that she was correct in thinking so. Lady Catherine rose and said, 'I would like to have a walk in your garden, Miss Bennet, if you would accompany me.'

伊丽莎白回答说她说得对。凯瑟琳夫人站起来说：“班纳特小姐，如果你愿意陪我，我想到你家花园走走。”

解析：accompany 陪伴、伴随

eg: Please accompany me on my walk.

请陪我散步。

'Go, my dear,' cried Mrs Bennet. 'Show her ladyship the different walks, I'm sure she will like them.'

“去呀，亲爱的，”班纳特太太嚷道，“让夫人看看不同的小路。我想她肯定会喜欢的。”

As they passed through the hall, Lady Catherine opened the doors into the different rooms, looked in, and declared them to be reasonable-looking rooms. They went into the garden in silence. Elizabeth was determined to make no effort at conversation with a woman who was being more than usually rude and disagreeable.

她们穿过大厅时，凯瑟琳夫人打开各个房间的门，往里看，称这些房间还算可以。她们沉默不语地走进花园。伊丽莎白觉得这个女人比往常更无礼傲慢，令人讨厌，于是拿定主意，不先开口跟她说话。

解析：declare 宣布、声明、发表意见

eg: The governor declared a state of emergency.

州长宣布进入紧急状态。

make efforts 努力、作出努力

eg: Only if we make efforts, we will obtain the happiness.

只要我们努力，一定能活得幸福。

 

2022年5月30日 10:02

 

 

7、学法律英语：法理 等

Give a thief enough rope and he'll hang himself.

多行不义必自毙。

Good order is the foundation of all things.

良好的秩序是一切之基础。

Ignorance of law excuses no one.

不知法不能成为任何人逃避法律的借口。

In a healthy legal system the values of order and justice are not normally at cross-purposes.

在健全的法律制度中，秩序和正义这两个价值一般不会冲突。

In doubt, the milder course is to be followed.

遇有疑义时应遵循从宽原则。

Infancy is a shield, not a sword.

未成年可作为抗辩之理由，但不能作为攻击之借口。

A subsequent ratification has a retrospective affect, and be equivalent to a prior command.

事后追认有溯及力，等同先前命令。

Absolute power corrupts absolutely.

绝对权力绝对腐败。

Fairness and justice in a jurisdiction are realized case by case being settled properly.

司法的公正和正义是通过案件逐一得到妥善解决予以实现的。

It is an important step to replace the rule of men with the rule of law in China's justice reforms.

以法治代替人治是中国司法改革的重要一步。

It is better to fight for justice than to rail at the ill.

与其责骂罪恶，不如伸张正义。

Justice must not only be done, but must be seen to be done.

正义不仅应得到实现,而且还应以人们看得见的方式得到实现。

Let right be done, though the heavens fall.

秉公办事，何惧天塌下来。

Like reason makes like law.

相似的理由导致相似的规则。

No man should benefit from his own injustice.

没有人应当从自己的过错中获益。

The spoken word flies; the written word remains.

口说无凭，立此为证。

Though few are punished, the fear of punishment affects all.

惩一儆百。

Truth is afraid of nothing but concealment.

真相无所惧，唯怕被隐瞒。

We must follow a strict interpretation of the rules.

我们必须对规则严格解释。

Who pardons the bad, injures the good.

宽恕坏人必伤及好人。

State ways cannot change folkways.

国家手段不能改变社会习俗。

Suppression of the thuth is the expression of what is false.

压抑真相，犹如做伪。

The history of liberty has largely been the history of the observance of procedural safeguards.

自由的历史在很大程度上是遵守秩序保障条款的历史。

The place governs the act.

场所支配行为。

Nobody has a more sacred obligation to obey the law than those who make the law.

法律制定者比谁都更具有守法之神圣义务。

She who comes to equity come with clean hands.

自身清白者方能获得衡平救济。

The rules must not be constantly changing.

规则不得朝令夕改。

The same transaction give rise to both a civil and a criminal action.

同一活动可能会导致民事和刑事诉讼。

Without judicial review, statutory limits would be naught but empty words.

没有司法审查，法定权限将只是一句空话。

Wrong laws makes short government.

法制不健全，统治也短命。

 

学法律英语：法理 等

法官

 

An upright judge has more regard to justice than to me.

法官能公正，重法不重人。

 

If the judge departs from the sentencing guideline range he must have a lawful reason for such a departure.

法官必须有合法的理由方可偏离根据判刑准则所确定的量刑范围.

 

Judges shall handle cases impartially and in accordance with the law.

法官应当依法秉公办案。

 

A good judge can extend the boundary of justice.

优秀的法官能够拓展正义的疆界。

 

A judge cannot be a witness in his own cause.

法官不得在其受理的案件中当证人。

 

A judge cannot punish a wrong done to himself.

法官不得对使自己蒙受的过错进行惩处。

 

A judge incurs no civil liability for judicial acts, even if guilty of fraud and corruption.

法官不得因其司法行为而承担民事责任，即使犯有欺诈与贪污罪。

 

Most disputes that arise in any society are not handled through the court system.

社会的大多数争议并非都要通过法院体系解决。

 

No one can be at once suitor and judge.

起诉者不得兼为法官。

 

No one can be judge in his own case.

任何人不能审判自己的案件。

 

Sentencing is at the discretion of the judge.

量刑由法官自由裁定。

 

The chairman of the tribunal asked to see all the facts on the income tax claim.

审判长要求考虑所有有关所得税主张的事实。

 

The judge was appointed to sit in a special case.

该法官被任命审理一个特别案件。

 

The magistrates committed her for trial at the Crown Court.

治安法官将她带到巡回刑事法庭受审。

 

The judge accepted the defendant's understanding not to harass the plaintiff.

法官认可了被告不去骚扰原告的承诺。

 

The judge exceeded his powers in criticizing the court of appeal.

法官越权对上诉法院进行批评。

 

The judge found that the plaintiff's pleadings disclosed no cause of action.

法官裁定原告诉状没有说明诉因。

 

The judge heard the case in chamber.

法官不公开审理该案。

 

The judge must not hear the evidence or the representations from one side behind the back of the other.

法官不得背着一方当事人去听取另一方的证据或者陈述。

 

The judge ordered the actions to be consolidated.

法官命令将诉讼合并审理。

 

The judge refused the application, on the ground that he had a judicial discretion to examine inadmissible evidence.

法官拒绝了申请，根据是他有审查不被采信证据的司法裁量权。

 

The judge decided in favor of the plaintiff.

法官判原告胜诉。

 

The judge disallowed the defense evidence.

法官没有采信辩方证据。

 

The judge revised his earlier decision not to consider a submission from defense counsel.

法官修正了他早先不考虑被告方律师意见的决定。

 

The judge warned counsel not to prompt the witness.

法官告诫律师不得诱导证人。

 

The judge was of the opinion that if the evidence was doubtful the claim should be dismissed.

法官认为，如果证据有疑，应当驳回主张。

 

The justices were ordered to rehear the information.

法官被命令重新审理起诉。

 

The Lord justice said he was not laying down guideline for sentencing.

大法官说他现在没有制定判刑的标准。

 

The judge consented to the request of the prosecution9 counsel.

法官同意控方律师的请求。

 

The practiced of the judge is the interpreter of law.

法官的通常工作是解释法律。

 

犯罪

 

A witness's credibility noticeably diminishes as theenormity of the crime or the unlikeliness of itscircumstances increase.

罪行越严重，情节越难以置信，证据的尺度应越严格。

 

An act does not make a person guilty of a crimeunless the mind is also guilty.

没有主观过错的行为不会令行为人有罪。

 

An intoxicated person who commits a crime shallbear criminal responsibility.

醉酒者犯罪应负刑事责任。

 

By selling alcohol to minors, the shop isdeliberately flouting the law.

向未成年人出售烈酒，是商店故意犯罪。

 

Criminal responsibility is to be borne for negligent crimes only when the law so provides.

过失犯罪，法律有明文规定时才负刑事责任。

 

Criminals responsibility shall be borne for intentional crimes.

故意犯罪，应当负刑事责任。

 

A crime is a behavior within the definition of the provisions of the criminal law and should besubject to criminal penalty.

犯罪是刑法规定范畴的应承担刑事责任的行为。

 

A crime is the behavior that is harmful to the society and should be punished with criminalpenalty.

犯罪是具有社会危害性的行为，应当受到刑法处罚。

 

A sin takes in everything done, said and willed against right reason.

罪包含所有违背正确理性的行为、言词和意志。

 

Criminal are sick; they should be patients, not prisoners.

罪犯都是病态的，他们应该是病人，而不是囚犯。

 

Everyone is held to be innocent until he is proved guilty.

凡不能被证明有罪的，都是无罪。

 

Facility of pardon is an incentive to crime。

轻易赦免罪过，实际是鼓励犯罪。

 

Giving the killer what he deserves.

给杀人者应得之惩罚。

 

Hate the sin but not the sinner.

可恨的是罪行，而非罪人。

 

He carried out a felonious act.

他犯了重罪。

 

He confessed to the crime during his interrogation.

在询问中，他供认了犯罪。

 

He denied being in the house at the time of the murder.

他否认谋杀发生时他在住宅内。

 

He pleads not guilty to murder but guilty to manslaughter.

他承认误杀，不承认谋杀。

 

He tried to establish his innocence.

他试图确定自己无罪。

 

He turned over a new leaf.

他洗心革面，重新做人。

 

The crime was premeditated.

犯罪是预谋好的。

 

The company was guilty of evading the VATregulations.

该公司犯有逃避增值税规定罪。

 

The suspects were placed in detention.

嫌疑犯被拘留。

 

The suspect was apprehended at the scene of thecrime.

嫌疑犯在犯罪现场被捕。

 

He was accused of murder.

他被指控犯有谋杀罪。

 

He was arrested for disorderly conduct in the street.

他因在街上妨害治安而被捕。

 

He was arrested on suspicion of being an accessory to the crime.

他因涉嫌同谋犯罪而被捕。

 

He was brought to court and charged with rape.

他被带到法庭并被指控犯有强奸罪。

 

He was charged with trafficing in drugs.

他被指控非法贩卖毒品。

 

He was cleared of all charges.

他被洗脱所有指控的罪名。

 

He was found guilty by the court-martial and sentenced to imprisonment.

军事法庭判他有罪并判他坐牢。

 

He was found guilty of gross dereliction of duty.

他被判严重玩忽职守。

 

He was indicted for murder.

他被指控犯有谋杀罪。

 

He was prosecuted for embezzlement.

他被指控犯罪侵犯信托财产。

 

He was sent to prison for six months for embezzlement.

他因侵占财产被监禁6个月。

 

Mercy to the criminal may be cruelty to the people.

对犯罪的仁慈是对人民的残忍。

 

Repetition of a libel is an offence.

重复诽谤是一种犯罪行为。

 

Sexual intercourse with a girl under sixteen is an offence.

与16岁以下的女孩性交是一种犯罪行为。

 

She was sent to prison for blackmail.

她因犯有敲诈罪被送进监狱。

 

The theft comes into the category of petty crime.

盗窃属于轻罪。

 

传票

1.Address of service of process shall be included in the Articles of Association.

2.Alias summons is a subsequent summons issued to replace one that could not be served or otherwise failed.

3.Smith was subpoenaed as a witness to appear in the circuit court.

4.Summons is a written notification that one is required to appear in court.

5.The bailiff was in charge of issuing a summons on the plaintiff.

6.The court served a summons on him.

7.The summons was withdrawn.

8.The witnesses were subpoenaed to attend the trial.

9.The writ was indorsed with details of the plaintiff's claim.

10.They were accused of demanding payment with threats.

1.传票

2.第二传票是取代因无法送达或因其他原因失效的传票之传票。

3.史密斯被传唤为证人在巡回法院出庭。

4.传票是一种要求某人出庭的书面通知。

5.法庭执达官负责向被告签发传票。

6.法院向他送达了传票。

7.传票被撤销。

8.用传票传唤证人参加审判。

9.传票上详细批注了原告的主张。

10.他们被指控用威胁方式提出付款要求。

 

（来源：沪江英语网）

2022年6月30日 11:58

 

 

8、Rabindranath Tagore
 

 

1.

R. India poet Rabindranath Tagore. 

印度著名诗人 泰戈尔。

2.

Rabindranath Tagore paid a grand visit to China in 1924. 

1924年，泰戈尔访问中国。

3.

Rabindranath Tagore called it a teardrop glistening on the cheek of time. 

泰戈尔称它是时代面颊上的一颗晶莹的泪珠。

4.

So we think of Rabindranath Tagore, think of traditions of Buddihism exchanges. 

泰戈尔、佛教交流是中印交流史上的佳话。

5.

Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore once stayed at his home while visiting Shanghai. 

印度著名诗人泰戈尔在访问上海期间曾暂住于此。

6.

I alone have a right to blame and punish, for he only may chastise who loves. — Rabindranath Tagore. 

只有我才有权责怪和惩罚她，因为只有深深爱她的人才有这个权利。- - - R .泰戈尔。

7.

Faith is a bird, when the dawn is still dark, but it touched the dawn of the Acura. - Rabindranath Tagore. 

信仰是个鸟儿，黎明还是黝黑时，就触着曙光而讴歌了。——泰戈尔。

8.

One poem collection is called Stray Birds. After I came here, I have encountered Rabindranath Tagore House. 

对中国人来说，我们在学生时代就学习过泰戈尔的诗歌并非常喜爱，例如《飞鸟集》。

9.

"If parents are bows and children are arrows," said an Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore. "Can you never shoot?" 

印度诗人泰戈尔说：“父母是弓，儿女是箭”。你能永远不把箭射出去吗？

10.

God says to man, "I heal you therefore I hurt, love you therefore punish." -rabindranath Tagore (Stray Birds). 

神对人说：“我治愈你因此我伤害你，爱你因此惩罚你。”泰戈尔《飞鸟集》。

11.

Once we dreamt that we were strangers. We wake up to find that we were dear to each other. -rabindranath Tagore. 

我们一度梦见彼此是陌生人，醒来时发现彼此是相亲相爱的。—泰戈尔。

12.

This scene was in the same area as the Tagore House, where poet Rabindranath Tagore was born. Photograph by Dilip mehta. 

这幕场景就发生于诗人泰戈尔故居所处的同一地区。

13.

Rabindranath Tagore: the fish in the water is silent, the animal on the earth is noisy, the bird in the air is singing. 

泰戈尔：水中游鱼静默，地上走兽喧嚣。空中飞鸟吟唱。

14.

When we talk about cultural and educational exchanges, which should play a bigger role in our future relationship, Rabindranath Tagore is what first came to my mind. 

说到中印文化教育交流，首先进入我们脑海的便是泰戈尔。

15.

Rare photos of old Shanghai - including visiting celebrities like George Bernard Shaw, Charlie Chaplin and Rabindranath Tagore - go on exhibit tomorrow at the Shanghai Library. 

老上海的珍贵照片，明日(11月27日)将在上海图书馆展出，其中名人萧伯纳，查理·卓别林和泰戈尔在上海的留影。

16.

Or will we spend our days, as the famous Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore wrote, in stringing and unstringing our instruments, while the song we came to sing remains unsung? 

或者，诚如著名的印度诗人泰戈尔描述，「将我们的时日消耗在调理琴弦之上，以至于迄今尚未唱出要唱的歌曲」？

17.

Rabindranath Tagore, the renowned poet-philosopher who was born here, visited China twice in the 1920s, leaving a deep imprint in the history of friendly exchanges between China and India. 

上世纪20年代，诞生于此的著名诗哲泰戈尔两度游历中国，在中印友好交流史上留下了重重的一笔。

18.

Yet 80 years ago a Bengali, Rabindranath Tagore, Asia’s first Nobel laureate, stirred crowds in India, China and Japan by calling for a pan-Asian spiritualism to counter Western materialism. 

八十年前，一位孟加拉人，泰戈尔，亚洲首名诺贝尔桂冠摘得者，其所推崇的泛亚主义理念在印度、中国和日本产生极大反响。 他主张用东方的灵性来对抗西方的唯物主义。

19.

The furthest distance in the world ~ Rabindranath Tagore ~ the furthest distance in the world is not between life and death, but when I stand in front of you yet you don't know that I love you. 

世界上最遥远的距离~泰戈尔~世界上最遥远的距离不是在生死之间，而是我就站在你面前你却不知道，我爱你。

 

2022年7月29日 14:50

 

 

9、法律英语：不动产等

 

1.A man may claim that the owns land by inheritance or purchase from some other person.

 

2.Land is referred to as realty.

 

3.Land may not be sold,leased,mortgaged or illegally transferred by any other means.

 

4.Land,the main source of wealth,

 

is by the very nature of things treated differently from other kinds of property.

 

5.Permission for any change in the use of the land owned

 

has to be obtained from the local planning authorities.

 

6.Property may be classified into real property and personal property.

 

7.Real property is both a bundle of legal rights and certain physical objects.

 

8.Real property is land and things immovably attached to the land.

 

9.The ownership of land grew out of possession.

 

10.Where a squatter occupies derelict land and continues in uninterrupted possession for 12 years,the owner's title to land is destroyed.

 

2、不动产

 

一个人可能会声称他是通过继承或从其他人处购买而拥有土地的。

 

土地被除数称为不动产.

 

土地不得买卖,出租,抵押或者以其他形式非法转让.

 

土地是主要的财富渊源,

 

按照物的本质区分有别于其他类别的财产.

 

变更大对拥有土地的使用必须经地方规划当局批准.

 

财产可分为不动产和动产两类.

 

不动产包括大量法定权益和某些有形物.

 

不动产指的是土地及土地上附着物.

 

 

2、保险

 

　一、保险 Insurance

 

1.He is a holder of an insurance policy.

 

2.How long is the period from the commencement to termination of insurance?

 

3.Insurance companies insured ships and their cargoes against loss at sea.

 

4.Mr.Rodman is the most heavily insured man in the world,

 

carrying $4,000,000 insurance on his life.

 

5.One kind of insurance policy is the one that covers a named person.

 

6.Parties to an insurance contract are required to exercise the utmost good faith

 

and disclose all relevant matters to each other.

 

7.The coverage is written in the basic form and clauses.

 

8.What cover will you take out?

 

9.What do your insurance clauses cover?

 

10.Who will pay the premium for WPA?

 

1、保险

 

他是保险单持有人.

 

保险责任起止期限是多长?

 

保险公司为船舶和船货承保了海损险.

 

罗德曼先生是世界上投保最多的人,

 

为自己投了4,000.000 美元的人寿险.

 

有一种保险单是记名保险单.保险合同双方当事人都应该尽到最大的善意

 

并且想到披露所有的相关事实.

 

保险范围写在基本保险单和各种险别条款里.

 

你们准备投保那些险别?

 

3、知道这些词，你就能看懂英文合同了

 

This contract is made this 19th of February,2014 by WFX Corporation (hereinafter referred to as "Sellers"）who agree to sell and HK Corporation (hereinafter referred to as "Buyers"), who agree to buy the following goods on the terms and conditions as below.

 

本合同由WFX公司（以下简称"卖方"）与HJ公司（以下简称"买方"）于2014年2月19日订立，双方同意按下述条件买卖下列货物。

 

The deposit paid by the Buyers shall not be refunded if the Buyers fail to make full payment within the time herein specified and the Buyers shall be liable for all losses incurred therefrom to the Sellers.

 

如果买方在规定的时间内未付清货款，买方的保证金将不予退还，而且买方应承担卖方由此引起的一切损失。

 

在翻译古体词的时候，应根据本意及上下文灵活掌握释义。例如在此例中， herein可以不必译出。或采用汉语的文言词例如"兹"、"之"、"鉴于"、"特"等进行翻译。

 

IN WITNESSTH WHEREOF the parties hereto have executed this Contract by their authorized representatives as of the date first above written.

 

兹特由双方授权的代表，于上述首开日期和签署本合同为据。

 

此例中的"IN WITNESSTH WHEREOF"意思是"作为协议事项的证据"，是格式化的合同语言，类似采用大写形式的还有：IN CONSIDERATION OF(考虑到，以为约因）、WHEREAS (鉴于）、IN THE PRESENCE OF (见证人）、NOWTHEREFORE(特此、兹特）、NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS(兹特立约为据）。

 

当然，类似这样运用大量"古体词"的句子在任何一本英文合同里都可以找出上百句来。于是我们整理了这么一张表格，如果全都能理解透，相信各位沪友一定能在之后对法律英语有进一步的了解，至少能更顺利阅读法律文本。

本。

hereafter	after this in sequence or in time, in some future time or state（此后，以后）
hereby	by this means（以此方式，以此，特此）
herefrom	from this fact or statement（由此，从此）
herein	in this document（此中，于此，在此文件中）
hereinabove	at a prior point in this writing or document（前文）
hereinafter	in the following part of this writing or document（在下文）
hereinbefore	in the preceding part of this writing or document（在上文）
hereof	of this（就此，关于此）
hereto	to this writing or document（对此，至此）
hereunder	under or in accordance with this writing or document（在下面，在下文）
herewith	with this communication;enclosed in this（同此，以此）
thereafter	after that（此后，后来）
thereby	by that means（按此）
therefrom	from that（从此，从那里）
therein	in or into that place,time,or thing（在那里，在其中）
thereinafter	in the following part of that matter (as writing, document, or speech)（在下文）
thereof	of that（在其中）
thereto	to that（此外，在其上）
thereunder	under that part of a contract（在其下，按规定条款）
therewith	with that（与此）
whereby	by which（按，靠那个）
wherein	in which（在那方面）
whereof	of which（关于那个）
whereon	on what（因此，在什么上面）
whereto	to what place, purpose or end（何以，向何处，为什么）
whereundcr	under what（在其下，在那下面）

 

 

（来源：沪江英语）

2022年8月25日 17:15

 

 

11、徐灿•《满江红•有感》等
 

乱后家山，

意中愁绪真难说。

春将去、

冰台初长，

绮钱重叠。

炉尽水沉犹倦起，

小窗依约云和月。

叹人生、

争似水中莲，

心同结。

 

离别泪，

盈盈血。

流不尽，

波添咽。

见鸿归阵阵，

几增凄切。

翠黛每从青镜减，

黄金时向床头缺。

问今春、

曾梦到乡关，

惊鶗鴂。

 

Man jiang hong:

Moved    

Xu Can

             

A homeland after upheaval

The gloomy mood within is hard to describe.

Spring is almost gone, the mugwort has just sprouted;

The window adornments overlap one another.

The eaglewood in the burner has turned to ashes, but still I am loath to get up;

The small window faintly shows the clouds and moon.

Sad it is, that life isn’t like a lotus in the water,

With hearts entwined.

Tears of parting

Brim with blood,

Flowing without end,

Their waves swelling with sobs.

Seeing wild geese return in groups

Often compounds my biting grief.

More and more my kohl brows pale in the mirror;

Now and then the waning moon appears at bedside.

This spring, did I dream of visiting my hometown

And startling the cuckoos?

2、 徐灿•《唐多令•感怀》

玉笛送清秋，

红蕉露未收。

晚香残、

莫倚高楼。

寒月羁人同是客，

偏伴我，

住幽州。

小院人边愁，

金戈满旧游。

问五湖、

那有扁舟。

梦里江声和泪咽，

何不向，

故园流。

 

Tangduo ling:

Reflections     

Xu Can

         

The jade flute sends off cool autumn;

On the red plantain, dew has not dried.

The night fragrance is fading don’t lean from the high tower!

The cold moon and the traveler are both sojourners;

She keeps me company in a somber land.

Into the small courtyard comes frontier grief;

Iron weapons litter old haunts.

Where can one find a small boat in the five lakes?

In my dream the river’s cries blend with sobbing tears;

Why don’t they flow toward my old home?

3、鱼玄机•《暮春即事》

深巷穷门少侣俦，阮郎唯有梦中留。

香飘罗绮谁家席，风送歌声何处楼。

街近鼓鼙喧晓睡，庭闲鹊语乱春愁。

安能追逐人间事，万里身同不系舟。

 

Late Spring Impromptu

YuXuanji

 

Livingon a side street

ina house of poverty,

feware my companions

inthis hidden alleyway;

onlyin the heart of dreams

ismy beloved there.

Incensewafts into my silken dress,

whereare they having a party?

Thebreeze carries with it the voice of song;

whereis the pleasure pavilion?

Thestreet is so near, I’m wakened at dawn

bythe sound of noisy drumming,

mycourtyard’s so peaceful,

themagpies’ chatter

scattersmy springtime sorrows.

Howcan I pursue the affairs

thatbelong to the human world?

Remainingthe same for ten thousand miles,

Inever tie down my boat.

2022年9月13日 23:22

 

 

12、基辛格：新冠病毒大流行将永远改变世界秩序
 

       美国前国务卿亨利·基辛格4月3日在美国《华尔街日报》发表了题为《新冠病毒大流行将永远改变世界秩序》的专栏文章。基辛格在文中指出，新冠病毒以前所未有的规模和猛烈程度对人类发起袭击，对人类健康的影响可能是暂时的，但它所引发的政治和经济动荡可能会持续几代人。各国必须在合作的基础上解决当前的问题，否则将面临最坏结果。

　　亨利·阿尔弗雷德·基辛格(Henry Alfred Kissinger)是一位出生于德国的美国犹太人外交家，与越南人黎德寿一同为1973年诺贝尔和平奖获得者，原美国国家安全顾问，后担任尼克松政府的国务卿，并在水门事件之后继续在福特政府中担任此职。

　　基辛格在1969年到1977年之间在美国外交政策中发挥了中心作用，1971年7月9—11日，美国总统国家安全事务助理基辛格秘密访华，为尼克松访华做准备，促进了中美关系的发展。著有《核武器与对外政策》《复兴的世界》《选择的必要：美国外交政策展望》《白宫岁月》《纪录在案》《动乱年代》《大外交》等。

　　The Coronavirus Pandemic Will Forever Alter the World Order

　　新冠病毒大流行将永远改变世界秩序

　　by Henry A. Kissinger

　　亨利·基辛格

　　April 3, 2020

　　The U.S. must protect its citizens from disease while starting the urgent work of planning for a new epoch.

　　美国必须在为新时代紧急规划的同时，保护其公民免受疾病侵害。

　　The surreal atmosphere of the Covid-19 pandemic calls to mind how I felt as a young man in the 84th Infantry Division during the Battle of the Bulge. Now, as in late 1944, there is a sense of inchoate danger, aimed not at any particular person, but striking randomly and with devastation. But there is an important difference between that faraway time and ours. American endurance then was fortified by an ultimate national purpose. Now, in a divided country, efficient and farsighted government is necessary to overcome obstacles unprecedented in magnitude and global scope. Sustaining the public trust is crucial to social solidarity, to the relation of societies with each other, and to international peace and stability.

　　新冠肺炎大流行的超现实氛围让我想起了年轻时在第84步兵师参与二战突出部战役的经历。今天的情况就像1944年底的时候，能感觉到有一种危险正步步进逼。这种危险并不针对某个特定的人，而是进行随机的毁灭性打击。但当今时代与那个遥远时代之间有一个重要的区别。那时，终级的国家目标使美国人的耐力得以增强。现在，在一个分裂的国家，需要高效且有远见的政府来解决波及全球、规模空前的种种困难。维护公众信任对社会团结、不同社会间关系及国际和平与稳定都至关重要。

　　Nations cohere and flourish on the belief that their institutions can foresee calamity, arrest its impact and restore stability. When the Covid-19 pandemic is over, many countries’ institutions will be perceived as having failed. Whether this judgment is objectively fair is irrelevant. The reality is the world will never be the same after the coronavirus. To argue now about the past only makes it harder to do what has to be done.

　　国家的团结和繁荣建立在这样一种信念之上：国家体制能够预见灾难、抑制其影响并恢复稳定。到新冠肺炎大流行结束时，许多国家的体制会被视为是失败的。这种判断是否客观公正无关紧要。现实就是，此次疫情过后，世界将彻底改变。现在还纠缠于对过去的争论只会让我们更难去做此刻该做的事。

　　The coronavirus has struck with unprecedented scale and ferocity. Its spread is exponential: U.S. cases are doubling every fifth day. At this writing, there is no cure. Medical supplies are insufficient to cope with the widening waves of cases. Intensive-care units are on the verge, and beyond, of being overwhelmed. Testing is inadequate to the task of identifying the extent of infection, much less reversing its spread. A successful vaccine could be 12 to 18 months away.

　　新冠病毒的攻击规模和凶残程度都前所未见。感染人数指数级增长：美国的确诊病例每五天就翻一番。就在我撰写这篇文章的时候，该病依然无药可医。医疗物资不足以应付不断增长的病例。重症监护病房已接近饱和，甚至不堪重负。目前的检测不足以确定感染的规模，更不用说逆转病毒传播了。成功研制出疫苗可能还需要12到18个月。

　　The U.S. administration has done a solid job in avoiding immediate catastrophe. The ultimate test will be whether the virus’s spread can be arrested and then reversed in a manner and at a scale that maintains public confidence in Americans’ ability to govern themselves. The crisis effort, however vast and necessary, must not crowd out the urgent task of launching a parallel enterprise for the transition to the post-coronavirus order.

　　美国政府在避免灾难即刻暴发方面做了扎实的工作。最终的考验将是能否阻止病毒的传播且一举扭转局势，这种扭转无论在方式还是规模上都要能保持公众对美国人自我治理能力的信心。无论抗击这场危机需要付出多大的努力、有着怎样的必要性，都不应漏掉这项紧急任务——建立向新冠肺炎疫情后的新秩序转变的平行机制。

　　Leaders are dealing with the crisis on a largely national basis, but the virus’s society-dissolving effects do not recognize borders. While the assault on human health will—hopefully—be temporary, the political and economic upheaval it has unleashed could last for generations. No country, not even the U.S., can in a purely national effort overcome the virus. Addressing the necessities of the moment must ultimately be coupled with a global collaborative vision and program. If we cannot do both in tandem, we will face the worst of each.

　　各国领导人主要是在国家层面上处理这场危机，但这种病毒对社会的毁灭作用不分国界。虽然病毒对人类健康的攻击将是——希望是——暂时的，但它所引发的政治和经济动荡可能会持续几代人。没有一个国家，包括美国，可以凭一己之力战胜病毒。要应对当前亟需解决的问题，最终必须要融入全球合作的愿景和计划。如果我们不能同时做到这两点，我们将面临两方面最坏的结果。　Drawing lessons from the development of the Marshall Plan and the Manhattan Project, the U.S. is obliged to undertake a major effort in three domains.

　　吸取马歇尔计划和曼哈顿计划的经验教训，美国必须在三方面做出重大努力。

　　First, shore up global resilience to infectious disease. Triumphs of medical science like the polio vaccine and the eradication of smallpox, or the emerging statistical-technical marvel of medical diagnosis through artificial intelligence, have lulled us into a dangerous complacency. We need to develop new techniques and technologies for infection control and commensurate vaccines across large populations. Cities, states and regions must consistently prepare to protect their people from pandemics through stockpiling, cooperative planning and exploration at the frontiers of science.

　　第一，增强全球抵御传染病的能力。医学领域的成就——诸如脊髓灰质炎疫苗的研发和天花的根除，或者通过人工智能进行医学诊断的新兴统计技术奇迹——让我们陷入了危险的自满情绪。针对大规模人群，我们亟需开发控制疾病传染的新技术和相应的疫苗。各市、州和地区必须时刻做好准备，通过物资储备、合作规划和探索尖端科学，保护民众免受大流行病的侵害。

　　Second, strive to heal the wounds to the world economy. Global leaders have learned important lessons from the 2008 financial crisis. The current economic crisis is more complex: The contraction unleashed by the coronavirus is, in its speed and global scale, unlike anything ever known in history. And necessary public-health measures such as social distancing and closing schools and businesses are contributing to the economic pain. Programs should also seek to ameliorate the effects of impending chaos on the world’s most vulnerable populations.

　　第二，努力治愈世界经济的创伤。全球领导人已经从2008年的金融危机中吸取了重要教训。目前的经济危机更为复杂：从蔓延速度和全球规模上来看，新冠病毒引发的经济衰退都是史无前例的。此外，保持社交距离、关闭学校和企业等必要的公共卫生措施对目前的经济形势也是雪上加霜。还应制定相关计划设法减轻即将到来的混乱对世界最弱势群体的影响。

　　Third, safeguard the principles of the liberal world order. The founding legend of modern government is a walled city protected by powerful rulers, sometimes despotic, other times benevolent, yet always strong enough to protect the people from an external enemy. Enlightenment thinkers reframed this concept, arguing that the purpose of the legitimate state is to provide for the fundamental needs of the people: security, order, economic well-being, and justice. Individuals cannot secure these things on their own. The pandemic has prompted an anachronism, a revival of the walled city in an age when prosperity depends on global trade and movement of people.

　　第三，维护自由世界秩序的原则。现代政府起源于由强大统治者保护的筑有围墙的城寨。统治者时而专横，时而仁慈，然而始终强大，强大到足以保护民众免受外敌伤害。启蒙思想家重新定义了这一概念，认为建立合法国家的目的就是满足人民的基本需求：安全、秩序、经济福祉和正义。个人无法凭借一己之力获取这些东西。在这个依赖全球贸易和人口流动实现繁荣的时代，本次疾病大流行引发了一场“时空穿越”——筑有围墙的城寨迎来了复兴。

　　The world’s democracies need to defend and sustain their Enlightenment values. A global retreat from balancing power with legitimacy will cause the social contract to disintegrate both domestically and internationally. Yet this millennial issue of legitimacy and power cannot be settled simultaneously with the effort to overcome the Covid-19 plague. Restraint is necessary on all sides—in both domestic politics and international diplomacy. Priorities must be established.

　　全世界的民主国家需要捍卫和维护他们的启蒙价值观。如果权力与合法性的平衡在全球范围内被打破，将导致社会契约在国家层面和国际层面的分崩离析。然而，合法性与权力的平衡问题延续了千年，难以与抗击新冠肺炎疫情同步解决。无论是国内政治还是国际外交中，各方都需要克制，必须分清轻重缓急。

　　We went on from the Ba into a world of growing prosperity and enhanced human dignity. Now, we live an epochal period. The historic challenge for leaders is to manage the crisis while building the future. Failure could set the world on fire.

　　我们从硝烟四起的世界大战中走来，步入了一个社会日益繁荣、人类更有尊严的世界。今天，我们处在一个划时代的历史节点。各国领导人所面临的历史性挑战就是：在应对危机的同时建设未来。一旦挑战失败，世界将大难临头。

 

2022年10月17日 11:20

 

 

13、台湾问题与新时代中国统一事业
　

       新华社北京8月10日电 国务院台湾事务办公室、国务院新闻办公室10日发表《台湾问题与新时代中国统一事业》白皮书。全文如下：

The Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council and the State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China published a white paper titled "The Taiwan Question and China's Reunification in the New Era" on Wednesday.

The following is the full text of the white paper:

 

　　台湾问题与新时代中国统一事业

　　（2022年8月）

　　中华人民共和国

　　国务院台湾事务办公室

　　国务院新闻办公室

The Taiwan Question and China's Reunification in the New Era

The People's Republic of China

The Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council and The State Council Information Office

August 2022

 

　　目录

　　前言

　　一、台湾是中国的一部分不容置疑也不容改变

　　二、中国共产党坚定不移推进祖国完全统一

　　三、祖国完全统一进程不可阻挡

　　（一）实现祖国完全统一是中华民族伟大复兴的必然要求

　　（二）国家发展进步引领两岸关系发展方向

　　（三）“台独”分裂势力抗拒统一不会得逞

　　（四）外部势力阻碍中国完全统一必遭失败

　　四、在新时代新征程上推进祖国统一

　　（一）坚持“和平统一、一国两制”基本方针

　　（二）努力推动两岸关系和平发展、融合发展

　　（三）坚决粉碎“台独”分裂和外来干涉图谋

　　（四）团结台湾同胞共谋民族复兴和国家统一

　　五、实现祖国和平统一的光明前景

　　（一）台湾发展空间将更为广阔

　　（二）台湾同胞切身利益将得到充分保障

　　（三）两岸同胞共享民族复兴的伟大荣光

　　（四）有利于亚太地区及全世界和平与发展

　　结束语

　　

Contents

Preamble

I. Taiwan Is Part of China - This Is an Indisputable Fact

II. Resolute Efforts of the CPC to Realize China's Complete Reunification

III. China's Complete Reunification Is a Process That Cannot Be Halted

IV. National Reunification in the New Era

V. Bright Prospects for Peaceful Reunification

Conclusion

 

　　前言

Preamble

 

　　解决台湾问题、实现祖国完全统一，是全体中华儿女的共同愿望，是实现中华民族伟大复兴的必然要求，是中国共产党矢志不渝的历史任务。中国共产党、中国政府和中国人民为此进行了长期不懈的努力。

　　中共十八大以来，中国特色社会主义进入新时代。在以习近平同志为核心的中共中央坚强领导下，中国共产党和中国政府积极推进对台工作理论和实践创新，牢牢把握两岸关系主导权和主动权，有力维护台海和平稳定，扎实推进祖国统一进程。但一个时期以来，台湾民进党当局加紧进行“台独”分裂活动，一些外部势力极力搞“以台制华”，企图阻挡中国实现完全统一和中华民族迈向伟大复兴。

　　中国共产党团结带领全国各族人民长期奋斗，如期全面建成小康社会、实现第一个百年奋斗目标，开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家、向第二个百年奋斗目标进军新征程。中华民族迎来了从站起来、富起来到强起来的伟大飞跃，实现中华民族伟大复兴进入了不可逆转的历史进程。这是中国统一大业新的历史方位。

　　中国政府于1993年8月、2000年2月分别发表了《台湾问题与中国的统一》、《一个中国的原则与台湾问题》白皮书，全面系统阐述了解决台湾问题的基本方针和有关政策。为进一步重申台湾是中国的一部分的事实和现状，展现中国共产党和中国人民追求祖国统一的坚定意志和坚强决心，阐述中国共产党和中国政府在新时代推进实现祖国统一的立场和政策，特发布本白皮书。

Resolving the Taiwan question and realizing China's complete reunification is a shared aspiration of all the sons and daughters of the Chinese nation. It is indispensable for the realization of China's rejuvenation. It is also a historic mission of the Communist Party of China (CPC). The CPC, the Chinese government, and the Chinese people have striven for decades to achieve this goal.

The 18th National Congress of the CPC in 2012 heralded a new era in building socialism with Chinese characteristics. Under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at the core, the CPC and the Chinese government have adopted new and innovative measures in relation to Taiwan. They have continued to chart the course of cross-Straits relations, safeguard peace and stability across the Taiwan Straits, and promote progress towards national reunification. However, in recent years the Taiwan authorities, led by the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), have redoubled their efforts to divide the country, and some external forces have tried to exploit Taiwan to contain China, prevent the Chinese nation from achieving complete reunification, and halt the process of national rejuvenation.

The CPC has united the Chinese people and led them in fulfilling the First Centenary Goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects as scheduled, and in embarking on a new journey towards the Second Centenary Goal of building China into a modern socialist country.

The Chinese nation has achieved a historic transformation from standing upright to becoming prosperous and growing in strength, and national rejuvenation is driven by an unstoppable force. This marks a new starting point for reunification.

The Chinese government has published two previous white papers on Taiwan. One was The Taiwan Question and Reunification of China in August 1993, and the other was The One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue in February 2000. These two white papers provided a comprehensive and systematic elaboration of the basic principles and policies regarding the resolution of the Taiwan question. This new white paper is being released to reiterate the fact that Taiwan is part of China, to demonstrate the resolve of the CPC and the Chinese people and their commitment to national reunification, and to emphasize the position and policies of the CPC and the Chinese government in the new era.

 

　　一、台湾是中国的一部分不容置疑也不容改变

I. Taiwan Is Part of China - This Is an Indisputable Fact

 

　　台湾自古属于中国的历史经纬清晰、法理事实清楚。不断有新的考古发现和研究证明海峡两岸深厚的历史和文化联系。大量的史书和文献记载了中国人民早期开发台湾的情景。公元230年，三国时期吴人沈莹所著《临海水土志》留下了关于台湾最早的记述。隋朝政府曾三次派兵到时称“流求”的台湾。宋元以后，中国历代中央政府开始在澎湖、台湾设治，实施行政管辖。1624年，荷兰殖民者侵占台湾南部。1662年，民族英雄郑成功驱逐荷兰殖民者收复台湾。清朝政府逐步在台湾扩增行政机构，1684年设立台湾府，隶属福建省管辖；1885年改设台湾为行省，是当时中国第20个行省。

　　1894年7月，日本发动侵略中国的甲午战争，次年4月迫使战败的清朝政府割让台湾及澎湖列岛。抗日战争时期，中国共产党人明确提出收复台湾的主张。1937年5月15日，毛泽东同志会见美国记者尼姆·韦尔斯时表示：“中国的抗战是要求得最后的胜利，这个胜利的范围，不限于山海关，不限于东北，还要包括台湾的解放。”

　　1941年12月9日，中国政府发布对日宣战布告，宣告“所有一切条约、协定、合同，有涉及中日间之关系者，一律废止”，并宣布将收回台湾、澎湖列岛。1943年12月1日，中美英三国政府发表《开罗宣言》宣布，三国之宗旨在使日本所窃取于中国之领土，例如东北、台湾、澎湖列岛等，归还中国。1945年7月26日，中美英三国共同签署、后来苏联参加的《波茨坦公告》，重申“开罗宣言之条件必将实施”。同年9月，日本签署《日本投降条款》，承诺“忠诚履行波茨坦公告各项规定之义务”。10月25日，中国政府宣告“恢复对台湾行使主权”，并在台北举行“中国战区台湾省受降仪式”。由此，通过一系列具有国际法律效力的文件，中国从法律和事实上收复了台湾。

　　1949年10月1日，中华人民共和国中央人民政府宣告成立，取代中华民国政府成为代表全中国的唯一合法政府。这是在中国这一国际法主体没有发生变化情况下的政权更替，中国的主权和固有领土疆域没有改变，中华人民共和国政府理所当然地完全享有和行使中国的主权，其中包括对台湾的主权。由于中国内战延续和外部势力干涉，海峡两岸陷入长期政治对立的特殊状态，但中国的主权和领土从未分割也决不允许分割，台湾是中国领土的一部分的地位从未改变也决不允许改变。

　　1971年10月，第26届联合国大会通过第2758号决议，决定：“恢复中华人民共和国的一切权利，承认她的政府的代表为中国在联合国组织的唯一合法代表并立即把蒋介石的代表从它在联合国组织及其所属一切机构中所非法占据的席位上驱逐出去。”这一决议不仅从政治上、法律上和程序上彻底解决了包括台湾在内全中国在联合国的代表权问题，而且明确了中国在联合国的席位只有一个，不存在“两个中国”、“一中一台”的问题。随后，联合国相关专门机构以正式决议等方式，恢复中华人民共和国享有的合法席位，驱逐台湾当局的“代表”，如1972年5月第25届世界卫生大会通过第25.1号决议。联合国秘书处法律事务办公室官方法律意见明确指出，“台湾作为中国的一个省没有独立地位”，“台湾当局不享有任何形式的政府地位”。实践中，联合国对台湾使用的称谓是“台湾，中国的省（Taiwan，Province of China）”①。

　　联大第2758号决议是体现一个中国原则的政治文件，国际实践充分证实其法律效力，不容曲解。台湾没有任何根据、理由或权利参加联合国及其他只有主权国家才能参加的国际组织。近年来，以美国为首的个别国家一些势力与“台独”分裂势力沆瀣一气，妄称该决议没有处理“台湾的代表权问题”，炒作非法无效的“旧金山和约”②，无视《开罗宣言》、《波茨坦公告》在内的一系列国际法律文件，再度鼓吹“台湾地位未定”，宣称支持台湾“有意义地参与联合国体系”，其实质是企图改变台湾是中国的一部分的地位，制造“两个中国”、“一中一台”，实现其“以台制华”的政治目的。这些行径歪曲联大第2758号决议，违反国际法，严重背弃有关国家对中国作出的政治承诺，侵犯中国的主权和尊严，践踏国际关系基本准则。对此，中国政府已经表明了反对和谴责的严正立场。

　　一个中国原则是国际社会的普遍共识，是遵守国际关系基本准则的应有之义。目前，全世界有包括美国在内的181个国家，在一个中国原则的基础上与中国建立了外交关系。1978年12月发表的《中美建交公报》声明：“美利坚合众国政府承认中国的立场，即只有一个中国，台湾是中国的一部分”；“美利坚合众国承认中华人民共和国政府是中国的唯一合法政府。在此范围内，美国人民将同台湾人民保持文化、商务和其他非官方关系”。

　　1982年12月，中华人民共和国第五届全国人民代表大会第五次会议通过《中华人民共和国宪法》，规定：“台湾是中华人民共和国的神圣领土的一部分。完成统一祖国的大业是包括台湾同胞在内的全中国人民的神圣职责。”2005年3月，第十届全国人民代表大会第三次会议通过《反分裂国家法》，规定：“世界上只有一个中国，大陆和台湾同属一个中国，中国的主权和领土完整不容分割。维护国家主权和领土完整是包括台湾同胞在内的全中国人民的共同义务。”“台湾是中国的一部分。国家绝不允许‘台独’分裂势力以任何名义、任何方式把台湾从中国分裂出去。”2015年7月，第十二届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十五次会议通过《中华人民共和国国家安全法》，规定：“中国的主权和领土完整不容侵犯和分割。维护国家主权、统一和领土完整是包括港澳同胞和台湾同胞在内的全中国人民的共同义务。”

　　世界上只有一个中国，台湾是中国的一部分的历史事实和法理事实不容置疑，台湾从来不是一个国家而是中国的一部分的地位不容改变。任何歪曲事实、否定和挑战一个中国原则的行径都将以失败告终。

Taiwan has belonged to China since ancient times. This statement has a sound basis in history and jurisprudence. New archeological discoveries and research findings regularly attest to the profound historical and cultural ties between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits. A large number of historical records and annals document the development of Taiwan by the Chinese people in earlier periods.

The earliest references to this effect are to be found, among others, in Seaboard Geographic Gazetteer compiled in the year 230 by Shen Ying of the State of Wu during the Three Kingdoms Period. The royal court of the Sui Dynasty had on three occasions sent troops to Taiwan, called Liuqiu at that time. Starting from the Song and Yuan dynasties, the imperial central governments of China all set up administrative bodies to exercise jurisdiction over Penghu and Taiwan.

In 1624, Dutch colonialists invaded and occupied the southern part of Taiwan. In 1662, General Zheng Chenggong, hailed as a national hero, led an expedition and expelled them from the island. Subsequently, the Qing court gradually set up more administrative bodies in Taiwan. In 1684, a Taiwan prefecture administration was set up under the jurisdiction of Fujian Province. In 1885, Taiwan's status was upgraded and it became the 20th province of China.

In July 1894, Japan launched a war of aggression against China. In April 1895, the defeated Qing government was forced to cede Taiwan and the Penghu Islands to Japan. During the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-1945), China's Communists called for the recovery of Taiwan. Talking with American journalist Nym Wales on May 15, 1937, Mao Zedong said that China's goal was to achieve a final victory in the war - a victory that would recover the occupied Chinese territories in Northeast China and to the south of the Shanhai Pass, and secure the liberation of Taiwan.

On December 9, 1941, the Chinese government issued a declaration of war against Japan, and proclaimed that all treaties, conventions, agreements, and contracts regarding relations between China and Japan had been abrogated, and that China would recover Taiwan and the Penghu Islands.

The Cairo Declaration issued by China, the United States and the United Kingdom on December 1, 1943 stated that it was the purpose of the three allies that all the territories Japan had stolen from China, such as Northeast China, Taiwan and the Penghu Islands, should be restored to China.

The Potsdam Proclamation was signed by China, the United States and the United Kingdom on July 26, 1945, and subsequently recognized by the Soviet Union. It reiterated: "The terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out." In September of the same year, Japan signed the instrument of surrender, in which it promised that it would faithfully fulfill the obligations laid down in the Potsdam Proclamation. On October 25 the Chinese government announced that it was resuming the exercise of sovereignty over Taiwan, and the ceremony to accept Japan's surrender in Taiwan Province of the China war theater of the Allied powers was held in Taibei (Taipei). From that point forward, China had recovered Taiwan de jure and de facto through a host of documents with international legal effect.

On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded, becoming the successor to the Republic of China (1912-1949), and the Central People's Government became the only legitimate government of the whole of China. The new government replaced the previous KMT regime in a situation where China, as a subject under international law, did not change and China's sovereignty and inherent territory did not change. As a natural result, the government of the PRC should enjoy and exercise China's full sovereignty, which includes its sovereignty over Taiwan.

As a result of the civil war in China in the late 1940s and the interference of external forces, the two sides of the Taiwan Straits have fallen into a state of protracted political confrontation. But the sovereignty and territory of China have never been divided and will never be divided, and Taiwan's status as part of China's territory has never changed and will never be allowed to change.

At its 26th session in October 1971, the United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution 2758, which undertook "to restore all its rights to the People's Republic of China and to recognize the representatives of its Government as the only legitimate representatives of China to the United Nations, and to expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek from the place which they unlawfully occupy at the United Nations and in all the organizations related to it". This resolution settled once and for all the political, legal and procedural issues of China's representation in the UN, and it covered the whole country, including Taiwan. It also spelled out that China has one single seat in the UN, so there is no such thing as "two Chinas" or "one China, one Taiwan".

The specialized agencies of the UN later adopted further resolutions restoring to the PRC its lawful seat and expelling the representatives of the Taiwan authorities. One of these is Resolution 25.1 adopted at the 25th World Health Assembly in May 1972. It was clearly stated in the official legal opinions of the Office of Legal Affairs of the UN Secretariat that "the United Nations considers 'Taiwan' as a province of China with no separate status", and the "'authorities' in 'Taipei' are not considered to... enjoy any form of government status". At the UN the island is referred to as "Taiwan, Province of China"[1].

Resolution 2758 is a political document encapsulating the one-China principle whose legal authority leaves no room for doubt and has been acknowledged worldwide. Taiwan does not have any ground, reason, or right to join the UN, or any other international organization whose membership is confined to sovereign states.

In recent years some elements in a small number of countries, the US foremost among them, have colluded with forces in Taiwan, to falsely claim that the resolution did not conclusively resolve the issue of Taiwan's representation. Puffing up the illegal and invalid Treaty of San Francisco[2] and disregarding the Cairo Declaration, the Potsdam Proclamation and other international legal documents, they profess that the status of Taiwan has yet to be determined, and declare their support for "Taiwan's meaningful participation in the UN system". What they are actually attempting to do is to alter Taiwan's status as part of China and create "two Chinas" or "one China, one Taiwan" as part of a political ploy - using Taiwan to contain China. These actions in violation of Resolution 2758 and international law are a serious breach of political commitments made by these countries. They damage China's sovereignty and dignity, and treat the basic principles of international law with contempt. The Chinese government has condemned and expressed its resolute opposition to them.

The one-China principle represents the universal consensus of the international community; it is consistent with the basic norms of international relations. To date, 181 countries including the United States have established diplomatic relations with the PRC on the basis of the one-China principle. The China-US Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations, published in December 1978, states: "The Government of the United States of America acknowledges the Chinese position that there is but one China and Taiwan is part of China." It also states: "The United States of America recognizes the Government of the People's Republic of China as the sole legal Government of China. Within this context, the people of the United States will maintain cultural, commercial, and other unofficial relations with the people of Taiwan."

The Constitution of the People's Republic of China, adopted at the Fifth Session of the Fifth National People's Congress (NPC) in December 1982, stipulates: "Taiwan is part of the sacred territory of the People's Republic of China. It is the inviolable duty of all Chinese people, including our compatriots in Taiwan, to accomplish the great task of reunifying the motherland."

The Anti-Secession Law, adopted at the Third Session of the 10th NPC in March 2005, stipulates: "There is only one China in the world. Both the mainland and Taiwan belong to one China. China's sovereignty and territorial integrity brook no division. Safeguarding China's sovereignty and territorial integrity is the common obligation of all Chinese people, the Taiwan compatriots included. Taiwan is part of China. The state shall never allow the 'Taiwan independence' secessionist forces to make Taiwan secede from China under any name or by any means."

The National Security Law, adopted at the 15th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 12th NPC in July 2015, stipulates: "The sovereignty and territorial integrity of China brook no violation or separation. Safeguarding national sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity is the common duty of all Chinese citizens, including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan compatriots."

We are one China, and Taiwan is part of China. This is an indisputable fact supported by history and the law. Taiwan has never been a state; its status as part of China is unalterable. Any attempt to distort these facts and dispute or deny the one-China principle will end in failure.

 

　　二、中国共产党坚定不移推进祖国完全统一

II. Resolute Efforts of the CPC to Realize China's Complete Reunification

 

　　中国共产党始终致力于为中国人民谋幸福、为中华民族谋复兴。在成立初期，中国共产党就把争取台湾摆脱殖民统治回归祖国大家庭、实现包括台湾同胞在内的民族解放作为奋斗目标，付出了巨大努力。

　　中国共产党始终把解决台湾问题、实现祖国完全统一作为矢志不渝的历史任务，团结带领两岸同胞，推动台海形势从紧张对峙走向缓和改善、进而走上和平发展道路，两岸关系不断取得突破性进展。

　　新中国成立以后，以毛泽东同志为主要代表的中国共产党人，提出和平解决台湾问题的重要思想、基本原则和政策主张；进行了解放台湾的准备和斗争，粉碎了台湾当局“反攻大陆”的图谋，挫败了各种制造“两个中国”、“一中一台”的图谋；促成联合国恢复了中华人民共和国的合法席位和一切权利，争取了世界上绝大多数国家接受一个中国原则，为实现和平统一创造了重要条件。中共中央还通过适当渠道与台湾当局高层人士接触，为寻求和平解决台湾问题而积极努力。

　　中共十一届三中全会以后，以邓小平同志为主要代表的中国共产党人，从国家和民族的根本利益出发，在实现中美建交的时代条件下，在争取和平解决台湾问题思想的基础上，确立了争取祖国和平统一的大政方针，创造性地提出了“一个国家，两种制度”的科学构想，并首先运用于解决香港问题、澳门问题；主动缓和两岸军事对峙状态，推动打破两岸长期隔绝状态，开启两岸民间交流合作的大门，使两岸关系进入新的历史阶段。

　　中共十三届四中全会以后，以江泽民同志为主要代表的中国共产党人，提出发展两岸关系、推进祖国和平统一进程的八项主张③；推动两岸双方达成体现一个中国原则的“九二共识”，开启两岸协商谈判，实现两岸授权团体负责人首次会谈，持续扩大两岸各领域交流合作；坚决开展反对李登辉分裂祖国活动的斗争，沉重打击“台独”分裂势力；实现香港、澳门顺利回归祖国，实行“一国两制”，对解决台湾问题产生积极影响。

　　中共十六大以后，以胡锦涛同志为主要代表的中国共产党人，提出两岸关系和平发展重要思想；针对岛内“台独”分裂活动猖獗制定实施《反分裂国家法》，举行中国共产党和中国国民党两党主要领导人60年来首次会谈，坚决挫败陈水扁“法理台独”图谋；开辟两岸关系和平发展新局面，推动两岸制度化协商谈判取得丰硕成果，实现两岸全面直接双向“三通”，签署实施《海峡两岸经济合作框架协议》，两岸关系面貌发生深刻变化。

　　中共十八大以来，以习近平同志为主要代表的中国共产党人，全面把握两岸关系时代变化，丰富和发展国家统一理论和对台方针政策，推动两岸关系朝着正确方向发展，形成新时代中国共产党解决台湾问题的总体方略，提供了新时代做好对台工作的根本遵循和行动纲领。2017年10月，中共十九大确立了坚持“一国两制”和推进祖国统一的基本方略，强调：“绝不允许任何人、任何组织、任何政党、在任何时候、以任何形式、把任何一块中国领土从中国分裂出去！”2019年1月，习近平总书记在《告台湾同胞书》发表40周年纪念会上发表重要讲话，郑重提出了新时代推动两岸关系和平发展、推进祖国和平统一进程的重大政策主张：携手推动民族复兴，实现和平统一目标；探索“两制”台湾方案，丰富和平统一实践；坚持一个中国原则，维护和平统一前景；深化两岸融合发展，夯实和平统一基础；实现同胞心灵契合，增进和平统一认同。中国共产党和中国政府采取一系列引领两岸关系发展、促进祖国和平统一的重大举措：

　　——推动实现1949年以来两岸领导人首次会晤、直接对话沟通，将两岸交流互动提升到新高度，为两岸关系发展翻开了新篇章、开辟了新空间，成为两岸关系发展道路上一座新的里程碑。双方两岸事务主管部门在共同政治基础上建立常态化联系沟通机制，两部门负责人实现互访、开通热线。

　　——坚持一个中国原则和“九二共识”，推进两岸政党党际交流，与台湾有关政党、团体和人士就两岸关系与民族未来开展对话协商，深入交换意见，达成多项共识并发表共同倡议，与台湾社会各界共同努力探索“两制”台湾方案。

　　——践行“两岸一家亲”理念，以两岸同胞福祉为依归，推动两岸关系和平发展、融合发展，完善促进两岸交流合作、保障台湾同胞福祉的制度安排和政策措施，实行卡式台胞证，实现福建向金门供水，制发台湾居民居住证，逐步为台湾同胞在大陆学习、创业、就业、生活提供同等待遇，持续率先同台湾同胞分享大陆发展机遇。

　　——团结广大台湾同胞，排除“台独”分裂势力干扰阻挠，推动两岸各领域交流合作和人员往来走深走实。克服新冠肺炎疫情影响，坚持举办海峡论坛等一系列两岸交流活动，保持了两岸同胞交流合作的发展态势。

　　——坚定捍卫国家主权和领土完整，坚决反对“台独”分裂和外部势力干涉，有力维护台海和平稳定和中华民族根本利益。依法打击“台独”顽固分子，有力震慑“台独”分裂势力。妥善处理台湾对外交往问题，巩固发展国际社会坚持一个中国原则的格局。

　　在中国共产党的引领推动下，70多年来特别是两岸隔绝状态打破以来，两岸关系获得长足发展。两岸交流合作日益广泛，互动往来日益密切，给两岸同胞特别是台湾同胞带来实实在在的好处，充分说明两岸和则两利、合则双赢。1978年两岸贸易额仅有4600万美元，2021年增长至3283.4亿美元，增长了7000多倍；大陆连续21年成为台湾最大出口市场，每年为台湾带来大量顺差；大陆是台商岛外投资的第一大目的地，截至2021年底，台商投资大陆项目共计123781个、实际投资额713.4亿美元④。1987年两岸人员往来不足5万人次，2019年约900万人次。近3年来受疫情影响，线上交流成为两岸同胞沟通互动的主要形式，参与及可及人数屡创新高。

　　中国共产党始终是中国人民和中华民族的主心骨，是民族复兴、国家统一的坚强领导核心。中国共产党为解决台湾问题、实现祖国完全统一不懈奋斗的历程充分表明：必须坚持一个中国原则，绝不允许任何人任何势力把台湾从祖国分裂出去；必须坚持为包括台湾同胞在内的全体中国人民谋幸福，始终致力于实现两岸同胞对美好生活的向往；必须坚持解放思想、实事求是、守正创新，把握民族根本利益和国家核心利益，制定实施对台方针政策；必须坚持敢于斗争、善于斗争，同一切损害中国主权和领土完整、企图阻挡祖国统一的势力进行坚决斗争；必须坚持大团结大联合，广泛调动一切有利于反“独”促统的积极因素，共同推进祖国统一进程。

The CPC has always been dedicated to working for the wellbeing of the Chinese people and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Soon after its founding in 1921, the CPC set itself the goal of freeing Taiwan from colonial rule, reuniting it with the rest of the country and liberating the whole nation, including compatriots in Taiwan. It has made a tremendous effort to achieve this goal.

The CPC is committed to the historic mission of resolving the Taiwan question and realizing China's complete reunification. Under its resolute leadership, people on both sides of the Taiwan Straits have worked together to de-escalate tension across the Straits. They have set out on a path of peaceful development and made many breakthroughs in improving cross-Straits relations.

After the founding of the PRC in 1949, China's Communists, under the leadership of Mao Zedong, proposed the essential guideline, underlying principle, and basic policy for peaceful settlement of the Taiwan question. The CPC prepared and worked for the liberation of Taiwan, thwarted the Taiwan authorities' plans to attack the mainland, and foiled attempts to create "two Chinas" and "one China, one Taiwan". Through their efforts, the lawful seat and rights of the PRC in the United Nations were restored and the one-China principle was subscribed to by the majority of countries, laying important groundwork for peaceful reunification. The CPC central leadership established high-level contact with the Taiwan authorities through proper channels in pursuit of a peaceful solution to the Taiwan question.

Following the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978, with the establishment of diplomatic relations between the PRC and the United States, China's Communists, led by Deng Xiaoping, defined the fundamental guideline for peaceful reunification in the vital interests of the country and the people and on the basis of the consensus for peaceful settlement of the Taiwan question. The CPC introduced the creative and well-conceived concept of One Country, Two Systems, and applied it first in resolving the questions of Hong Kong and Macao. It took action to ease military confrontation across the Taiwan Straits, restore contact, and open up people-to-people exchanges and cooperation, opening a new chapter in cross-Straits relations.

After the Fourth Plenary Session of the 13th CPC Central Committee in 1989, China's Communists, led by Jiang Zemin, made eight proposals for the development of cross-Straits relations and the peaceful reunification of China[3]. The CPC facilitated agreement across the Straits on the 1992 Consensus, which embodies the one-China principle. It initiated cross-Straits consultations and negotiations, resulting in the first talks between heads of the non-governmental organizations authorized by the two sides of the Straits, and expanded cross-Straits exchanges and cooperation in various fields. The CPC took firm action against separatist activities led by Lee Teng-hui, and struck hard at the separatist forces seeking "Taiwan independence". It ensured the smooth return of Hong Kong and Macao to China, and applied the policy of One Country, Two Systems, which had a constructive impact on the settlement of the Taiwan question.

After the 16th CPC National Congress in 2002, China's Communists, led by Hu Jintao, highlighted the importance of peaceful development of cross-Straits relations. The CPC pushed for the enactment of the Anti-Secession Law to curb separatist activities in Taiwan, hosted the first talks between the leaders of the CPC and the Kuomintang in six decades since 1945, and defeated attempts by Chen Shui-bian to fabricate a legal basis for "independence". The CPC effected profound changes in moving the peaceful development of cross-Straits relations forward by promoting institutionalized consultations and negotiations that produced fruitful results, establishing overall direct two-way links in mail, business and transport, and facilitating the signing and implementation of the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement.

After the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, China's Communists, under the leadership of Xi Jinping, took a holistic approach to cross-Straits relations in keeping with changing circumstances, added substance to the theory on national reunification and the principles and policies concerning Taiwan, and worked to keep cross-Straits relations on the right track. The CPC developed its overall policy for resolving the Taiwan question in the new era, and set out the overarching guideline and a program of action.

At its 19th National Congress in October 2017, the CPC affirmed the basic policy of upholding One Country, Two Systems and promoting national reunification, and emphasized its resolve never to allow any person, any organization, or any political party, at any time or in any form, to separate any part of Chinese territory from China.

In January 2019, Xi Jinping, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee and president of China, addressed a meeting marking the 40th anniversary of the release of the Message to Compatriots in Taiwan. In his speech, Xi Jinping proposed major policies to advance the peaceful development of cross-Straits relations and the peaceful reunification of China in the new era. These are: first, working together to promote China's rejuvenation and its peaceful reunification; second, seeking a Two Systems solution to the Taiwan question and making innovative efforts towards peaceful reunification; third, abiding by the one-China principle and safeguarding the prospects for peaceful reunification; fourth, further integrating development across the Straits and consolidating the foundations for peaceful reunification; fifth, forging closer bonds of heart and mind between people on both sides of the Straits and strengthening joint commitment to peaceful reunification.

The CPC and the Chinese government have thereby adopted a series of major measures for charting the course of cross-Straits relations and realizing China's peaceful reunification:

- The CPC and the Chinese government have facilitated the first meeting and direct dialogue between leaders of the two sides since 1949, raising exchanges and interactions to new heights, opening up a new chapter, and creating new space for cross-Straits relations. This is a new milestone. The departments in charge of cross-Straits affairs on both sides have established regular contact and communication mechanisms on a common political foundation, and the heads of the two departments have exchanged visits and set up hotlines.

- Upholding the one-China principle and the 1992 Consensus, the CPC and the Chinese government have facilitated exchanges between political parties across the Straits, and conducted dialogues, consultations, and in-depth exchanges of views on cross-Straits relations and the future of the Chinese nation with relevant political parties, organizations, and individuals in Taiwan. These efforts have resulted in consensus on multiple issues, and promoted a number of joint initiatives exploring the Two Systems solution to the Taiwan question with all sectors of Taiwan society.

- Guided by the conviction that people on both sides of the Taiwan Straits are of the same family, the CPC and the Chinese government have promoted peaceful development of cross-Straits relations and integrated development of the two sides for the benefit of both the mainland and Taiwan. We have also refined the institutional arrangements, policies and measures to promote cross-Straits exchanges and cooperation, designed to advance the wellbeing of the people of Taiwan. These include the delivery of water from the coastal province of Fujian to Kinmen Island, electronic travel passes for Taiwan residents to enter or leave the mainland, residence permits for Taiwan residents, progressively ensuring that Taiwan compatriots have equal access to public services so as to facilitate their studying, starting businesses, working and living on the mainland, and an ongoing effort to pave the way for Taiwan to benefit first from the mainland's development opportunities.

- While countering interference and obstruction from separatist forces, the CPC and the Chinese government have called on the people of Taiwan to promote effective and in-depth cooperation and people-to-people exchanges in various fields across the Straits. Having overcome the impact of COVID-19, we have held a number of exchange events such as the Straits Forum, and maintained the momentum of cross-Straits exchanges and cooperation.

- Resolute in defending state sovereignty and territorial integrity and opposing separatist activities and external interference, the CPC and the Chinese government have safeguarded peace and stability in the Taiwan Straits and the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation. We have taken lawful action against and effectively deterred separatist forces. We have handled Taiwan's external exchanges in a sound manner, and consolidated the international community's commitment to the one-China principle.

Under the guidance of the CPC, great progress has been made in cross-Straits relations over the past seven decades, especially since the estrangement between the two sides was ended. Increased exchanges, broader cooperation and closer interactions have brought tangible benefits to people across the Straits, especially of Taiwan. This fully demonstrates that cross-Straits amity and cooperation are mutually beneficial.

The volume of cross-Straits trade was only US$46 million in 1978. It rose to US$328.34 billion in 2021, up by a factor of more than 7,000. The mainland has been Taiwan's largest export market for the last 21 years, generating a large annual surplus for the island. The mainland is also the largest destination for Taiwan's off-island investment. By the end of 2021 Taiwan businesses had invested in almost 124,000 projects on the mainland, to a total value of US$71.34 billion[4].

In 1987 less than 50,000 visits were made between the two sides; by 2019 this number had soared to about 9 million. In the past three years, affected by COVID-19, online communication has become the main form of people-to-people interactions across the Straits, and the numbers of people participating in and covered by online communication are reaching new highs.

The CPC has always been the spine of the Chinese nation, exercising strong leadership in realizing national rejuvenation and reunification. Its consistent efforts over the decades to resolve the Taiwan question and achieve complete national reunification are based on the following:

First, the one-China principle must be upheld, and no individual or force should be allowed to separate Taiwan from China.

Second, it is imperative to strive for the wellbeing of all Chinese people, including those in Taiwan, and to realize the aspirations of all Chinese people for a better life.

Third, we must follow the principles of freeing the mind, seeking truth from facts, maintaining the right political orientation, and breaking new ground, and defend the fundamental interests of the nation and the core interests of the state in formulating principles and policies on work related to Taiwan.

Fourth, it is necessary to have the courage and skill to fight against any force that attempts to undermine China's sovereignty and territorial integrity or stands in the way of its reunification.

Fifth, extensive unity and solidarity must be upheld to mobilize all factors to fight against any force that would divide the country, and pool strengths to advance national reunification.

 

　　三、祖国完全统一进程不可阻挡

III. China's Complete Reunification Is a Process That Cannot Be Halted

 

　　当前，在国内国际两个大局都发生深刻复杂变化的时代背景下，推进祖国完全统一面临着新的形势。中国共产党和中国政府有驾驭复杂局面、战胜风险挑战的综合实力和必胜信心，完全有能力推动祖国统一大业阔步前进。

　　（一）实现祖国完全统一是中华民族伟大复兴的必然要求

　　在中华民族五千多年的发展进程中，追求统一、反对分裂始终是全民族的主流价值观，这一价值观早已深深融入整个中华民族的精神血脉。近代以后，由于西方列强入侵和封建统治腐败，中国逐步成为半殖民地半封建社会，国家蒙辱、人民蒙难、文明蒙尘，中华民族遭受了前所未有的劫难。台湾被日本霸占半个世纪的历史，是中华民族近代屈辱的缩影，给两岸同胞留下了剜心之痛。一水之隔、咫尺天涯，两岸迄今尚未完全统一是历史遗留给中华民族的创伤。两岸同胞应该共同努力，谋求国家统一，抚平历史创伤。

　　实现中华民族伟大复兴，是近代以来中国人民和中华民族最伟大的梦想。实现祖国完全统一，才能使两岸同胞彻底摆脱内战的阴霾，共创共享台海永久和平；才能避免台湾再次被外国侵占的危险，打掉外部势力遏制中国的图谋，维护国家主权、安全、发展利益；才能清除“台独”分裂的隐患，稳固台湾作为中国的一部分的地位，推进中华民族伟大复兴；才能更好地凝聚两岸同胞力量建设共同家园，增进两岸同胞利益福祉，创造中国人民和中华民族更加幸福美好的未来。正如中国伟大的革命先行者孙中山先生所言：“‘统一’是中国全体国民的希望。能够统一，全国人民便享福；不能统一，便要受害。”

　　中华民族在探寻民族复兴强盛之道的过程中饱经苦难沧桑。“统则强、分必乱”，这是一条历史规律。实现祖国完全统一，是中华民族的历史和文化所决定的，也是中华民族伟大复兴的时和势所决定的。我们比历史上任何时期都更接近、更有信心和能力实现中华民族伟大复兴的目标，也更接近、更有信心和能力实现祖国完全统一的目标。台湾问题因民族弱乱而产生，必将随着民族复兴而解决。全体中华儿女团结奋斗，就一定能在同心实现中华民族伟大复兴进程中完成祖国统一大业。

　　（二）国家发展进步引领两岸关系发展方向

　　决定两岸关系走向、实现祖国完全统一的关键因素是国家的发展进步。国家发展进步特别是40多年来改革开放和现代化建设所取得的伟大成就，深刻影响着解决台湾问题、实现祖国完全统一的历史进程。无论何党何派在台湾掌权，都无法改变两岸关系向前发展的总体趋势和祖国统一的历史大势。

　　根据国际货币基金组织的统计⑤，1980年，大陆生产总值约3030亿美元，台湾生产总值约423亿美元，大陆是台湾的7.2倍；2021年，大陆生产总值约174580亿美元，台湾生产总值约7895亿美元，大陆是台湾的22.1倍。国家发展进步特别是经济实力、科技实力、国防实力持续增强，不仅有效遏制了“台独”分裂活动和外部势力干涉，更为两岸交流合作提供了广阔空间、带来了巨大机遇。越来越多的台湾同胞特别是台湾青年来大陆学习、创业、就业、生活，促进了两岸社会各界交往交流交融，加深了两岸同胞利益和情感联系，增进了两岸同胞文化、民族和国家认同，有力牵引着两岸关系沿着统一的正确方向不断前行。

　　中国共产党团结带领中国人民已经踏上了全面建设社会主义现代化国家的新征程。大陆坚持中国特色社会主义道路，治理效能提升，经济长期向好，物质基础雄厚，人力资源丰厚，市场空间广阔，发展韧性强大，社会大局稳定，继续发展具有多方面优势和条件，并持续转化为推进统一的动力。立足新发展阶段，贯彻新发展理念，构建新发展格局，推动高质量发展，将使大陆综合实力和国际影响力持续提升，大陆对台湾社会的影响力、吸引力不断扩大，我们解决台湾问题的基础更雄厚、能力更强大，必将有力推动祖国统一进程。

　　（三）“台独”分裂势力抗拒统一不会得逞

　　台湾自古是中国的神圣领土。所谓“台湾独立”，是企图把台湾从中国分割出去，是分裂国家的严重罪行，损害两岸同胞共同利益和中华民族根本利益，是走不通的绝路。

　　民进党当局坚持“台独”分裂立场，勾连外部势力不断进行谋“独”挑衅。他们拒不接受一个中国原则，歪曲否定“九二共识”，妄称“中华民国与中华人民共和国互不隶属”，公然抛出“新两国论”；在岛内推行“去中国化”、“渐进台独”，纵容“急独”势力鼓噪推动“修宪修法”，欺骗台湾民众，煽动仇视大陆，阻挠破坏两岸交流合作和融合发展，加紧“以武谋独”、“以武拒统”；勾结外部势力，在国际上竭力制造“两个中国”、“一中一台”。民进党当局的谋“独”行径导致两岸关系紧张，危害台海和平稳定，破坏和平统一前景、挤压和平统一空间，是争取和平统一进程中必须清除的障碍。

　　台湾是包括2300万台湾同胞在内的全体中国人民的台湾，中国人民捍卫国家主权和领土完整、维护中华民族根本利益的决心不可动摇、意志坚如磐石，这是挫败一切“台独”分裂图谋的根本力量。100多年前中国积贫积弱，台湾被外国侵占。70多年前中国打败侵略者，收复了台湾。现在的中国，跃升为世界第二大经济体，政治、经济、文化、科技、军事等实力大幅增强，更不可能再让台湾从中国分裂出去。搞“台独”分裂抗拒统一，根本过不了中华民族的历史和文化这一关，也根本过不了14亿多中国人民的决心和意志这一关，是绝对不可能得逞的。

　　（四）外部势力阻碍中国完全统一必遭失败

　　外部势力干涉是推进中国统一进程的突出障碍。美国一些势力出于霸权心态和冷战思维，将中国视为最主要战略对手和最严峻的长期挑战，竭力进行围堵打压，变本加厉推行“以台制华”。美国声称“奉行一个中国政策，不支持‘台独’”，但美国一些势力在实际行动上却背道而驰。他们虚化、掏空一个中国原则，加强与台湾地区官方往来，不断策动对台军售，加深美台军事勾连，助台拓展所谓“国际空间”，拉拢其他国家插手台湾问题，不时炮制损害中国主权的涉台议案。他们颠倒黑白、混淆是非，一方面怂恿“台独”分裂势力制造两岸关系紧张动荡，另一方面却无端指责大陆“施压”、“胁迫”、“单方面改变现状”，为“台独”分裂势力撑腰打气，给中国实现和平统一制造障碍。

　　《联合国宪章》规定的尊重国家主权和领土完整、不干涉别国内政等重要原则，是现代国际法和国际关系的基石。维护国家统一和领土完整，是每个主权国家的神圣权利，中国政府理所当然可以采取一切必要手段解决台湾问题、实现国家统一，不容外部势力干涉。美国的一些反华势力以所谓“自由、民主、人权”和“维护以规则为基础的国际秩序”为幌子，刻意歪曲台湾问题纯属中国内政的性质，企图否定中国政府维护国家主权和领土完整的正当性与合理性。这充分暴露了他们搞“以台制华”、阻挠中国统一的政治图谋，必须予以彻底揭露和严正谴责。

　　外部势力打“台湾牌”，是把台湾当作遏制中国发展进步、阻挠中华民族伟大复兴的棋子，牺牲的是台湾同胞的利益福祉和光明前途，绝不是为了台湾同胞好。他们纵容鼓动“台独”分裂势力滋事挑衅，加剧两岸对抗和台海形势紧张，破坏亚太地区和平稳定，既违逆求和平、促发展、谋共赢的时代潮流，也违背国际社会期待和世界人民意愿。新中国成立之初，在百废待兴、百业待举的情况下，中国共产党和中国政府紧紧依靠人民，以“钢少气多”力克“钢多气少”，赢得抗美援朝战争伟大胜利，捍卫了新中国安全，彰显了新中国大国地位，展现了我们不畏强暴、反抗强权的铮铮铁骨。中国坚定不移走和平发展道路，同时决不会在任何外来干涉的压力面前退缩，决不会容忍国家主权、安全、发展利益受到任何损害。“挟洋谋独”没有出路，“以台制华”注定失败。

　　要安宁、要发展、要过好日子，是台湾同胞的普遍心声，创造美好生活是两岸同胞的共同追求。在中国共产党的坚强领导下，中国人民和中华民族迎来从站起来、富起来到强起来的伟大飞跃，一穷二白、人口众多的祖国大陆全面建成小康社会，我们更有条件、更有信心、更有能力完成祖国统一大业，让两岸同胞都过上更好的日子。祖国统一的历史车轮滚滚向前，任何人任何势力都无法阻挡。

Against a backdrop of profound and complex changes in the domestic and international situation, our cause of complete national reunification is facing new challenges. The CPC and the Chinese government have the strength and the confidence to deal with complexities and overcome risks and threats, and the ability to take great strides forward on the path to national reunification.

1. Complete Reunification Is Critical to National Rejuvenation

Throughout China's 5,000-year history, national reunification and opposition to division have remained a common ideal and a shared tradition of the whole nation. In the modern era from the mid-19th century, due to the aggression of Western powers and the decadence of feudal rule, China was gradually reduced to a semi-feudal, semi-colonial society, and went through a period of suffering worse than anything it had previously known. The country endured intense humiliation, the people were subjected to great pain, and the Chinese civilization was plunged into darkness. Japan's 50-year occupation of Taiwan epitomized this humiliation and inflicted agony on both sides of the Taiwan Straits. Our two sides face each other just across a strip of water, yet we are still far apart. The fact that we have not yet been reunified is a scar left by history on the Chinese nation. We Chinese on both sides should work together to achieve reunification and heal this wound.

National rejuvenation has been the greatest dream of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation since the modern era began. Only by realizing complete national reunification can the Chinese people on both sides of the Straits cast aside the shadow of civil war and create and enjoy lasting peace. National reunification is the only way to avoid the risk of Taiwan being invaded and occupied again by foreign countries, to foil the attempts of external forces to contain China, and to safeguard the sovereignty, security, and development interests of our country. It is the most effective remedy to secessionist attempts to divide our country, and the best means to consolidate Taiwan's status as part of China and advance national rejuvenation. It will enable us to pool the strengths of the people on both sides, build our common home, safeguard our interests and wellbeing, and create a brighter future for the Chinese people and the Chinese nation. As Dr Sun Yat-sen, the great pioneer of China's revolution, once said, "Unification is the hope of all Chinese nationals. If China can be unified, all Chinese will enjoy a happy life; if it cannot, all will suffer."

In exploring the path to rejuvenation and prosperity, China has endured vicissitudes and hardships. "Unification brings strength while division leads to chaos." This is a law of history. The realization of complete national reunification is driven by the history and culture of the Chinese nation and determined by the momentum towards and circumstances surrounding our national rejuvenation. Never before have we been so close to, confident in, and capable of achieving the goal of national rejuvenation. The same is true when it comes to our goal of complete national reunification. The Taiwan question arose as a result of weakness and chaos in our nation, and it will be resolved as national rejuvenation becomes a reality. When all the Chinese people stick together and work together, we will surely succeed in realizing national reunification on our way to national rejuvenation.

2. National Development and Progress Set the Direction of Cross-Straits Relations

China's development and progress are a key factor determining the course of cross-Straits relations and the realization of complete national reunification. In particular, the great achievements over four decades of reform, opening up and modernization have had a profound impact on the historical process of resolving the Taiwan question and realizing complete national reunification. No matter which political party or group is in power in Taiwan, it cannot alter the course of progress in cross-Straits relations or the trend towards national reunification.

International Monetary Fund statistics show that in 1980 the GDP of the mainland was about US$303 billion, just over 7 times that of Taiwan, which was about US$42.3 billion; in 2021, the GDP of the mainland was about US$17.46 trillion, more than 22 times that of Taiwan, which was about US$790 billion.[5]

China's development and progress, and in particular the steady increases in its economic power, technological strength, and national defense capabilities, are an effective curb against separatist activities and interference from external forces. They also provide broad space and great opportunities for cross-Straits exchanges and cooperation. As more and more compatriots from Taiwan, especially young people, pursue their studies, start businesses, seek jobs, or go to live on the mainland, cross-Straits exchanges, interaction and integration are intensified in all sectors, the economic ties and personal bonds between the people on both sides run deeper, and our common cultural and national identities grow stronger, leading cross-Straits relations towards reunification.

The CPC has united the Chinese people and led them in embarking on the new journey of building China into a modern socialist country in all respects. Following the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the mainland has improved its governance and maintained long-term economic growth; it enjoys a solid material foundation, a wealth of human resources, a huge market, strong resilience in development, and social stability. It therefore has many strengths and favorable conditions for further development, and these have become the driving force for reunification.

Grounding its effort in the new development stage, the mainland is committed to applying the new development philosophy, creating a new development dynamic, and promoting high-quality development. As a result, the overall strength and international influence of the mainland will continue to increase, and its influence over and appeal to Taiwan society will keep growing. We will have a more solid foundation for resolving the Taiwan question and greater ability to do so. This will give a significant boost to national reunification.

3. Any Attempt by Separatist Forces to Prevent Reunification Is Bound to Fail

Taiwan has been an integral part of China's territory since ancient times. Moves to separate Taiwan from China represent the serious crime of secession, and undermine the common interests of compatriots on both sides of the Taiwan Straits and the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation. They will lead nowhere.

The DPP authorities have adopted a separatist stance, and colluded with external forces in successive provocative actions designed to divide the country. They refuse to recognize the one-China principle, and distort and deny the 1992 Consensus. They assert that Taiwan and the mainland should not be subordinate to each other, and proclaim a new "two states" theory. On the island, they constantly press for "de-sinicization" and promote "incremental independence". They incite radical separatists in and outside the DPP to lobby for amendments to their "constitution" and "laws". They deceive the people of Taiwan, incite hostility against the mainland, and obstruct and undermine cross-Straits exchanges, cooperation and integrated development. They have steadily built up their military forces with the intention of pursuing "independence" and preventing reunification by force. They join with external forces in trying to sow the seeds of "two Chinas" or "one China, one Taiwan". The actions of the DPP authorities have resulted in tension in cross-Straits relations, endangering peace and stability in the Taiwan Straits, and undermining the prospects and restricting the space for peaceful reunification. These are obstacles that must be removed in advancing the process of peaceful reunification.

Taiwan belongs to all the Chinese people, including the 23 million Taiwan compatriots. The Chinese people are firm in their resolve and have a deep commitment to safeguarding China's sovereignty and territorial integrity, and the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation, and this resolve and commitment will frustrate any attempt to divide the country. When Taiwan was invaded by a foreign power more than 100 years ago, China was a poor and weak country. More than 70 years ago, China defeated the invaders and recovered Taiwan. Today, China has grown into the world's second largest economy. With significant growth in its political, economic, cultural, technological, and military strength, there is no likelihood that China will allow Taiwan to be separated again. Attempts to reject reunification and split the country are doomed, because they will founder against the history and culture of the Chinese nation as well as the resolve and commitment of more than 1.4 billion Chinese people.

4. External Forces Obstructing China's Complete Reunification Will Surely Be Defeated

External interference is a prominent obstacle to China's reunification. Still lost in delusions of hegemony and trapped in a Cold War mindset, some forces in the US insist on perceiving and portraying China as a major strategic adversary and a serious long-term threat. They do their utmost to undermine and pressurize China, exploiting Taiwan as a convenient tool. The US authorities have stated that they remain committed to the one-China policy and that they do not support "Taiwan independence". But their actions contradict their words. They are clouding the one-China principle in uncertainty and compromising its integrity. They are contriving "official" exchanges with Taiwan, increasing arms sales, and colluding in military provocation. To help Taiwan expand its "international space", they are inducing other countries to interfere in Taiwan affairs, and concocting Taiwan-related bills that infringe upon the sovereignty of China. They are creating confusion around what is black and white, right and wrong. On the one hand, they incite separatist forces to create tension and turmoil in cross-Straits relations. On the other hand, they accuse the mainland of coercion, pressurizing Taiwan, and unilaterally changing the status quo, in order to embolden these forces and create obstacles to China's peaceful reunification.

The important principles of respecting state sovereignty and territorial integrity as enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations are the cornerstones of modern international law and basic norms of international relations. It is the sacred right of every sovereign state to safeguard national unity and territorial integrity. It goes without saying that the Chinese government is entitled to take all measures necessary to settle the Taiwan question and achieve national reunification, free of external interference.

Behind the smokescreens of "freedom, democracy, and human rights" and "upholding the rules-based international order", some anti-China forces in the US deliberately distort the nature of the Taiwan question - which is purely an internal matter for China - and try to deny the legitimacy and justification of the Chinese government in safeguarding national sovereignty and territorial integrity. This clearly reveals their intention of using Taiwan to contain China and obstruct China's reunification, which should be thoroughly exposed and condemned.

These external forces are using Taiwan as a pawn to undermine China's development and progress, and obstruct the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. They are doing so at the cost of the interests, wellbeing and future of the people of Taiwan rather than for their benefit. They have encouraged and instigated provocative actions by the separatist forces; these have intensified cross-Straits tension and confrontation, and undermined peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region. This runs counter to the underlying global trends of peace, development and win-win cooperation, and goes against the wishes of the international community and the aspiration of all peoples.

Shortly after the PRC was founded, even though the country itself had to be rebuilt on the ruins of decades of war, China and its people won a resounding victory in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea (1950-1953). We defeated a powerful and well-armed enemy through gallantry and tenacity. In doing so, we safeguarded the security of the newly founded People's Republic, reestablished the status of China as a major country in the world, and demonstrated our heroic spirit, our lack of fear, and our will to stand up against the abuse of the powerful.

China is firmly committed to peaceful development. At the same time, it will not flinch under any external interference, nor will it tolerate any infringement upon its sovereignty, security and development interests. Relying on external forces will achieve nothing for Taiwan's separatists, and using Taiwan to contain China is doomed to fail.

Tranquility, development and a decent life are the expectations of our Taiwan compatriots, and the common aspiration of those on both sides of the Taiwan Straits. Under the strong leadership of the CPC, the Chinese people and the Chinese nation have stood upright, won prosperity, and grown in strength. A moderately prosperous society in all respects has been built on the mainland, where a large population once lived in dire poverty. We now have better conditions, more confidence, and greater capabilities. We can complete the historic mission of national reunification, so that both sides of the Straits can enjoy a better life. The wheel of history rolls on towards national reunification, and it will not be stopped by any individual or any force.

 

　　四、在新时代新征程上推进祖国统一

IV. National Reunification in the New Era

 

　　在民族复兴的新征程上，中国共产党和中国政府统筹中华民族伟大复兴战略全局和世界百年未有之大变局，深入贯彻新时代中国共产党解决台湾问题的总体方略和对台大政方针，扎实推动两岸关系和平发展、融合发展，坚定推进祖国统一进程。

　　（一）坚持“和平统一、一国两制”基本方针

　　以和平方式实现祖国统一，最符合包括台湾同胞在内的中华民族整体利益，最有利于中国的长期稳定发展，是中国共产党和中国政府解决台湾问题的第一选择。尽管几十年来遇到困难和阻力，但我们仍然坚持不懈地争取和平统一，这体现了我们对民族大义、同胞福祉与两岸和平的珍视和维护。

　　“一国两制”是中国共产党和中国政府为实现和平统一作出的重要制度安排，是中国特色社会主义的一个伟大创举。“和平统一、一国两制”是我们解决台湾问题的基本方针，也是实现国家统一的最佳方式，体现了海纳百川、有容乃大的中华智慧，既充分考虑台湾现实情况，又有利于统一后台湾长治久安。我们主张，和平统一后，台湾可以实行不同于祖国大陆的社会制度，依法实行高度自治，两种社会制度长期共存、共同发展。“一国”是实行“两制”的前提和基础，“两制”从属和派生于“一国”并统一于“一国”之内。我们将继续团结台湾同胞，积极探索“两制”台湾方案，丰富和平统一实践。“一国两制”在台湾的具体实现形式会充分考虑台湾现实情况，会充分吸收两岸各界意见和建议，会充分照顾到台湾同胞利益和感情。

　　“一国两制”提出以来，台湾一些政治势力曲解误导，民进党及其当局不遗余力地造谣抹黑，造成部分台湾同胞的偏颇认知。事实是，香港、澳门回归祖国后，重新纳入国家治理体系，走上了同祖国内地优势互补、共同发展的宽广道路，“一国两制”实践取得举世公认的成功。同时，一个时期内，受各种内外复杂因素影响，“反中乱港”活动猖獗，香港局势一度出现严峻局面。中国共产党和中国政府审时度势，采取一系列标本兼治的举措，坚持和完善“一国两制”制度体系，推动香港局势实现由乱到治的重大转折，进入由治及兴的新阶段，为推进依法治港治澳、促进“一国两制”实践行稳致远打下了坚实基础。

　　实现两岸和平统一，必须面对大陆和台湾社会制度与意识形态不同这一基本问题。“一国两制”正是为解决这个问题而提出的最具包容性的方案。这是一个和平的方案、民主的方案、善意的方案、共赢的方案。两岸制度不同，不是统一的障碍，更不是分裂的借口。我们相信，随着时间的推移，“一国两制”将被广大台湾同胞重新认识；在两岸同胞共同致力实现和平统一的过程中，“两制”台湾方案的空间和内涵将得到充分展现。

　　和平统一，是平等协商、共议统一。两岸长期存在的政治分歧问题是影响两岸关系行稳致远的总根子，总不能一代一代传下去。两岸协商谈判可以有步骤、分阶段进行，方式可灵活多样。我们愿意在一个中国原则和“九二共识”的基础上，同台湾各党派、团体和人士就解决两岸政治分歧问题开展对话沟通，广泛交换意见。我们也愿意继续推动由两岸各政党、各界别推举的代表性人士开展民主协商，共商推动两岸关系和平发展、融合发展和祖国和平统一的大计。

　　（二）努力推动两岸关系和平发展、融合发展

　　两岸关系和平发展、融合发展是通向和平统一的重要途径，是造福两岸同胞的康庄大道，需要凝聚两岸同胞力量共同推进。我们要在两岸关系和平发展进程中深化两岸融合发展，密切两岸交流合作，拉紧两岸情感纽带和利益联结，增强两岸同胞对中华文化和中华民族的认同，铸牢两岸命运共同体意识，厚植祖国和平统一的基础。

　　突出以通促融、以惠促融、以情促融，勇于探索海峡两岸融合发展新路，率先在福建建设海峡两岸融合发展示范区。持续推进两岸应通尽通，不断提升两岸经贸合作畅通、基础设施联通、能源资源互通、行业标准共通。推动两岸文化教育、医疗卫生合作，社会保障和公共资源共享，支持两岸邻近或条件相当地区基本公共服务均等化、普惠化、便捷化。积极推进两岸经济合作制度化，打造两岸共同市场，壮大中华民族经济。

　　完善保障台湾同胞福祉和在大陆享受同等待遇的制度和政策，依法维护台湾同胞正当权益。支持台胞台企参与“一带一路”建设、国家区域重大战略和区域协调发展战略，融入新发展格局，参与高质量发展，让台湾同胞分享更多发展机遇，参与国家经济社会发展进程。

　　排除干扰、克服障碍，不断扩大两岸各领域交流合作。推动两岸同胞共同传承和创新发展中华优秀传统文化，加强两岸基层民众和青少年交流，吸引更多台胞特别是台湾青年来大陆学习、创业、就业、生活，使两岸同胞加深相互理解，增进互信认同，逐步实现心灵契合。

　　（三）坚决粉碎“台独”分裂和外来干涉图谋

　　搞“台独”分裂只会将台湾推入灾难深渊，给台湾同胞带来深重祸害。维护包括台湾同胞在内的中华民族整体利益，必须坚决反对“台独”分裂、促进祖国和平统一。我们愿意为和平统一创造广阔空间，但绝不为各种形式的“台独”分裂活动留下任何空间。中国人的事要由中国人来决定。台湾问题是中国的内政，事关中国核心利益和中国人民民族感情，不容任何外来干涉。任何利用台湾问题干涉中国内政、阻挠中国统一进程的图谋和行径，都将遭到包括台湾同胞在内的全体中国人民的坚决反对。任何人都不要低估中国人民捍卫国家主权和领土完整的坚强决心、坚定意志、强大能力。

　　我们愿继续以最大诚意、尽最大努力争取和平统一。我们不承诺放弃使用武力，保留采取一切必要措施的选项，针对的是外部势力干涉和极少数“台独”分裂分子及其分裂活动，绝非针对台湾同胞，非和平方式将是不得已情况下做出的最后选择。如果“台独”分裂势力或外部干涉势力挑衅逼迫，甚至突破红线，我们将不得不采取断然措施。始终坚持做好以非和平方式及其他必要措施应对外部势力干涉和“台独”重大事变的充分准备，目的是从根本上维护祖国和平统一的前景、推进祖国和平统一的进程。

　　当前，美国一些势力图谋“以台制华”，处心积虑打“台湾牌”，刺激“台独”分裂势力冒险挑衅，不仅严重危害台海和平稳定，妨碍中国政府争取和平统一的努力，也严重影响中美关系健康稳定发展。如果任其发展下去，必将导致台海形势紧张持续升级，给中美关系造成颠覆性的巨大风险，并严重损害美国自身利益。美国应该恪守一个中国原则，慎重妥善处理涉台问题，停止说一套做一套，以实际行动履行不支持“台独”的承诺。

　　（四）团结台湾同胞共谋民族复兴和国家统一

　　国家统一是中华民族走向伟大复兴的历史必然。台湾前途在于国家统一，台湾同胞福祉系于民族复兴。实现中华民族伟大复兴，与两岸同胞前途命运息息相关。民族强盛，是两岸同胞之福；民族弱乱，是两岸同胞之祸。民族复兴、国家强盛，两岸同胞才能过上富足美好的生活。实现中华民族伟大复兴需要两岸同胞共同奋斗，实现祖国完全统一同样需要两岸同胞携手努力。

　　由于受到“台独”思想毒害，也由于两岸政治分歧问题尚未得到解决，一些台湾同胞对两岸关系性质和国家认同问题认识出现偏差，对祖国统一心存疑惧。台湾同胞是我们的骨肉天亲，两岸同胞是血浓于水的一家人。我们愿意保持足够的耐心和包容心，创造条件加强两岸交流交往，不断加深广大台湾同胞对祖国大陆的了解，逐步减少他们的误解和疑虑，进而走出受“台独”煽惑的历史误区。

　　我们将团结广大台湾同胞共创祖国统一、民族复兴的光荣伟业。希望广大台湾同胞坚定站在历史正确的一边，做堂堂正正的中国人，认真思考台湾在民族复兴中的地位和作用，深明大义、奉义而行，坚决反对“台独”分裂和外部势力干涉，积极参与到推进祖国和平统一的正义事业中来。

Taking into consideration the overall goal of national rejuvenation in the context of global change on a scale unseen in a century, the CPC and the Chinese government have continued to follow the CPC's fundamental guidelines on the Taiwan question and implement its principles and policies towards Taiwan, and have made concrete efforts to promote peaceful cross-Straits relations, integrate the development of the two sides, and work towards national reunification.

1. Upholding the Basic Principles of Peaceful Reunification and One Country, Two Systems

National reunification by peaceful means is the first choice of the CPC and the Chinese government in resolving the Taiwan question, as it best serves the interests of the Chinese nation as a whole, including our compatriots in Taiwan, and it works best for the long-term stability and development of China. We have worked hard to overcome hardships and obstacles to peaceful reunification over the past decades, showing that we cherish and safeguard the greater good of the nation, the wellbeing of our compatriots in Taiwan, and peace on both sides.

The One Country, Two Systems principle is an important institutional instrument created by the CPC and the Chinese government to enable peaceful reunification. It represents a great achievement of Chinese socialism. Peaceful reunification and One Country, Two Systems are our basic principles for resolving the Taiwan question and the best approach to realizing national reunification. Embodying the Chinese wisdom - we thrive by embracing each other - they take full account of Taiwan's realities and are conducive to long-term stability in Taiwan after reunification.

We maintain that after peaceful reunification, Taiwan may continue its current social system and enjoy a high degree of autonomy in accordance with the law. The two social systems will develop side by side for a long time to come. One Country is the precondition and foundation of Two Systems; Two Systems is subordinate to and derives from One Country; and the two are integrated under the one-China principle.

We will continue working with our compatriots in Taiwan to explore a Two Systems solution to the Taiwan question and increase our efforts towards peaceful reunification. In designing the specifics for implementing One Country, Two Systems, we will give full consideration to the realities in Taiwan and the views and proposals from all walks of life on both sides, and fully accommodate the interests and sentiments of our compatriots in Taiwan.

Ever since the One Country, Two Systems principle was proposed, certain political forces have been misrepresenting and distorting its objectives. The DPP and the authorities under its leadership have done everything possible to target the principle with baseless criticisms, and this has led to misunderstandings about its aims in some quarters of Taiwan. It is a fact that since Hong Kong and Macao returned to the motherland and were reincorporated into national governance, they have embarked on a broad path of shared development together with the mainland, and each complements the others' strengths. The practice of One Country, Two Systems has been a resounding success.

For a time, Hong Kong faced a period of damaging social unrest caused by anti-China agitators both inside and outside the region. Based on a clear understanding of the situation there, the CPC and the Chinese government upheld the One Country, Two Systems principle, made some appropriate improvements, and took a series of measures that addressed both the symptoms and root causes of the unrest. Order was restored and prosperity returned to Hong Kong. This has laid a solid foundation for the law-based governance of Hong Kong and Macao and the long-term continuation of One Country, Two Systems.

To realize peaceful reunification, we must acknowledge that the mainland and Taiwan have their own distinct social systems and ideologies. The One Country, Two Systems principle is the most inclusive solution to this problem. It is an approach that is grounded in democratic principles, demonstrates good will, seeks peaceful resolution of the Taiwan question, and delivers mutual benefit. The differences in social system are neither an obstacle to reunification nor a justification for secessionism. We firmly believe that our compatriots in Taiwan will develop a better understanding of the principle, and that the Two Systems solution to the Taiwan question will play its full role while compatriots on both sides work together towards peaceful reunification.

Peaceful reunification can only be achieved through consultation and discussion as equals. The long-standing political differences between the two sides are the fundamental obstacles to the steady improvement of cross-Straits relations, but we should not allow this problem to be passed down from one generation to the next. We can phase in flexible forms of consultation and discussion. We are ready to engage with all parties, groups, or individuals in Taiwan in a broad exchange of views aimed at resolving the political differences between the two sides based on the one-China principle and the 1992 Consensus. Representatives will be recommended by all political parties and all sectors of society on both sides, and they will engage in democratic consultations on peaceful development of cross-Straits relations, integrated development of the two sides, and the peaceful reunification of our country.

2. Promoting Peaceful Cross-Straits Relations and Integrated Development

Peaceful cross-Straits relations and integrated development pave the way for reunification and serve to benefit our people on both sides. Thus, both sides should work together towards this goal. We will extend integrated development, increase exchanges and cooperation, strengthen bonds, and expand common interests in the peaceful development of cross-Straits relations. In this way, we will all identify more closely with the Chinese culture and Chinese nation, and heighten the sense of our shared future. This lays solid foundations for peaceful reunification.

We will explore an innovative approach to integrated development and take the lead in setting up a pilot zone for integrated cross-Straits development in Fujian Province, advancing integration through better connectivity and more preferential policies, and based on mutual trust and understanding. Both sides should continue to promote connectivity in any area where it is beneficial, including trade and economic cooperation, infrastructure, energy and resources, and industrial standards. We should promote cooperation in culture, education, and health care, and the sharing of social security and public resources. We should support neighboring areas or areas with similar conditions on the two sides in providing equal, universal, and accessible public services. We should take active steps to institutionalize cross-Straits economic cooperation and create a common market for the two sides to strengthen the Chinese economy.

We will improve the systems and policies to guarantee the wellbeing of Taiwan compatriots and ensure that they are treated as equals on the mainland, and we will protect their legitimate rights and interests here in accordance with the law. We will support our fellow Chinese and enterprises from Taiwan in participating in the Belt and Road Initiative, major regional development strategies, and the strategy for coordinated regional development. We will help them integrate into the new development dynamic, participate in high-quality development, share in more development opportunities, and benefit from national socio-economic development.

We will expand cross-Straits exchanges and cooperation in various fields and overcome any obstacles and obstruction. We will encourage our people on both sides to pass on the best of traditional Chinese culture and ensure that it grows in new and creative ways. We will strengthen communication among the general public and the younger generations on both sides, and encourage more fellow Chinese in Taiwan - young people in particular - to pursue studies, start businesses, seek jobs, or live on the mainland. This will help people on both sides to expand mutual understanding, strengthen mutual trust, consolidate a shared sense of identity, and forge closer bonds of heart and mind.

3. Defeating Separatism and External Interference

Separatism will plunge Taiwan into the abyss and bring nothing but disaster to the island. To protect the interests of the Chinese nation as a whole, including our compatriots in Taiwan, we must resolutely oppose it and work for peaceful reunification. We are ready to create vast space for peaceful reunification; but we will leave no room for separatist activities in any form.

We Chinese will decide our own affairs. The Taiwan question is an internal affair that involves China's core interests and the Chinese people's national sentiments, and no external interference will be tolerated. Any attempt to use the Taiwan question as a pretext to interfere in China's internal affairs or obstruct China's reunification will meet with the resolute opposition of the Chinese people, including our compatriots in Taiwan. No one should underestimate our resolve, will and ability to defend China's sovereignty and territorial integrity.

We will work with the greatest sincerity and exert our utmost efforts to achieve peaceful reunification. But we will not renounce the use of force, and we reserve the option of taking all necessary measures. This is to guard against external interference and all separatist activities. In no way does it target our fellow Chinese in Taiwan. Use of force would be the last resort taken under compelling circumstances. We will only be forced to take drastic measures to respond to the provocation of separatist elements or external forces should they ever cross our red lines.

We will always be ready to respond with the use of force or other necessary means to interference by external forces or radical action by separatist elements. Our ultimate goal is to ensure the prospects of China's peaceful reunification and advance this process.

Some forces in the US are making every effort to incite groups inside Taiwan to stir up trouble and use Taiwan as a pawn against China. This has jeopardized peace and stability across the Taiwan Straits, obstructed the Chinese government's efforts towards peaceful reunification, and undermined the healthy and steady development of China-US relations. Left unchecked, it will continue to escalate tension across the Straits, further disrupt China-US relations, and severely damage the interests of the US itself. The US should abide by the one-China principle, deal with Taiwan-related issues in a prudent and proper manner, stand by its previous commitments, and stop supporting Taiwan separatists.

4. Working with Our Fellow Chinese in Taiwan Towards National Reunification and Rejuvenation

National reunification is an essential step towards national rejuvenation. The future of Taiwan lies in China's reunification, and the wellbeing of the people in Taiwan hinges on the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, an endeavor that bears on the future and destiny of the people on both sides. A united and prosperous China will be a blessing for all Chinese, while a weak and divided China will be a disaster. Only China's rejuvenation and prosperity can bring lives of plenty and happiness to both sides. But it requires the joint efforts of both sides, as does the complete reunification of the country.

Separatist propaganda and the unresolved political dispute between the two sides have created misconceptions over cross-Straits relations, problems with national identity, and misgivings over national reunification among some fellow Chinese in Taiwan. Blood is thicker than water, and people on both sides of the Straits share the bond of kinship. We have great patience and tolerance and we will create conditions for closer exchanges and communication between the two sides, and to increase our compatriots' knowledge of the mainland and reduce these misconceptions and misgivings, in order to help them resist the manipulation of separatists.

We will join hands with our fellow Chinese in Taiwan to strive for national reunification and rejuvenation. We hope they will stand on the right side of history, be proud of their Chinese identity, and fully consider the position and role of Taiwan in China's rejuvenation. We hope they will pursue the greater good of the nation, resolutely oppose separatism and any form of external interference, and make a positive contribution to the just cause of China's peaceful reunification.

 

　　五、实现祖国和平统一的光明前景

V. Bright Prospects for Peaceful Reunification

 

　　按照“一国两制”实现两岸和平统一，将给中国发展进步和中华民族伟大复兴奠定新的基础，将给台湾经济社会发展创造巨大机遇，将给广大台湾同胞带来实实在在的好处。

　　（一）台湾发展空间将更为广阔

　　台湾经济发展水平较高，产业特色明显，对外贸易发达，两岸经济互补性强。统一后，两岸经济合作机制、制度更加完善，台湾经济将以大陆市场为广阔腹地，发展空间更大，竞争力更强，产业链供应链更加稳定通畅，创新活力更加生机勃勃。长期困扰台湾经济发展和民生改善的众多难题，可以在两岸融合发展、应通尽通中得到解决。台湾财政收入尽可用于改善民生，多为老百姓做实事、办好事、解难事。

　　台湾的文化创造力将得到充分发扬，两岸同胞共同传承中华文化、弘扬民族精神，台湾地域文化在中华文化根脉的滋养中更加枝繁叶茂、焕发光彩。

　　（二）台湾同胞切身利益将得到充分保障

　　在确保国家主权、安全、发展利益的前提下，台湾可以作为特别行政区实行高度自治。台湾同胞的社会制度和生活方式等将得到充分尊重，台湾同胞的私人财产、宗教信仰、合法权益将得到充分保障。所有拥护祖国统一、民族复兴的台湾同胞将在台湾真正当家作主，参与祖国建设，尽享发展红利。有强大祖国做依靠，台湾同胞在国际上腰杆会更硬、底气会更足，更加安全、更有尊严。

　　（三）两岸同胞共享民族复兴的伟大荣光

　　台湾同胞崇敬祖先、爱土爱乡、勤劳勇敢、自强不息，具有光荣的爱国主义传统。两岸同胞发挥聪明才智，携手共创美好未来潜力巨大。统一后，两岸同胞可以弥合因长期没有统一而造成的隔阂，增进一家人的同胞亲情，更加紧密地团结起来；可以发挥各自优势，实现互利互补，携手共谋发展；可以共同促进中华民族的繁荣昌盛，让中华民族以更加昂扬的姿态屹立于世界民族之林。

　　两岸同胞血脉相连、命运与共。统一后，中国的国际影响力、感召力、塑造力将进一步增强，中华民族的自尊心、自信心、自豪感将进一步提升。台湾同胞将同大陆同胞一道，共享一个伟大国家的尊严和荣耀，以做堂堂正正的中国人而骄傲和自豪。两岸同胞共同探索实施“两制”台湾方案，共同发展完善“一国两制”制度体系，确保台湾长治久安。

　　（四）有利于亚太地区及全世界和平与发展

　　实现两岸和平统一，不仅是中华民族和中国人民之福，也是国际社会和世界人民之福。中国的统一，不会损害任何国家的正当利益包括其在台湾的经济利益，只会给各国带来更多发展机遇，只会给亚太地区和世界繁荣稳定注入更多正能量，只会为构建人类命运共同体、为世界和平发展和人类进步事业作出更大贡献。

　　统一后，有关国家可以继续同台湾发展经济、文化关系。经中国中央政府批准，外国可以在台湾设立领事机构或其他官方、半官方机构，国际组织和机构可以在台湾设立办事机构，有关国际公约可以在台湾适用，有关国际会议可以在台湾举办。

Once peaceful reunification is achieved under One Country, Two Systems, it will lay new foundations for China to make further progress and achieve national rejuvenation. At the same time, it will create huge opportunities for social and economic development in Taiwan and bring tangible benefits to the people of Taiwan.

1. Taiwan Will Have a Vast Space for Development

Taiwan boasts a high level of economic growth, industries with distinctive local features, and robust foreign trade. Its economy is highly complementary with that of the mainland. After reunification, the systems and mechanisms for cross-Straits economic cooperation will be further improved. Backed up by the vast mainland market, Taiwan's economy will enjoy broader prospects, become more competitive, develop steadier and smoother industrial and supply chains, and display greater vitality in innovation-driven growth. Many problems that have long afflicted Taiwan's economy and its people can be resolved through integrated cross-Straits development with all possible connectivity between the two sides. Taiwan's fiscal revenues can be better employed to improve living standards, bringing real benefits to the people and resolving their difficulties.

Taiwan's cultural creativity will also enjoy a great boost. Both sides of the Taiwan Straits share the culture and ethos of the Chinese nation. Nourished by the Chinese civilization, Taiwan's regional culture will flourish and prosper.

2. The Rights and Interests of the People in Taiwan Will Be Fully Protected

Provided that China's sovereignty, security and development interests are guaranteed, after reunification Taiwan will enjoy a high degree of autonomy as a special administrative region. Taiwan's social system and its way of life will be fully respected, and the private property, religious beliefs, and lawful rights and interests of the people in Taiwan will be fully protected. All Taiwan compatriots who support reunification of the country and rejuvenation of the nation will be the masters of the region, contributing to and benefitting from China's development. With a powerful motherland in support, the people of Taiwan will enjoy greater security and dignity and stand upright and rock-solid in the international community.

3. Both Sides of the Taiwan Straits Will Share the Triumph of National Rejuvenation

The people of Taiwan are brave, diligent and patriotic, and have made unremitting efforts to improve themselves. They revere their ancestry and love their homeland. Working together and applying their talents, people on both sides of the Taiwan Straits will create a promising future. After reunification, we Chinese will bridge gaps and differences caused by long-term separation, share a stronger sense of national identity, and stand together as one. After reunification, we can leverage complementary strengths in pursuit of mutual benefit and common development. After reunification, we can join hands to make the Chinese nation stronger and more prosperous, and stand taller among all the nations of the world.

The people separated by the Taiwan Straits share the same blood and a common destiny. After reunification, China will have greater international influence and appeal, and a stronger ability to shape international public opinion, and the Chinese people will enjoy greater self-esteem, self-confidence and national pride. In Taiwan and on the mainland the people will share the dignity and triumph of a united China and be proud of being Chinese. We will work together to refine and implement the Two Systems solution to the Taiwan question, to improve the institutional arrangements for implementing the One Country, Two Systems policy, and to ensure lasting peace and stability in Taiwan.

4. Peaceful Reunification of China Is Conducive to Peace and Development in the Asia-Pacific and the Wider World

Peaceful cross-Straits reunification is of benefit not only to the Chinese nation, but to all peoples and the international community as a whole. The reunification of China will not harm the legitimate interests of any other country, including any economic interests they might have in Taiwan. On the contrary, it will bring more development opportunities to all countries; it will create more positive momentum for prosperity and stability in the Asia-Pacific and the rest of the world; it will contribute more to building a global community of shared future, promoting world peace and development, and propelling human progress.

After reunification, foreign countries can continue to develop economic and cultural relations with Taiwan. With the approval of the central government of China, they may set up consulates or other official and quasi-official institutions in Taiwan, international organizations and agencies may establish offices, relevant international conventions can be applied, and relevant international conferences can be held there.

 

　　结束语

Conclusion

 

　　具有五千多年文明史的中华民族创造了震古烁今的灿烂文化，对人类社会发展进步作出了重大贡献。在经历了近代以来从屈辱走向奋起、从落伍走向崛起的百年沧桑之后，中华民族迎来了大发展大作为的时代，迈出了走向伟大复兴的铿锵步伐。

　　在新时代新征程上，中国共产党和中国政府将继续团结带领两岸同胞顺应历史大势，勇担时代责任，把前途命运牢牢掌握在自己手中，为实现祖国完全统一和中华民族伟大复兴而努力奋斗。

　　前进道路不可能一马平川，但只要包括两岸同胞在内的所有中华儿女同心同德、团结奋斗，就一定能够粉碎任何形式的“台独”分裂和外来干涉图谋，就一定能够汇聚起促进祖国统一和民族复兴的磅礴伟力。祖国完全统一的历史任务一定要实现，也一定能够实现！

Over its 5,000-year history, China has created a splendid culture that has shone throughout the world from past times to present, and has made an enormous contribution to human society. After a century of suffering and hardship, the nation has overcome humiliation, emerged from backwardness, and embraced boundless development opportunities. Now, it is striding towards the goal of national rejuvenation.

Embarking on a new journey in a new era, the CPC and the Chinese government will continue to rally compatriots on both sides of the Taiwan Straits, and lead the efforts to answer the call of the times, shoulder historic responsibilities, grasp our fate and our future in our own hands, and work hard to achieve national reunification and rejuvenation.

The journey ahead cannot be all smooth sailing. However, as long as we Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Straits devote our ingenuity and energy to the same goal, let there be no doubt - we will tolerate no foreign interference in Taiwan, we will thwart any attempt to divide our country, and we will combine as a mighty force for national reunification and rejuvenation. The historic goal of reuniting our motherland must be realized and will be realized.

 

　　

　　①详见《联合国司法年鉴2010》（United Nations Juridical Yearbook 2010）第516页。

　　②1951年9月4日至8日，美国纠集一些国家，在排斥中华人民共和国、苏联的情况下，在美国旧金山召开所谓“对日和会”，签署包含“日本放弃对台湾、澎湖列岛之所有权利和请求权”等内容的“旧金山和约”。该“和约”违反1942年中美英苏等26国签署的《联合国家宣言》规定，违反《联合国宪章》和国际法基本原则，对台湾主权归属等任何涉及中国作为非缔约国的领土和主权权利的处置也都是非法、无效的。中国政府从一开始就郑重声明，“旧金山和约”由于没有中华人民共和国参加准备、拟制和签订，中国政府认为是非法无效的，绝不承认。苏联、波兰、捷克斯洛伐克、朝鲜、蒙古、越南等国家也拒绝承认“和约”效力。

　　③1995年1月30日，时任中共中央总书记、国家主席江泽民发表题为《为促进祖国统一大业的完成而继续奋斗》的讲话，提出发展两岸关系、推进祖国和平统一进程的八项主张，强调“坚持一个中国的原则，是实现和平统一的基础和前提”、“我们不承诺放弃使用武力，决不是针对台湾同胞，而是针对外国势力干涉中国统一和搞‘台湾独立’的图谋的”等。详见《江泽民文选》第一卷，人民出版社2006年8月第1版，第418至423页。

　　④这里不含经第三地的转投资。

　　⑤根据2022年4月国际货币基金组织“世界经济展望数据库”的统计。

Notes

[1] United Nations Juridical Yearbook 2010, p. 516.

[2] Between September 4 and 8, 1951, the United States gathered a number of countries in San Francisco for what they described as the San Francisco Peace Conference. Neither the PRC nor the Soviet Union received an invitation. The treaty signed at this meeting, commonly known as the Treaty of San Francisco, included an article under which Japan renounced all rights, title and claim to Taiwan and the Penghu Islands. This treaty contravened the provisions of the Declaration by United Nations signed by 26 countries - including the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and China - in 1942, the fundamental principles of the UN Charter, and the basic norms of international law. The PRC was excluded from its preparation, drafting and signing, and its rulings on the territory and sovereign rights of China - including the sovereignty over Taiwan - are therefore illegal and invalid. The Chinese government has always refused to recognize the Treaty of San Francisco, and has never from the outset deviated from this stance. Other countries, including the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolia, and Vietnam, have also refused to recognize the document's authority.

[3] In his speech titled "Continue to Promote the Reunification of the Motherland" on January 30, 1995, Jiang Zemin, then general secretary of the CPC Central Committee and president of China, made eight proposals for the development of cross-Straits relations and peaceful national reunification. He emphasized, "Adhering to the one-China principle is the basis and prerequisite for peaceful reunification", and "in not promising to renounce the use of force, we are in no way targeting our Taiwan compatriots, but rather foreign forces conspiring to interfere in China's peaceful reunification and bring about Taiwan independence". (See Selected Works of Jiang Zemin, Vol. I, Eng. ed., Foreign Languages Press, Beijing, 2009, pp. 407-412.)

[4] This figure does not include reinvestment by Taiwan investors through a third place.

[5] From the statistics of the April 2022 edition of the World Economic Outlook databases of the International Monetary Fund.

 

（来源：新华社）

2022年11月10日 15:37

 

 

14、梁实秋：怒
        Anger

 

A person looks his ugliest when angry. In anger, a face that is normally as beautiful as a lotus blossom will tun livid and pale, even ashen. This, plus the contorted muscles on his face, his staring eyes and bristling hair, will indeed make a person’s countenance more than repulsive. As the saying goes, “When anger rises in the heart, evil intent is bound to start.” Anger brings about a change that is both psychological and physiological. Very few people can control their tempers when their purposes are crossed. Young people are prone to anger and one cross word is enough to start a quarrel. However, many elderly people are just as irascible and touchy.

一个人在发怒的时候，最难看。纵然他平素面似莲花，一旦怒而变青变白，甚至面色如土，再加上满脸的筋肉扭曲，眦裂发指，那副面目实在不仅是可憎而已。俗语说，“怒从心上起，恶向胆边生”，怒是心理的也是生理的一种变化。人逢不如意事，很少不勃然变色的。年少气盛，一言不合，怒气相加，但是许多年事已长的人，往往一样的火发暴躁。

 

I had an older relative by marriage who was over eighty and hemiplegic. He had the habit of reading newspapers in the morning. Each day he would put on his glasses and lay out the newspapers before him. Moments later, he would be pounding the table, fuming with rage and letting loose a torrent of abuse. He did not like what he read in the newspapers. He could not do without the newspapers, but they only made him angry. At such an hour, everyone in his family would stay out of his sight and nobody wanted to be caught by his rage which, like a thunderstorm, would go as quickly as it had come.

我有一位姻长，已到杖朝之年，并且半身瘫痪，每晨必阅报纸，戴上老花镜，打开报纸，不久就要把桌子拍得山响，吹胡瞪眼，破口大骂。报上的记载，他看不顺眼。不看不行，看了呕气。这时候大家躲他远远的，谁也不愿逢彼之怒。过一阵雨过天晴，他的怒气消了。

 

According to the Book of Poems,1 “When the ruler shows his anger, the rebellion of his subjects will quickly stop; when the ruler creates public well-being, the rebellion of his subjects will quickly end.” This means that, in a fit of anger, a person in power can crush a rebellion and cause things to return to normal. For ordinary people, however, it will be better if they keep their temper under control and avoid getting into trouble. A person in a fury loses countless blood cells in his body and causes a sharp rise in his blood pressure. In short, anger is bad for a person’s health. Worse still, when his blood boils with rage, his mind becomes muddled, and he is likely to speak or act out of line, causing injury to himself as well as others. “Count the number of days in which you did not get angry,” says Epictetus, the Greek philosopher. “In the past, I used to get angry every day; sometimes I got angry every other day; later on, I got angry once every three or four days. If you have not been angry for thirty days at a stretch, you should make offerings to the gods to express your gratitude.”

 

诗云：“君子如怒，乱庶遄沮；君子如祉，乱庶遄已。”这是说有地位的人，赫然震怒，就可以收拨乱反正之效。一般人还是以少发脾气少惹麻烦为上。盛怒之下，体内血球不知道要伤损多少，血压不知道要升高几许，总之是不卫生。而且血气沸腾之际，理智不大清醒，言行容易逾分，于人于己都不相宜。希腊哲学家哀皮克蒂特斯说：“计算一下你有多少天不曾生气。在从前，我每天生气；有时每隔一天生气一次；后来每隔三四天生气一次；如果你一连三十天没有生气，就应该向上帝献祭表示感谢。”

A decrease in the number of such outbreaks is a result of self-discipline. The method of self-discipline is very hard to explain. “When you are angry at someone else’s shamelessness,” says Marcus Aurelius of Rome, another stoic philosopher, “you should ask yourself, ‘Can that shameless person not exist in this world?’ That is impossible. Do not demand what is impossible.” This does not mean that we need not impose sanctions on a bad person; it only means that we need not get angry. If anger cannot be avoided, it should at least be controlled so as not to become excessive. The Buddhists list Krodha (anger) as one of the three poisons2. They believe that “a heart full of anger causes greater destruction than a conflagration” and that controlling anger is one of the basic requirements of self-cultivation. According to the Book of Yandan Zi,3 “the face of a blood-brave person turns red in anger; the face of a vein-brave person turns purple in anger; the face of a bone-brave person turns pale in anger; the face of a mind-brave person does not change color in anger.” I think that a person can become “mind-brave” only through extreme austerity and self-cultivation. A person born with a face that will betray no emotions is, indeed, exceptionally endowed.

减少生气的次数便是修养的结果。修养的方法，说起来好难。另一位同属于斯多亚派的哲学家罗马的玛可斯·奥瑞利阿斯这样说：“你因为一个人的无耻而愤怒的时候，要这样地问你自己：‘那个无耻的人能不在这世界存在么？那是不能的。不可能的事不必要求。’”坏人不是不需要制裁，只是我们不必愤怒。如果非愤怒不可，也要控制那愤怒，使发而中节。佛家把“嗔”列为三毒之一，“嗔心甚于猛火”，克服嗔恚是修持的基本功夫之一。燕丹子说：“血勇之人，怒而面赤；脉勇之人，怒而面青；骨勇之人，怒而面白；神勇之人，怒而色不变。”我想那神勇是从苦行修炼中得来的。生而喜怒不形于色，那天赋实在太厚了。

 

In the early years of the Qing dynasty, a writer named Li Fu published a collection of his essays under the general title of Mutang Leigao. In one of the essays, entitled “The Story of the House without Anger”, he said, “Though I am over forty, I have not yet learned to control my emotions, nor have I succeeded in changing my temperament. I made mistakes due to anger and, despite my repentance, I soon became angry again. For fear that I will remain an irascible person to the end, I have named my home the ‘House without Anger’.” It is an excellent essay and, true to his character as a scholar, it clearly expresses the author’s fear of and vigilance against anger.

清朝初叶有一位李绂，著《穆堂类稿》，内有一篇《无怒轩记》，他说：“吾年逾四十，无涵养性情之学，无变化气质之功，因怒得过，旋悔旋犯，惧终于忿戾而已，因以‘无怒’名轩。”是一篇好文章，而其戒谨恐惧之情溢于言表，不失读书人的本色。

 

本文转载自英文巴士，如有侵权，请联系我们删除。

2022年12月15日 14:17

 

 

15、美国独立宣言全文（双语）

 

 

每年7月4日是美国的独立日，1776年7月4日，大陆会议在费城正式通过托马斯·杰佛逊起草的《独立宣言》。以下为美国独立宣言的全文内容：

 

The Declaration of Independence

 

IN CONGRESS, JULY 4,
1776 THE UNANIMOUS
DECLARATION OF THE
THIRTEEN UNITED
STATES OF AMERAICA

 

When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws Nature and Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

在人类事务发展的过程中，当一个民族必须解除同另一个民族的联系，并按照自然法则和上帝的旨意，以独立平等的身份立于世界列国之林时，出于对人类舆论的尊重，必须把驱使他们独立的原因予以宣布。

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that they are among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among them, deriving their just power from the consent of the governed. That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than t right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity, which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is usurpations, all having in direct object tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.

我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干不可让与的权利，其中包括生存权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利，人们才在他们中间建立政府，而政府的正当权利，则是经被统治者同意授予的。任何形式的政府一旦对这些目标的实现起破坏作用时，人民便有权予以更换或废除，以建立一个新的政府。新政府所依据的原则和组织其权利的方式，务使人民认为唯有这样才最有可能使他们获得安全和幸福。若真要审慎的来说，成立多年的政府是不应当由于无关紧要的和一时的原因而予以更换的。过去的一切经验都说明，任何苦难，只要尚能忍受，人类还是情愿忍受，也不想为申冤而废除他们久已习惯了的政府形式。然而，当始终追求同一目标的一系列滥用职权和强取豪夺的行为表明政府企图把人民至于专制暴政之下时，人民就有权也有义务去推翻这样的政府，并为其未来的安全提供新的保障。这就是这些殖民地过去忍受苦难的经过，也是他们现在不得不改变政府制度的原因。当今大不列颠王国的历史，就是屡屡伤害和掠夺这些殖民地的历史，其直接目标就是要在各州之上建立一个独裁暴政。为了证明上述句句属实，现将事实公诸于世，让公正的世人作出评判。

He has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.
他拒绝批准对公众利益最有益、最必需的法律。

He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend them.
他禁止他的殖民总督批准刻不容缓、极端重要的法律，要不就先行搁置这些法律直至征得他的同意，而这些法律被搁置以后，他又完全置之不理。

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.
他拒绝批准便利大地区人民的其他的法律，除非这些地区的人民情愿放弃自己在自己在立法机构中的代表权；而代表权对人民是无比珍贵的，只有暴君才畏惧它。

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.
他把各州的立法委员召集到一个异乎寻常、极不舒适而有远离他们的档案库的地方去开会，其目的无非是使他们疲惫不堪，被迫就范。

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasion on the rights of the people.
他一再解散各州的众议院，因为后者坚决反对他侵犯人民的权利。

He has refused for a long time, after such dissolution, to cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and convulsion within.
他在解散众议院之后，又长期拒绝另选他人，于是这项不可剥夺的立法权便归由普通人民来行使，致使在这其间各州仍处于外敌入侵和内部骚乱的种种危险之中。

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states; for that purpose obstructing the laws of naturalizing of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the condition of new appropriations of lands.
他力图阻止各州增加人口，为此目的，他阻挠外国人入籍法的通过，拒绝批准其他鼓励移民的法律，并提高分配新土地的条件。

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent of laws for establishing judiciary powers.
他拒绝批准建立司法权利的法律，以阻挠司法的执行。

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their office, and the amount and payment of their salary.
他迫使法官为了保住任期、薪金的数额和支付而置于他个人意志的支配之下。

He has erected a multitude of new officers, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out our substances.
他滥设新官署，委派大批官员到这里骚扰我们的人民，吞噬他们的财物。

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the consent of our legislatures.
他在和平时期，未经我们立法机构同意，就在我们中间维持其常备军。

He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil power.
他施加影响，使军队独立于文官政权之外，并凌驾于文官政权之上。

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation.For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us;
他同他人勾结，把我们置于一种既不符合我们的法规也未经我们法律承认的管辖之下，而且还批准他们炮制的各种伪法案，以便任其在我们中间驻扎大批武装部队；

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murder which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States.
不论这些人对我们各州居民犯下何等严重的谋杀罪，他可用加审判来庇护他们，让他们逍遥法外；

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world;
他可以切断我们同世界各地的贸易；

For imposing taxes on us without our consent;
未经我们同意便向我们强行征税；

For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury;
在许多案件中剥夺我们享有陪审制的权益；

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses;
以莫须有的罪名把我们押送海外受审；

For abolishing the free systems of English laws in a neighboring Province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule these Colonies;
他在一个邻省废除了英国法律的自由制度，在那里建立专制政府，扩大其疆域，使其立即成为一个样板和合适的工具，以便向这里各殖民地推行同样的专制统治；

沪江网校外教Alison老师聊国庆：中国国庆日VS美国独立日>>>

 

For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our governments;
他取消我们的许多特许状，废除我们最珍贵的法律并从根本上改变我们各州政府的形式；

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
他终止我们立法机构行使权力，宣称他们自己拥有在任何情况下为我们制定法律的权力。

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection and waging war against us.
他们放弃设在这里的政府，宣称我们已不属他们保护之列，并向我们发动战争。

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.
他在我们的海域里大肆掠夺，蹂躏我们的沿海地区，烧毁我们的城镇，残害我们人民的生命。

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely parallel in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.
他此时正在运送大批外国雇佣兵，来从事其制造死亡、荒凉和暴政的勾当，其残忍与卑劣从一开始就连最野蛮的时代也难以相比，他已完全不配当一个文明国家的元首。

He has constrained our fellow citizens taken captive on the high seas to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.
他强迫我们在公海被他们俘虏的同胞拿起武器反对自己的国家，使他们成为残杀自己亲友的刽子手，或使他们死于自己亲友的手下。

He has excited domestic insurrection amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions.
他在我们中间煽动内乱，并竭力挑唆残酷无情的印地安蛮子来对付我们边疆的居民，而众所周知，印地安人作战的准则是不分男女老幼、是非曲直，格杀勿论。

In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms: our repeated petition have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
在遭受这些压迫的每一阶段，我们都曾以最谦卑的言辞吁请予以纠正。而我们一次又一次的情愿，却只是被报以一次又一次的伤害。一个君主，其品格被他的每一个只有暴君才干的出的行为所暴露时，就不配君临自由的人民。

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpation, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them., as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends.
我们并不是没有想到我们英国的弟兄。他们的立法机关想把无理的管辖权扩展到我们这里来，我们时常把这个企图通知他们。我们也曾把我们移民来这里和在这里定居的情况告诉他们。我们曾恳求他们天生的正义感和雅量，念在同种同宗的分上，弃绝这些掠夺行为，因为这些掠夺行为难免会使我们之间的关系和来往中断。可他们对这种正义和同宗的呼声也同样充耳不闻。因此，我们不得不宣布脱离他们，以对待世界上其他民族的态度对待他们：同我交战者，就是敌人；同我和好者，即为朋友。

We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled , appealing to the supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by authority of the good people of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United States Colonies and Independent States; that they are absolved by from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.
因此我们这些在大陆会议上集会的美利坚合众国的代表们，以各殖民地善良人民的名义，并经他们授权，向世界最高裁判者申诉，说明我们的严重意向，同时郑重宣布：我们这些联合起来的殖民地现在是，而且按公理也应该是，独立自由的国家；我们对英国王室效忠的全部义务，我们与大不列颠王国之间大不列颠一切政治联系全部断绝，而且必须断绝。作为一个独立自由的国家，我们完全有权宣战、缔和、结盟、通商和采取独立国家有权采取的一切行动。我们坚定地信赖神明上帝的保佑，同时以我们的生命、财产和神圣的名誉彼此宣誓来支持这一宣言。

【说明】

 

杰斐逊起草了《独立宣言》的第一稿，富兰克林等人又进行了润色。大陆会议对此稿又进行了长时间的、激烈的辩论，最终作出了重大的修改。特别是在佐治亚和卡罗来纳代表们的坚持下，删去了杰斐逊对英王乔治三世允许在殖民地保持奴隶制和奴隶买卖的有力谴责。这一部分的原文是这样的：

他的人性本身发动了残酷的战争，侵犯了一个从未冒犯过他的远方民族的最神圣的生存权和自由权；他诱骗他们，并把他们运往另一半球充当奴隶，或使他们惨死在运送途中。

托马斯·杰斐逊(1743-1826)，生于弗吉尼亚的一个富裕家庭。曾就读于威廉-玛丽学院。1767年成为律师，1769年当选为弗吉尼亚下院议院。他积极投身于独立运动之中，并代表弗吉尼亚出席大陆会议。他曾两次当选弗吉尼亚州长。1800年当选美国总统。

杰斐逊在为自己的墓碑而作的墓志铭中这样写到：这里埋葬着托马斯.杰斐逊，美国《独立宣言》的作者，弗吉尼亚宗教自由法规的制定者和弗吉尼亚大学之父。

 

本文只作为英语阅读学习资料

 

（来源：沪江英语）

2023年1月12日 23:37

 

 

16、五个核武器国家领导人关于防止核战争与避免军备竞赛的联合声明（双语全文）

Joint statement of the leaders of the five Nuclear-Weapon States on preventing nuclear war and avoiding arms races

 

中华人民共和国、法兰西共和国、俄罗斯联邦、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国认为，避免核武器国家间爆发战争和减少战略风险是我们的首要责任。
The People's Republic of China, the French Republic, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America consider the avoidance of war between Nuclear-Weapon States and the reduction of strategic risks as our foremost responsibilities.

我们申明核战争打不赢也打不得。鉴于核武器使用将造成影响深远的后果，我们也申明，只要核武器继续存在，就应该服务于防御目的、慑止侵略和防止战争。我们坚信必须防止核武器进一步扩散。
We affirm that a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought. As nuclear use would have far-reaching consequences, we also affirm that nuclear weapons-for as long as they continue to exist-should serve defensive purposes, deter aggression, and prevent war. We believe strongly that the further spread of such weapons must be prevented.

我们重申应对核威胁的重要性，并强调维护和遵守我们的双、多边不扩散、裁军和军控协议和承诺的重要性。我们将继续遵守《不扩散核武器条约》各项义务，包括我们对第六条的义务，“就及早停止核军备竞赛和核裁军方面的有效措施，以及就一项在严格和有效国际监督下的全面彻底裁军条约，真诚地进行谈判”。
We reaffirm the importance of addressing nuclear threats and emphasize the importance of preserving and complying with our bilateral and multilateral non-proliferation, disarmament, and arms control agreements and commitments. We remain committed to our Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) obligations, including our Article VI obligation "to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control."

我们愿保持并进一步增强各自国家措施，以防止核武器未经授权或意外使用。我们重申此前关于不瞄准的声明依然有效，重申我们不将核武器瞄准彼此或其他任何国家。
We each intend to maintain and further strengthen our national measures to prevent unauthorized or unintended use of nuclear weapons. We reiterate the validity of our previous statements on de-targeting, reaffirming that none of our nuclear weapons are targeted at each other or at any other State.

我们强调愿与各国一道努力，创造更有利于促进裁军的安全环境，最终目标是以各国安全不受减损的原则建立一个无核武器世界。我们将继续寻找双、多边外交方式，避免军事对抗，增强稳定性和可预见性，增进相互理解和信任，并防止一场毫无裨益且危及各方的军备竞赛。我们决心在相互尊重和承认彼此安全利益与关切的基础上开展建设性对话。
We underline our desire to work with all states to create a security environment more conducive to progress on disarmament with the ultimate goal of a world without nuclear weapons with undiminished security for all. We intend to continue seeking bilateral and multilateral diplomatic approaches to avoid military confrontations, strengthen stability and predictability, increase mutual understanding and confidence, and prevent an arms race that would benefit none and endanger all. We are resolved to pursue constructive dialogue with mutual respect and acknowledgment of each other's security interests and concerns.

 

 （来源：中国日报）
 2023年2月10日 22:26

 

 

17、各类服装款式英文图解，时尚圈都这么说

 

想要描述一个人的穿着，只用coat、dress这样的词未免有点太苍白，来学习一下时尚圈的人们都是怎么说的，所有的基本款式都有相应的英文名字对照~

1  Outerwear

就外衣来说，Trench coat，Biker是比较中性的，譬如说Burberry家的trench coat男女都可以穿，Peacoat，Wrap Coat，Swing Coat，Babydoll则是比较适合女性穿着，Blazer比较适合男士作为休闲外衣，Blouson比较适合20岁左右男士，Zip up Hoodie比较适合高中、大学生穿着。Cardigan是比较英伦的绅士针织衫，比较适合身材好一些的男士。Band Jacket比较适合潮一些的时尚人士。

2  Dress/Skirt

如果需要参加重要晚宴或者演出，可以穿Ball Gown晚礼服或者是Maxi吊带低胸裙，日常工作来说，作为基础服饰，可以穿Sheath，Bodycon搭配漂亮的腰带和小马甲。Sun Dress和Wrap Dress是休闲时候比较好的服装。Strapless无吊带礼服以及Halter Dress比较适合小型的晚会，不会显得过于隆重，但是又比较性感有个性。

另外就是比较基本款的短裙Straight，Pencil，Aline适合一般上班穿着，可根据臀部宽窄选择。其他的各种基本款百褶裙，比较适合夏日出街或者是朋友聚会。Pareo和Sarong比较适合婚礼作为客人出席穿着。Trumpet和Prairie，Layered比较适合稍微正式一些的场合穿着。

3  Bottom

男士以straight直筒裤、pocket Jeans为主，部分比较瘦的男士，可以穿Skinny铅笔腿裤。女士的选择就多了，各种wide leg阔腿裤、hot pants小短裤、skort短裙都是女性比较适合的款式。

4  Top

Shirt并不仅仅是男士的职场标配，女士也可以在正式场合，或者家中穿着。Tuxedo和Pin Tuck都是比较传统正式的男士衬衣，适合隆重的舞会或者演出中穿着。Polo衫是男士休闲装的必备。Smock，Peplum，Gypsy，Tunic都是女士经典的上衣款式，能够凸显女士的柔美。

5  Bag

女性的包包种类很多，基本有Clutch手包、Bucket背包、Hobo肩包、Tote手袋等，男士更多的是Barrel，Duffel， Bowling等大手袋，适合健身以及外出携带。Wash bag手袋比较适合当钱袋。

6  Shoe

下面的鞋子种类都是一些基本款。女士最基本的是Pump，各年龄段女士都可以穿着，Mary Jane比较适合年龄大一些稍微保守一些的女士。而T-Strap丁字鞋比较适合脚型好看的年轻女士。Sling Back也是时尚女士的必穿鞋种之一。个子高的女士也可以穿没跟的Ballerina平底鞋，这需要一定的气场才能穿的出来。

男士来说Saddle， Wing Tip都是比较经典的皮鞋款式，比较适合30岁以上商业人士穿着。Deck或者是Loafer比较适合休闲时候穿着，主意穿这两款鞋千万不要穿袜子。Sneaker和Flip Flop男女均可，都是比较休闲和年轻化的受众的选择。除此之外，女性的高筒靴，UGG雪鞋，Ankle boot高筒鞋都是很经典的款式。而Jockey boot， Western boot比较适合潮人男士穿着。

按照鞋跟形状来说，Stiletto Heel细跟鞋是气场强大的美女必选，驾驭起来也相当困难。一般女士可以尝试Kitten Heel或者Cone Heel，近两年有一些品牌回归粗跟鞋，不过搭配不好的话，很容易就显得很臃肿。Wedge这样的比较适合休闲穿着，不是特别有时尚品味。

至于鞋尖，尖头鞋一直是近几年的流行趋势，作为凉鞋来说，Peep Toe也是不错的选择。Almond Toe杏仁头鞋也是常见的款式。不过圆形与方形鞋头穿着还是要谨慎，一不小心就显得很俗气。

7  Swimwear

外国的女士一般为了显示自己美好身材而穿比基尼，相对保守一些的朋友可以穿One-Piece连体泳衣，或者比较淑女一些的Tankini，不过如果穿比基尼，尽量要保证两件套颜色相近，否则看起来会非常没品味。

8  Lingerie/Underwear

内衣来说，也是女性的选择大大多于男性。Camisole，Babydoll，Slip比较适合下班回家穿着，而Bustier，Girdle等束胸紧身衣比较修型。Thong丁字裤比较适合性感女性穿着，Brief和Hiphugger是男性比较基本的内裤款式，Boxer没有在图中，也是男性比较常见的内裤款式。

9  Neckwear

领结比较适合晚宴或者正式场合穿戴，领带是每位男士的必备。像挪威这样的北欧国家，男士上班一般都不需要带领带。当然如果当了老板，一般也就不需要再带领带了。女性的围巾披肩种类众多，是时尚搭配的点睛之笔。

 

（来源：网络  ）

2023年3月27日 16:30

 

 

19、世界读书日的由来 What is World Book Day and why is it celebrated

 

 

今天是世界读书日。你知道世界读书日是怎么来的吗？为什么要把世界读书日定在4月23日？让我们一起来了解这个节日。

Photo/Pexels
 

Reading books brings with it numerous benefits giving people the opportunity to explore new worlds and meet new people both real and imagined. It expands our knowledge and understanding of the world around us and those far away.

读书益处多多，它让人们有机会探索新世界，邂逅真实和想象的新朋友。它拓展我们的知识面，增进我们对周边和遥远世界的理解。

 

To celebrate the wonderment of books and those that make them come to life, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) established 23 April as World Book and Copyright Day in 1995. However, it got its start long before that in Spain.

为了宣扬书籍以及书籍创作者的美妙之处，1995年联合国教科文组织将4月23日定为“世界图书和版权日”。不过早在多年前，西班牙就开始庆祝读书日了。

 

Setting aside a day to celebrate books traces its beginnings to Spanish writer Vicente Clavel Andrés. In 1922 he proposed the idea as a way to honor fellow countryman author Miguel de Cervantes. Four years later the first celebration took place on 7 October, Cervantes’ birthday, but was moved to 23 April, the date of his death, in 1930.

专门留出一天来庆祝书籍的想法源于西班牙作家维森特·克拉维尔·安德里斯。1922年他提出设立读书日来纪念同为西班牙作家的米格尔·德·塞万提斯。四年后，第一个读书日的庆祝活动在10月7日也就是塞万提斯的生日举行，1930年改成在塞万提斯逝世那天也就是4月23日庆祝。

 

In 1995, the UNESCO General Conference decided to pay homage to authors and books world-wide as a way of encouraging everyone to access books. Choosing 23 April seemed a logical choice, besides being the date of Cervante’s death, it also happens to be the date William Shakespeare and Inca Garcilaso de la Vega died, among other prominent authors. Additionally, several distinguished authors were born on 23 April making it a symbolic date in the world literature.

1995年，联合国教科文组织大会决定向全球的作家和书籍致敬，以此来鼓励人们多读书。将4月23日作为世界读书日似乎是一个合情合理的选择，因为它不但是塞万提斯去世的日子，也正好是威廉·莎士比亚和印卡·加西拉索·德拉维加这两位著名作家去世的日子。还有几位杰出作家都是在4月23日出生的，这让4月23日成为世界文学史上很有纪念意义的一天。

 

Annually since 2001, one city around the world is chosen to be the UNESCO World Book Capital for a year. The selected city is tasked with carrying out activities over its year-long designation to encourage “a culture of reading and diffusing its values in all ages and population groups in and out of the national borders.”

自2001年以来，每年全球都有一个城市被选为联合国教科文组织的世界图书之都，为期一年。被选中的城市的任务是在接下来的一年开展鼓励“国内外各个年龄段和阶层的人群形成阅读文化、传播阅读价值”的活动。

 

The initiative was put forward by Spain in 2001, and Madrid was designated the first capital, followed by Alexandria and then New Delhi. Following those designations cities are chosen each year by the Director-General of UNESCO in consultation with an advisory committee made up of representatives from international organizations representing authors, libraries and publishers. UNESCO has named Accra as the 2023 World Book Capital.

这一设想是西班牙于2001年提出的，马德里是首个获得“世界图书之都”称号的城市，接下来被选中的是亚历山大市和新德里市。每年联合国教科文组织总干事都会和咨询委员会协商后选出一个城市作为“世界图书之都”。咨询委员会是由代表作家、图书馆和出版商的国际机构的代表组成的。阿克拉被联合国教科文组织选为2023年的世界图书之都。

 

英文来源：As、Adom Online

翻译&编辑：丹妮

2023年4月23日 16:51

 

 

20、全球安全倡议概念文件（全文）
 

The Global Security Initiative Concept Paper

一、背景

I.Background

 

安全问题事关各国人民的福祉，事关世界和平与发展的崇高事业，事关人类的前途命运。

当前，世界之变、时代之变、历史之变正以前所未有的方式展开，国际社会正经历罕见的多重风险挑战。地区安全热点问题此起彼伏，局部冲突和动荡频发，新冠疫情延宕蔓延，单边主义、保护主义明显上升，各种传统和非传统安全威胁交织叠加。和平赤字、发展赤字、安全赤字、治理赤字加重，世界又一次站在历史的十字路口。

我们所处的是一个充满挑战的时代，也是一个充满希望的时代。我们深信，和平、发展、合作、共赢的历史潮流不可阻挡。维护国际和平安全、促进全球发展繁荣，应该成为世界各国的共同追求。中国国家主席习近平提出全球安全倡议，倡导以团结精神适应深刻调整的国际格局，以共赢思维应对复杂交织的安全挑战，旨在消弭国际冲突根源、完善全球安全治理，推动国际社会携手为动荡变化的时代注入更多稳定性和确定性，实现世界持久和平与发展。

The issue of security bears on the well-being of people of all countries, the lofty cause of world peace and development, and the future of humanity.

Today, our world, our times and history are changing in ways like never before, and the international community is confronted with multiple risks and challenges rarely seen before. Regional security hotspots keep flaring up, local conflicts and turbulence occur frequently, the COVID-19 pandemic persists, unilateralism and protectionism have risen significantly, and traditional and non-traditional security threats are entwined. The deficits in peace, development, security and governance are growing, and the world is once again at a crossroads in history.

This is an era rife with challenges. It is also one brimming with hope. We are convinced that the historical trends of peace, development and win-win cooperation are unstoppable. Upholding world peace and security and promoting global development and prosperity should be the common pursuit of all countries. Chinese President Xi Jinping has proposed the Global Security Initiative (GSI), calling on countries to adapt to the profoundly changing international landscape in the spirit of solidarity, and address the complex and intertwined security challenges with a win-win mindset. The GSI aims to eliminate the root causes of international conflicts, improve global security governance, encourage joint international efforts to bring more stability and certainty to a volatile and changing era, and promote durable peace and development in the world.

 

二、核心理念与原则

II.Core concepts and principles

 

（一）坚持共同、综合、合作、可持续的安全观。习近平主席2014年首次提出共同、综合、合作、可持续的新安全观，赢得国际社会普遍响应和广泛认同。这一安全观的核心内涵，就是主张秉持共同安全理念，尊重和保障每一个国家的安全；主张重视综合施策，统筹维护传统领域和非传统领域安全，协调推进安全治理；主张坚持合作之道，通过政治对话、和平谈判来实现安全；主张寻求可持续安全，通过发展化解矛盾，消除不安全的土壤。我们认为，只有基于道义和正确理念的安全，才是基础牢固、真正持久的安全。

1. Stay committed to the vision of common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security. In 2014, President Xi Jinping initiated a new vision for common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security, which has been widely recognized and supported by the international community. The essence of this new vision of security is to advocate a concept of common security, respecting and safeguarding the security of every country; a holistic approach, maintaining security in both traditional and non-traditional domains and enhancing security governance in a coordinated way; a commitment to cooperation, bringing about security through political dialogue and peaceful negotiation; and pursuit of sustainable security, resolving conflicts through development and eliminating the breeding ground for insecurity. We believe security will only be firmly established and sustainable when it is underpinned by morality, justice and the right ideas.

（二）坚持尊重各国主权、领土完整。主权平等和不干涉内政是国际法基本原则和现代国际关系最根本准则。我们主张国家不分大小、强弱、贫富，都是国际社会的平等一员，各国内政不容干涉，主权和尊严必须得到尊重，自主选择发展道路和社会制度的权利必须得到维护。应坚持主权独立平等，推动各国权利平等、规则平等、机会平等。

2. Stay committed to respecting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all countries. Sovereign equality and non-interference in internal affairs are basic principles of international law and the most fundamental norms governing contemporary international relations. We believe all countries, big or small, strong or weak, rich or poor, are equal members of the international community. Their internal affairs brook no external interference, their sovereignty and dignity must be respected, and their right to independently choose social systems and development paths must be upheld. Sovereign independence and equality must be upheld, and efforts should be made for all countries to enjoy equality in terms of rights, rules and opportunities.

（三）坚持遵守联合国宪章宗旨和原则。联合国宪章宗旨和原则承载着世界人民对两次世界大战惨痛教训的深刻反思，凝结了人类实现集体安全、永久和平的制度设计。当今世界发生的各种对抗和不公，不是因为联合国宪章宗旨和原则过时了，而是由于其未能得到有效维护和履行。我们呼吁共同践行真正的多边主义，坚定维护以联合国为核心的国际体系、以国际法为基础的国际秩序、以联合国宪章宗旨和原则为基础的国际关系基本准则，维护联合国权威及其在全球安全治理中的主要平台地位。冷战思维、单边主义、阵营对抗、霸权主义与联合国宪章精神相违背，应当受到抵制和反对。

3. Stay committed to abiding by the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. The purposes and principles of the UN Charter embody the deep reflection by people around the world on the bitter lessons of the two world wars. They are humanity’s institutional design for collective security and lasting peace. The various confrontations and injustices in the world today did not occur because the purposes and principles of the UN Charter are outdated, but because they are not effectively maintained and implemented. We call on all countries to practice true multilateralism; firmly uphold the international system with the UN at its core, the international order underpinned by international law and the basic norms of international relations underpinned by the UN Charter; and uphold the authority of the UN and its status as the main platform for global security governance. The Cold War mentality, unilateralism, bloc confrontation and hegemonism contradict the spirit of the UN Charter and must be resisted and rejected.

（四）坚持重视各国合理安全关切。人类是不可分割的安全共同体，一国安全不应以损害他国安全为代价。我们认为，各国安全利益都是彼此平等的。任何国家的正当合理安全关切都应得到重视和妥善解决，不应被长期忽视和系统性侵犯。任何国家在谋求自身安全时都应兼顾其他国家合理安全关切。我们主张秉持安全不可分割原则，倡导自身安全与共同安全不可分割，传统安全与非传统安全不可分割，安全权利与安全义务不可分割，安全与发展不可分割，构建均衡、有效、可持续的安全架构，从而实现普遍安全、共同安全。

4. Stay committed to taking the legitimate security concerns of all countries seriously. Humanity is an indivisible security community. Security of one country should not come at the expense of that of others. We believe all countries are equal in terms of security interests. The legitimate and reasonable security concerns of all countries should be taken seriously and addressed properly, not persistently ignored or systemically challenged. Any country, while pursuing its own security, should take into account the reasonable security concerns of others. We uphold the principle of indivisible security, advocating the indivisibility between individual security and common security, between traditional security and non-traditional security, between security rights and security obligations, and between security and development. There should be a balanced, effective and sustainable security architecture, so as to realize universal security and common security.

（五）坚持通过对话协商以和平方式解决国家间的分歧和争端。战争和制裁不是解决争端的根本之道，对话协商才是化解分歧的有效途径。我们呼吁加强国家间战略沟通，增进安全互信，化解矛盾，管控分歧，消除危机产生的根源。大国应坚持公道正义，承担应尽责任，支持平等协商，根据当事国需要和愿望劝和促谈、斡旋调停。国际社会应支持一切有利于和平解决危机的努力，鼓励冲突各方以对话建互信、解纷争、促安全。滥用单边制裁和“长臂管辖”不但解决不了问题，反而会制造更多困难和复杂因素。

5. Stay committed to peacefully resolving differences and disputes between countries through dialogue and consultation. War and sanctions are no fundamental solution to disputes; only dialogue and consultation are effective in resolving differences. We call on countries to strengthen strategic communication, enhance mutual security confidence, diffuse tensions, manage differences and eliminate the root causes of crises. Major countries must uphold justice, fulfill their due responsibilities, support consultation on an equal footing, and facilitate talks for peace, play good offices and mediate in light of the needs and will of the countries concerned. The international community should support all efforts conducive to the peaceful settlement of crises, and encourage conflicting parties to build trust, settle disputes and promote security through dialogue. Abusing unilateral sanctions and long-arm jurisdiction does not solve a problem, but only creates more difficulties and complications.

（六）坚持统筹维护传统领域和非传统领域安全。当前，安全的内涵和外延更加丰富，呈现更加突出的联动性、跨国性、多样性，传统安全威胁和非传统安全威胁相互交织。我们倡导各国践行共商共建共享的全球治理观，共同应对地区争端和恐怖主义、气候变化、网络安全、生物安全等全球性问题，多管齐下、综合施策，完善规则，携手寻求长远解决之道，推进全球安全治理，防范化解安全困境。

6. Stay committed to maintaining security in both traditional and non-traditional domains. In today’s world, both the intension and extension of security are broadening. Security is more interconnected, transnational and diverse. Traditional and non-traditional security threats have become intertwined. We encourage all countries to practice the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits in global governance, and work together to address regional disputes and global challenges such as terrorism, climate change, cybersecurity and biosecurity. There should be concerted efforts to explore multiple channels, develop a holistic solution, and improve relevant rules, so as to find sustainable solutions, promote global security governance and prevent and resolve security challenges.

上述“六个坚持”彼此联系、相互呼应，是辩证统一的有机整体。其中，坚持共同、综合、合作、可持续的安全观是理念指引，坚持尊重各国主权、领土完整是基本前提，坚持遵守联合国宪章宗旨和原则是根本遵循，坚持重视各国合理安全关切是重要原则，坚持通过对话协商以和平方式解决国家间的分歧和争端是必由之路，坚持统筹维护传统领域和非传统领域安全是应有之义。

These six commitments are interlinked and mutually reinforcing, and are an organic whole of dialectical unity. Among them, the vision of common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security provides conceptual guidance; respecting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all countries is the basic premise; abiding by the purposes and principles of the UN Charter is a primary benchmark; taking the legitimate security concerns of all countries seriously is an important principle, peacefully resolving differences and disputes between countries through dialogue and consultation is a must choice; and maintaining security in both traditional and non-traditional domains is an inherent requirement.

 

三、重点合作方向

III. Priorities of cooperation

 

实现世界持久和平，让每一个国家享有和平稳定的外部环境，让每一个国家的人民都能安居乐业，人民权利得到充分保障，是我们的共同愿望。各国需要同舟共济、团结协作，构建人类安全共同体，携手建设一个远离恐惧、普遍安全的世界。

It is our common aspiration to achieve lasting world peace, so that all countries can enjoy a peaceful and stable external environment and their people can live a happy life with their rights fully guaranteed. Like passengers aboard the same ship, countries need to work in solidarity to foster a community of shared security for mankind and build a world that is free from fear and enjoys universal security.

为实现上述愿景，中方将在全球安全倡议框架下开展与世界各国和国际、地区组织的双多边安全合作，积极推进安全理念对接和利益共融。我们倡导各方在包括但不限于以下方面积极开展单项或多项合作，与中方的努力互补互促，共同促进世界和平安宁。

To realize these visions, China is ready to conduct bilateral and multilateral security cooperation with all countries and international and regional organizations under the framework of the Global Security Initiative, and actively promote coordination of security concepts and convergence of interests. China calls on all parties to carry out single or multiple cooperation in aspects including but not limited to the following ones, so as to pursue mutual learning and complementarity and to jointly promote world peace and tranquility:

（一）积极参与联合国秘书长“我们的共同议程”报告关于制定“新和平纲领”等建议的工作。支持联合国加大预防冲突努力，充分发挥建设和平架构的作用，帮助冲突后国家开展建设和平工作。进一步发挥中国－联合国和平与发展基金秘书长和平与安全子基金作用，支持联合国在全球安全事务中发挥更大作用。

支持联合国提高维和行动履行授权能力，坚持当事方同意、保持中立、非自卫或履行授权不使用武力的维和行动三原则，坚持政治优先，综合施策，标本兼治。维和行动应获得充足资源，支持为非盟自主和平行动提供充足、可预测、可持续的资金支持。

1.Actively participate in formulating a New Agenda for Peace and other proposals put forth in Our Common Agenda by the UN Secretary-General. Support UN efforts to enhance conflict prevention and fully harness the peace-building architecture to assist post-conflict states in peace-building. Further leverage the Secretary-General’s Peace and Security Sub-Fund of the China-UN Peace and Development Trust Fund and support a bigger UN role in global security affairs.

Support the UN in enhancing capacity for implementing its peacekeeping mandate, uphold the three principles of “consent of the parties, impartiality, and non-use of force except in self-defense and defense of the mandate” for peacekeeping operations, prioritize political solutions, and take a holistic approach to address both symptoms and root causes. Provide peacekeeping operations with adequate resources. Support the provision of sufficient, predictable and sustainable financial assistance to the African Union (AU) for it to carry out autonomous peacekeeping operations.

（二）促进大国协调和良性互动，推动构建和平共处、总体稳定、均衡发展的大国关系格局。大国在维护国际和平与安全上承担特殊重要责任。倡导大国带头讲平等、讲诚信、讲合作、讲法治，带头遵守《联合国宪章》和国际法。坚持相互尊重、和平共处、合作共赢，坚守不冲突不对抗的底线，求同存异、管控分歧。

2.Promote coordination and sound interaction among major countries and build a major country relationship featuring peaceful coexistence, overall stability and balanced development. Major countries shoulder particularly important responsibilities of maintaining international peace and security. Call on major countries to lead by example in honoring equality, good faith, cooperation and the rule of law, and in complying with the UN Charter and international law. Adhere to mutual respect, peaceful coexistence and win-win cooperation, stick to the bottom line of no conflict and no confrontation, seek common ground while reserving differences, and manage differences.

（三）坚决维护“核战争打不赢也打不得”共识。遵守2022年1月五核国领导人发表的《关于防止核战争与避免军备竞赛的联合声明》，加强核武器国家对话合作，降低核战争风险。维护以《不扩散核武器条约》为基石的国际核不扩散体系，积极支持有关地区国家建立无核武器区。促进核安全国际合作，建立公平、合作、共赢的国际核安全体系。

3.Firmly uphold the consensus that “a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought”. Comply with the joint statement on preventing nuclear war and avoiding arms races issued by leaders of the five nuclear-weapon states in January 2022. Strengthen dialogue and cooperation among nuclear-weapon states to reduce the risk of nuclear war. Safeguard the international nuclear non-proliferation regime based on the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and actively support the efforts of countries in relevant regions to establish nuclear-weapon-free zones. Promote international cooperation on nuclear security, so as to build a fair, collaborative and mutually beneficial international nuclear security system.

（四）全面落实第76届联大通过的“在国际安全领域促进和平利用国际合作”决议。

在联合国安理会防扩散委员会、《禁止化学武器公约》、《禁止生物武器公约》等框架下开展合作，推动全面禁止和彻底销毁大规模杀伤性武器，提升各国防扩散出口管制、生物安全、化武防护等方面能力水平。

支持全球常规武器军控进程。支持在尊重非洲国家意愿的前提下开展中国、非洲、欧洲轻小武器管控合作，支持落实“消弭非洲枪声”倡议。积极开展人道主义扫雷国际合作及援助，为雷患国家提供更多力所能及的帮助。

4.Fully implement the resolution of Promoting International Cooperation on Peaceful Uses in the Context of International Security adopted by the 76th session of the UN General Assembly.

Carry out cooperation under such frameworks as the UN Security Council’s 1540 Committee, the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), promote complete prohibition and thorough destruction of weapons of mass destruction, and build up the capacity of all countries in areas including non-proliferation export control, biosecurity and protection against chemical weapons.

Support the process of global conventional arms control. Support cooperation among China, Africa and Europe on small arms and light weapons control under the premise of respecting the will of Africa. Support the implementation of the initiative of Silencing the Guns in Africa. Actively carry out international cooperation and assistance on humanitarian demining and provide help to affected countries as much as one’s ability permits.

（五）推动政治解决国际和地区热点问题。鼓励当事国坚持通过坦诚对话沟通，化解分歧，寻求热点问题的解决之道。支持国际社会在不干涉内政前提下，以劝和促谈为主要方式，以公平务实为主要态度，以标本兼治为主要思路，建设性参与热点问题政治解决。支持通过对话谈判政治解决乌克兰危机等热点问题。

5.Promote political settlement of international and regional hotspot issues. Encourage the countries concerned to overcome differences and resolve hotspots through candid dialogue and communication. Support the international community in constructively participating in the political settlement of hotspots, under the premise of non-interference in internal affairs, mainly through the means of facilitating peace talks, with fairness and practicality as the main attitude, and mainly following the approach of addressing both symptoms and root causes. Support political settlement of hotspot issues such as the Ukraine crisis through dialogue and negotiation.

（六）支持和完善以东盟为中心的地区安全合作机制和架构，秉持协商一致、照顾各方舒适度等“东盟方式”，加强地区国家间的安全对话与合作。支持在澜沧江－湄公河合作框架下推进非传统安全领域合作，通过澜湄合作专项基金实施相关合作项目，努力打造全球安全倡议实验区，共同维护地区和平稳定。

6.Support and improve the ASEAN-centered regional security cooperation mechanism and architecture, and adhere to the ASEAN way of consensus-building and accommodating each other’s comfort level to further strengthen security dialogue and cooperation among regional countries. Support efforts to promote cooperation in non-traditional security areas under the framework of Lancang-Mekong Cooperation (LMC), implement relevant cooperation projects under the LMC Special Fund, and strive to foster a pilot zone for GSI to jointly safeguard regional peace and stability.

（七）落实实现中东安全稳定的五点倡议，倡导相互尊重，坚持公平正义，实现核不扩散，共建集体安全，加快发展合作，共同推动构建中东安全新架构。支持中东国家加强对话、改善关系的积极势头和努力，照顾各方合理安全关切，壮大维护地区安全的内生力量，支持阿拉伯国家联盟等区域组织为此发挥建设性作用。国际社会应采取实际步骤推进巴勒斯坦问题“两国方案”，召开更大规模、更有权威、更有影响的国际和会，推动巴勒斯坦问题早日得到公正解决。

7.Implement the five-point proposal on realizing peace and stability in the Middle East, including advocating mutual respect, upholding equity and justice, realizing non-proliferation, jointly fostering collective security, and accelerating development cooperation, so as to jointly establish a new security framework in the Middle East. Support the positive momentum and the efforts of Middle East countries to strengthen dialogue and improve their relations, accommodate the reasonable security concerns of all parties, strengthen the internal forces of safeguarding regional security, and support the League of Arab States (LAS) and other regional organizations in playing a constructive role in this regard. The international community should take practical steps to advance the two-state solution to the Palestinian question, and convene a larger, more authoritative and more influential international peace conference, so as to achieve a just solution to the Palestinian question at an early date.

（八）支持非洲国家、非洲联盟、次区域组织为解决地区冲突、反对恐怖主义、维护海上安全所作努力，呼吁国际社会向非洲主导的反恐行动提供资金和技术，支持非洲国家增强自主维护和平的能力。支持以非洲方式解决非洲问题，推动非洲之角以及萨赫勒、大湖地区等热点问题和平解决。积极落实“非洲之角和平发展构想”，推动非洲之角和平会议机制化，积极打造合作示范项目。

8.Support the efforts of African countries, the AU and sub-regional organizations to resolve regional conflicts, fight terrorism and safeguard maritime security, call on the international community to provide financial and technical support to Africa-led counter-terrorism operations, and support African countries in strengthening their ability to safeguard peace independently. Support addressing African problems in the African way, and promote peaceful settlement of hotspots in the Horn of Africa, the Sahel, the Great Lakes region and other areas. Actively implement the Outlook on Peace and Development in the Horn of Africa, promote the institutionalization of the China-Horn of Africa Peace, Governance and Development Conference, and work actively to launch pilot projects of cooperation.

（九）支持拉美和加勒比国家积极践行《宣布拉美和加勒比为和平区的公告》承诺，支持包括拉共体在内的区域和次区域组织为维护地区和平安全、妥善处理地区热点问题发挥积极作用。

9.Support Latin American and Caribbean countries in actively fulfilling commitments stated in the Proclamation of Latin America and the Caribbean as a Zone of Peace, and support the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States and other regional and sub-regional organizations in playing an active role in upholding regional peace and security and properly handling regional hotspots.

（十）重视太平洋岛国在气候变化、自然灾害和公共卫生等领域特殊处境和合理关切，支持太平洋岛国为应对全球性挑战所作努力，支持岛国落实其《蓝色太平洋2050战略》。加大提供物资、资金和人才支持，帮助岛国提升应对非传统安全威胁的能力。

10.Pay high attention to the special situation and legitimate concerns of Pacific island countries in regard to climate change, natural disasters and public health, support the efforts of Pacific island countries to address global challenges, and support island countries in implementing the 2050 Strategy for the Blue Pacific Continent. Increase the provision of materials, funds and talents to help island countries improve their ability to deal with non-traditional security threats.

（十一）加强海上对话交流和务实合作，妥善处理海上分歧，携手打击海盗、武装抢劫等海上跨国犯罪，合力维护海洋和平安宁和航道安全。倡导跨境河流上下游国家积极开展国际合作，通过对话协商解决相关争议，保障跨境河流航运安全，合理利用和保护水资源，保护跨境河流生态环境。

11.Strengthen maritime dialogue and exchange and practical cooperation, properly handle maritime differences, and work together to tackle transnational crimes at sea including piracy and armed robbery, so as to jointly safeguard maritime peace and tranquility and sea lane security. Call on upstream and downstream countries along trans-boundary rivers to actively engage in international cooperation, resolve relevant disputes through dialogue and consultation, ensure the safety of shipping on trans-boundary rivers, rationally utilize and protect water resources, and protect the ecological environment of trans-boundary rivers.

（十二）加强联合国在国际反恐斗争中的中心协调作用，支持国际社会全面落实联大和安理会反恐决议及《联合国全球反恐战略》，共同打击所有被安理会列名的恐怖组织和人员。推动全球反恐资源进一步向发展中国家倾斜，加大发展中国家反恐能力建设。反对将恐怖主义与特定国家、民族和宗教挂钩。深入研究和应对新兴技术对国际反恐斗争的影响。

12.Strengthen the UN’s role as the central coordinator in the global fight against terrorism, support the international community in fully implementing the UN General Assembly and Security Council counter-terrorism resolutions and the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, and jointly crack down on all terrorist organizations and individuals designated by the Security Council. Channel more global counter-terrorism resources to developing countries to enhance their counter-terrorism capacity building. Oppose linking terrorism with any particular country, ethnic group or religion. Enhance studies on and responses to the impact of emerging technologies on global counter-terrorism efforts.

（十三）深化信息安全领域国际合作。中方已提出《全球数据安全倡议》，希望推动达成反映各方意愿、尊重各方利益的全球数字治理规则。持续推进落实《中国－阿拉伯联盟数据安全合作倡议》和《“中国+中亚五国”数据安全合作倡议》，共同应对各类网络威胁，构建开放包容、公平合理、安全稳定、富有生机活力的全球网络空间治理体系。

13.Deepen international cooperation in the field of information security. China has put forward the Global Initiative on Data Security and calls for joint efforts to formulate global rules on digital governance that reflect the will and respect the interests of all parties. Follow through on the China-LAS Cooperation Initiative on Data Security and the Data Security Cooperation Initiative of China+Central Asia, jointly address various cyber threats, and work to establish a global governance system on cyberspace featuring openness and inclusion, justice and fairness, security and stability, vigor and vitality.

（十四）加强生物安全风险管理。共同倡导负责任的生物科研，鼓励各利益攸关方自愿采纳《科学家生物安全行为准则天津指南》。共同加强实验室生物安全能力建设，降低生物安全风险，促进生物科技健康发展。

14.Strengthen biosecurity risk management. Jointly advocate responsible bioscience research and encourage all stakeholders to refer to the Tianjin Biosecurity Guidelines for Codes of Conduct for Scientists on a voluntary basis. Jointly strengthen the building of biosecurity capability of laboratories, reduce biosecurity risks and promote the healthy development of biotechnology.

（十五）加强人工智能等新兴科技领域国际安全治理，预防和管控潜在安全风险。中国已就人工智能军事应用和伦理治理发布立场文件，愿与国际社会就人工智能安全治理加强沟通交流，推动达成普遍参与的国际机制，形成具有广泛共识的治理框架和标准规范。

15.Strengthen international security governance on artificial intelligence (AI) and other emerging technologies, and prevent and manage potential security risks. China has issued position papers on regulating military applications and strengthening ethical governance of AI, and stands ready to strengthen communication and exchange with the international community on AI security governance, promote the establishment of an international mechanism with broad participation, and develop governance frameworks, standards and norms based on extensive consensus.

（十六）加强外空领域国际合作，维护以国际法为基础的外空国际秩序。基于国际法开展外空活动，维护在轨航天员的安全和空间设施的长期可持续。尊重并确保各国平等享有和平利用外空的权利。坚决反对外空武器化和军备竞赛，支持谈判缔结外空军控国际法律文书。

16.Strengthen international cooperation on outer space and safeguard the international order in outer space underpinned by international law. Carry out activities in outer space in accordance with international law, safeguard the safety of in-orbit astronauts and the long-term and sustainable operation of space facilities. Respect and ensure the equal right of all countries to use outer space peacefully. Resolutely reject the weaponization of and arms race in outer space, and support the negotiation and conclusion.

（十七）支持世界卫生组织在全球公共卫生治理中发挥领导作用，有效统筹、调动全球资源，共同应对包括新型冠状病毒感染在内的全球性重大传染病。

17.Support the World Health Organization in playing a leading role in global governance in public health, and effectively coordinate and mobilize global resources to jointly respond to COVID-19 and other major global infectious diseases.

（十八）维护全球粮食和能源安全。加强行动协调，维护国际农产品贸易平稳运行，保障粮食生产和供应链畅通，避免将粮食安全问题政治化、武器化。加强国际能源政策协调，为保障能源运输创造安全稳定环境，共同维护全球能源市场和能源价格稳定。

18.Safeguard global food and energy security. Strengthen action coordination to maintain the smooth operation of international agricultural trade, ensure stable grain production and smooth supply chains, and avoid politicizing and weaponizing food security issues. Strengthen international energy policy coordination, create a safe and stable environment for ensuring energy transportation, and jointly maintain the stability of the global energy market and energy prices.

（十九）全面、有效落实《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》。鼓励各国为打击跨国犯罪，缔结或参加有关国际条约、公约或协议，或者作出制度性安排。支持联合国三项禁毒公约，维护国际禁毒体制，倡导国际社会协调一致、责任共担、真诚合作，共同应对毒品问题带来的挑战，构建不受毒品危害的人类命运共同体。在尊重各国主权基础上积极开展执法合作，共同提升执法能力和安全治理水平。支持建立全球培训体系，为发展中国家培训更多适应维护自身安全需要的执法人员。

19.Fully and effectively implement the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Encourage all countries to conclude or join international treaties, conventions or agreements or make institutional arrangements to fight transnational crimes. Support the three international drug control conventions of the UN, safeguard the international drug control system, and advocate coordination, shared responsibility and sincere cooperation in the international community to jointly address challenges posed by the drug problem and build a community with a shared future for mankind that is free from the harm of drugs. Actively conduct law enforcement cooperation on the basis of respecting each country’s sovereignty, so as to jointly improve law enforcement capacity and security governance. Support the establishment of a global training system to train for developing countries more law enforcement officers who are responsive to their countries’ security needs.

（二十）支持各国在气候变化、供应链产业链稳定畅通等领域合作，加快落实联合国2030年可持续发展议程，以可持续发展促进可持续安全。

20.Support the cooperation among countries in addressing climate change and maintaining stable and smooth supply and industrial chains, and speed up the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in order to promote sustainable security through sustainable development.

 

四、合作平台和机制

IV. Platforms and mechanisms of cooperation

 

（一）利用联合国大会和各相关委员会、安理会、相关机构以及其他有关国际和地区组织等平台，根据各自职责，围绕和平与安全问题广泛讨论沟通，提出共同倡议主张，汇聚国际社会应对安全挑战共识。

1. Engage in wide-ranging discussions and communication on peace and security at the General Assembly, relevant UN Committees, the Security Council, relevant institutions, and other international and regional organizations based on their respective mandates, and put forward common initiatives and propositions to forge consensus in the international community to address security challenges.

（二）发挥上海合作组织、金砖合作、亚信、“中国+中亚五国”、东亚合作相关机制等作用，围绕彼此一致或相近目标逐步开展安全合作。推动设立海湾地区多边对话平台，发挥阿富汗邻国外长会、非洲之角和平会议等协调合作机制作用，促进地区乃至世界的和平稳定。

2.Leverage the roles of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, BRICS cooperation, the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia, the “China+Central Asia” mechanism, and relevant mechanisms of East Asia cooperation, and carry out security cooperation incrementally to achieve similar or same goals. Promote the establishment of a multilateral dialogue platform in the Gulf region and give play to the role of coordinating and cooperative mechanisms such as the Meeting of Foreign Ministers of the Neighboring Countries of Afghanistan and the China-Horn of Africa Peace, Governance and Development Conference to promote regional and global peace and stability.

（三）适时举办全球安全倡议高级别活动，加强安全领域政策沟通，促进政府间对话合作，进一步凝聚国际社会应对安全挑战合力。

3.Hold high-level conferences on the GSI in due course to strengthen policy communication in the field of security, promote intergovernmental dialogue and cooperation, and further foster synergy in the international community to address security challenges.

（四）支持中非和平安全论坛、中东安全论坛、北京香山论坛、全球公共安全合作论坛（连云港）以及其他国际性交流对话平台为深化安全领域交流合作继续作出积极贡献。鼓励创设全球性安全论坛，为各国政府、国际组织、智库、社会组织等发挥各自优势参与全球安全治理提供新平台。

4.Support the China-Africa Peace and Security Forum, the Middle East Security Forum, the Beijing Xiangshan Forum, the Global Public Security Cooperation Forum (Lianyungang) and other international dialogue platforms in contributing to deepening exchange and cooperation on security. Promote the establishment of more global security forums to provide new platforms for governments, international organizations, think tanks and social organizations to leverage their advantages and participate in global security governance.

（五）围绕应对反恐、网络、生物、新兴科技等领域安全挑战，搭建更多国际交流合作平台和机制，共同提升非传统安全治理能力。鼓励各国高等军事院校、高等警察院校之间加强交流合作。未来5年中方愿向全球发展中国家提供5000个研修培训名额用于培养专业人才，共同应对全球性安全问题。

5.Build more international platforms and mechanisms for exchange and cooperation on addressing security challenges in such areas as counter-terrorism, cybersecurity, biosecurity and emerging technologies, with a view to improving the governance capacity in the domain of non-traditional security. Encourage more exchanges and cooperation among university-level military and police academies. China is willing to provide other developing countries with 5,000 training opportunities in the next five years to train professionals for addressing global security issues.

全球安全倡议秉持开放包容原则，欢迎和期待各方参与，共同丰富倡议内涵，积极探索开展新形式新领域合作。中方愿同世界上所有爱好和平、追求幸福的国家和人民携手同行，协力应对各种传统和非传统安全挑战，并肩守护地球家园的和平安宁，共同开创人类更加美好的未来，让和平的薪火代代相传、平安的钟声响彻人间。

The GSI, following the principle of openness and inclusiveness, welcomes and looks forward to the participation of all parties to jointly enrich its substance and actively explore new forms and areas of cooperation. China stands ready to work with all countries and peoples who love peace and aspire to happiness to address all kinds of traditional and non-traditional security challenges, protect the peace and tranquility of the earth, and jointly create a better future for mankind, so that the torch of peace will be passed on from generation to generation and shine across the world.

 

 （来源：新华社）

2023年5月26日 22:43

 

 

21、耶鲁校长毕业演讲：越社交越孤独，这病该这样治？！
 

【编者按】社交网络里，我们是不是都成了最熟悉的陌生人?

 

　　耶鲁大学校长彼得·萨洛维(Peter Salovey)在2017毕业季演讲中重点谈了这个问题，他说，这是一个人们敲敲键盘就可以在社交媒体上同时和几百个人聊天交友的时代，然而，越来越多的人的生活是围着互联网转，越社交越孤独。

 

 

　　如何重建社会纽带，重拾热忱，重建人与人之间的友谊?请看彼得·萨洛维演讲全文：

 

　　2017 grade graduates, family members and friends, today is very happy to be with you, this is full of joy and hope of the day, and I also with a sense of pride today.

　　This is a beautiful Yale tradition, now please allow me:

　　Please all the family members who got up here to witness the 2017 outstanding Yale students graduation ceremony.

　　Now, please 2017 graduates to support you to today's milestone in the people, please rise to pay tribute.

　　thank you all!

　　Before graduation season, I did a very important thing to fly to California and celebrate the Passover with my family (Passover.) Many of you know that it was a memorial to the Jews in Egypt for slaves and celebrated them from And by the recitation of the food called Haggadah, the Passover will reflect on this history as if they had gone through the same.

　　The Passover slavery and the theme of freedom can also resonate today, just as thousands of years ago. Many contemporary Haggadot (Haggadot, Haggadah's plural quotes modern struggles, such as African Americans for liberation And civil rights, as well as today's efforts to end trafficking.

　　My family has been using the traditional version of Haggadah from Madwell House Coffee since 1932. Obviously, this is also used by former President Barack Obama at the White House's annual banquet. Part of the day, we will be reminded, because thousands of years ago we were in the Egyptian land on the stranger, so we must welcome the stranger to our own feast.We recited, 'let all hungry The people come in and have food to eat ... so that all the people who have come to meet with us to celebrate the Passover.

　　This can be traced back a long time ago, written in Aramaic, which is the daily spoken language of most of the Middle East from 2000 to 3000. So they can easily be understood by those who accept the charity. , The owner of the house may open the door, read these words to invite all the people to attend the celebration.

　　Remember what it feels like a stranger is not only important in the Passover.We told us in Jewish ures that we show goodwill to strangers, and Moses warned that we would never hurt a stranger, In the Exodus, we are told: 'Do not blame or oppress a stranger because you are a stranger in the land of Egypt.' In the other places of the Exodus , Which is a strange place to be written as 'alone in a foreign land of the stranger' - which became Robert Heinlein (Robert Heinlein popular science fiction title inspiration in the << Leviticus >> (Leviticus, In a volume in the Old Testament, we read: 'When a stranger and you live in your place, you should not be targeted everywhere, on the contrary, for the stranger who is with you, You will love him as much as he is, because you used to be a heterogeneous Egyptian land.

　　'I am a foreigner, and you must welcome me.' Peter Rosazza, Archbishop of the Archbishop of Hartford, in the passage of this passage, did not only have this kind of care in Judaism. In the explanation to the Hebrew letter, we were told: 'Do not ignore the hospitality of strangers, because some people do not know it Angels do. 'Imagine if all the strangers - all the foreigners are regarded as the messengers of God, how wonderful the world will be!

　　The Koran also guides the Muslims: 'for your parents, close relatives or orphans, those in need, your neighbors and neighbors from the field, whether friends around you or passers-by from afar ...'

　　There is an ancient Hindu ure that 'the guest is God.' The hospitality to the guests and strangers - known as 'Manuya Ya Yana' - is based on the Vedic practice (Vedic practice daily 'five sacrifices 'one.

　　Back to the Hebrew Bible, we find this reminder of the aphorism, the wording is different from other people: 'You do not oppress a stranger, because you know the feeling of a stranger, because you are also a stranger in the Egyptian region. The words are translated pretty, like 'because you know the heart of a stranger who travels from afar.'

 

Psychologists call this sympathy, which is known as compassion, and associate it with morality and ethics, and if we can find the true meaning of compassion, we are more likely to be kind to others. Here we are told how to act - how do not let strangers be confused - because we can understand their feelings, their hearts.

　　But it is a very easy thing to show sympathy? Not always. This is why there is no one group, no religious beliefs are in line with their own external treatment ideal one of the reasons. Exclusion and oppression has always been the prevalence of many human society When we feel lost, threatened or frightened, it is difficult for us to think about transposition. In fact, stress and uncertainty may lead us to blame others - looking for a scapegoat instead of sympathizing with them.

　　Today, not onlyimmigrants and refugees are 'alone in a foreign land for the stranger', in the United States and around the world, we have become unfamiliar with each other.We find it difficult to understand each other's point of view, it is difficult to deal with differences.We can not imagine our country Of people think, how to do.Although constantly communicate, we also found and the other increasingly drift away, it is difficult to reconcile.

　　Over the past three decades, according to a recent article by Forbes, it has been reported that the number of Americans who have not had a friend has tripled. How is this possible? It's a time for people to knock on a keyboard in social media And hundreds of people chatting friends of the times ah!However, more and more people's lives are around the Internet, the more social the more lonely.To know, send text messages, send e-mail, hair push special down the phone and a living person to deal with more simple!

　　In the twentieth century, the French sociologist Emile Durheim (Emile Durkheim talked about this 'anomie' phenomenon - a kind of And the social derailment of the loneliness, he believes that his great changes in life - the rise of industry, large-scale production and urban growth - is the link between the culprits less.

　　A century later, but before people began to worry about the network, social media has begun to shape our way of communication, political scientist Robert Putnam (Robert Putnam with 'bowling' image describes the collapse of contemporary social network of traditional society Putnam found that we no longer joined our community activities, and we no longer define ourselves through clubs and civic organizations that represent our hobbies and interests.

　　What happens if we are weakened in social relations? How can we feel safe when we are no longer in the social network or community? One possible result is that we take the stone and hit our feet.We may spend a lot of time staring at The mirror is only concerned with the information that is consistent with our previous beliefs, and we will only focus on what we do about ourselves and we become isolated and helpless.

　　'We all know the taste of loneliness, and we already know that the only solution is love, and that love comes from the sense of belonging of social groups,' wrote Dorothy, a social activist of the twentieth century.

　　There is no community, no compassion, I can not see myself from the eyes of others.On the contrary, those strangers are ignored, and even demonized. And Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Judaism and many other traditions are contrary to us No longer welcome strangers to our table.On the contrary, we build the walls and keep them away from us.

　　Perhaps in a beautiful sunny afternoon in the past four years, you walk to the Grove Street Cemetery and discover the tombstone of the 17th president of Yale, Kim Brewster, who led the university in a period of historical turmoil , He advocated coeducational and tried to maintain peace during the Panthers experiment in New Haven City (United States of America Connecticut port city).

　　Brewster's epitaph wrote: 'The presumption of innocence is not only a legal concept of law and common sense, it needs a generous spirit of strangers, expecting what is the best, not the worst.' Brewster is familiar with the conflict And the strife, he knows how deep the differences between people can be, and he knows how misunderstandings and fears can be separated from people, but he expects to be the best among the others, which is his common sense.

　　Kyrgyzstan and the social commentator Ta-Nehisi Coates have called for 'deep sympathy from the heart.' This deep compassion should inspire us and inspire us, and this is a powerful tool. We take action to serve others and our social groups.

　　In 2017, you have been on campus for four years, trying to become popular and accepted people, you and a variety of background and industry people to establish a lasting friendship, when you meet each other when they are unfamiliar, but you hand in hand Created the Yale family, you sang:

　　Four seasons change, Yun Shu Yun roll

　　Snow-capped, spring-filled

　　Time passes, marshes

　　Yale friendship, daughter does not change

　　I urge you to bring these experiences into the world - the world needs your contribution, your curiosity, and your compassion .

　　I hope you will experience the pain of the world, empathy and the world as their responsibility. Hospitality, and people are good, to see people, you do is the angel thing.

 

 

翻译：

 

2017年级毕业生，家庭成员和朋友们，今天很开心能和你们在一起，这是充满了喜悦和希望的一天，并且我今天也怀着一种自豪感。

　　这是一个美好的耶鲁的传统，现在请允许我：

　　请所有在座的家庭成员们起身，共同见证2017届杰出的耶鲁学子的毕业典礼。

　　现在，请2017届的毕业生对支持你们走到今天的里程碑的人们，请你们起身致敬。

　　谢谢你们!

　　毕业季之前，我做了一件很重要的事，飞到加州，与我的家人一起庆祝逾越节(Passover)。你们中许多人知道，这是纪念犹太人在埃及为奴的节日，并且庆祝他们从束缚中解脱出来。通过朗诵名为哈加达(Haggadah)凡人礼仪文字和仪式的食物，逾越节时的每个人都会反思这个历史，就好像他们自己经历了一样。

　　逾越节的奴隶制和自由的主题在今天也能引发人们的共鸣，正如几千年前一样。许多当代的哈加多特(Haggadot ，Haggadah的复数)引用了现代斗争，如非洲裔美国人争取解放和公民权利，以及今天为结束贩卖人口所做的努力。

　　我的家人自1932年以来一直使用由麦克斯韦之家咖啡公司(Madwell House Coffee)主办的传统版本的Haggadah。显然，这也是前总统奥巴马在白宫的一年一度的家宴中使用的!最让我喜欢的部分是，这天晚上，我们会被提醒，因为几千年前我们曾经是在埃及土地上的异乡人，所以我们必须欢迎异乡人到我们自己的家宴。我们背诵道，“让所有饥饿的人进来有口饭吃……让所有遇难的人都来和我们一起庆祝逾越节”。

　　这种感情可以追溯到很久以前，文字是用阿拉姆语写成的，这是2000年至3000年前中东大部分时间的日常口语，所以他们可以很容易地被那些接受施舍的人所理解。过去，房子的主人可能会打开家门，诵读着这些话邀请所有经过的人来参加庆祝活动。

　　请记住成为一个异乡人是什么感觉，这不仅在逾越节很重要。我们在犹太经文中反复告诉我们，向陌生人表示善意。摩西五经警告我们永远不要伤害一个异乡人，在三十五到四十六章节，取决于它的翻译版本。在出埃及记中，我们被告知：“你们不要指责或者压迫一个异乡人，因为你是埃及地的异乡人。”在出埃及记的其他地方，这是在陌生的地方被写成“独在异乡的异乡人” ——这成为了罗伯特·海因莱因(Robert Heinlein)的流行科幻小说的标题灵感。在《利未记》(Leviticus，基督教圣经《旧约全书》中的一卷)中我们读到：“当一个异乡人和你在你们的地方居住的时候，你不应该处处针对，相反，对于与你同在的异乡人，你们要像他一样爱他，因为你们曾经是是埃及地的异类。”

　　并不只有犹太教有这种关怀。耶稣在最后审判的寓言中说：“我是外国人，你必须欢迎我。”哈特福德大主教管区主教彼得·罗萨萨(Peter Rosazza)在对这段经文的解释中说，欢迎外国人是相当于欢迎耶稣。后来，在给希伯来书的信中，我们被告知：“不要忽视对陌生人的热情好客，因为有些人在便不知不觉中做了天使该做的事情。”想象一下，如果所有陌生人——所有的外国人都被视为是神的使者，世界将会多么美好!

　　古兰经同样指导穆斯林：“为你们的父母，近亲和孤儿，有需要的人，你本族的邻居和来自外地的邻居，不管是你身边的朋友，还是来自远方的路人……”

　　有一个古老的印度教经文说：“客人就是上帝”。对客人和陌生人的款待 ——称为“马努雅雅雅娜”——是根据吠陀实践(Vedic practice)每天进行的“五大牺牲”之一。

　　回到希伯来圣经，我们发现这个提醒警句，措辞与其他人有所不同：“你不要压迫一个异乡人，因为你自己知道一个异乡人的感觉，因为你也是埃及地区的异乡人。 这句话被翻译得相当漂亮，就像“因为你懂得来自远方奔波劳累的异乡人的心”。

　　心理学家称这种懂得他人内心的心理称为同情心，并将其与道德和伦理联系起来。如果我们能找到同情的真谛，我们更有可能善待他人。在这里，我们被告知如何采取行动 ——如何不让陌生人迷惑 —— 因为我们可以理解他们的感受，他们的心。

　　但是展示同情是一件很容易的事情吗?并不总是。这就是为什么没有一个团体，没有宗教信仰完全符合自己的外在待遇理想的原因之一。排外和压迫一直是许多人类社会普遍存在的特征。当我们感到失落，威胁或恐惧时，我们很难做到换位思考。事实上，压力和未知可能会导致我们指责他人 ——寻找方便的替罪羊，而不是同情他们。

　　今天，不仅移民和难民是“独在异乡为异客”，在美国乃至世界各地，我们已经变得彼此陌生了。我们觉得很难理解对方的观点，很难处理分歧。我们无法想象我们国家的人怎么想，怎么做。尽管不断沟通，我们也发现和对方愈发渐行渐远，难以调和。

　　在过去三十年里，根据福布斯最近的一篇文章，报告说他们一个朋友都没有的美国人数量翻了三番。这怎么可能呢?这是一个人们敲敲键盘就可以在社交媒体上同时和几百个人聊天交友的时代啊!然而，越来越多的人的生活是围着互联网转，越社交越孤独。要知道，发短信、发邮件、发推特可比放下手机和一个活生生的人打交道简单多了!

　　这种现象由来已久，互联网恐怕要担更多的责任。在二十世纪之交，法国社会学家埃米尔·杜尔海姆(Emile Durkheim)谈到这一“失范”的现象——一种和社会脱轨的孤独感。他认为他一生中的巨大变化 —— 工业的崛起，大规模的生产和城市的增长 ——是人与人之间联系变少的元凶。

　　一个世纪以后，但是在人们开始对网络担忧之前，社交媒体就已经开始塑造我们的交流方式，政治学家罗伯特·普特南(Robert Putnam)用“保龄球”的形象描述了当代社会传统社会网络的坍塌。普特南发现我们不再加入到社区活动当中了，我们不再通过代表我们的爱好和兴趣的俱乐部和公民组织来界定自己。

　　那么如果社会关系弱化会发生什么呢?当我们不再深入社交网络或社区群体时，我们怎么能感到安全?一个可能的结果是我们搬起石头砸自己的脚。我们可能会花很多时间盯着镜子，只留心与我们先前存在的信仰一致的信息。我们只会专注和我们自己有关的事情。我们变得孤立无援。

　　二十世纪的社会活动家多萝西日写道：“我们都知道孤独的滋味 ，而且我们已经知道唯一的解决方案是爱，而且这种爱是从社会团体的归属感中来的。”

　　没有社区，没有同情心，我从他人的眼中看不到自己。相反，那些异乡人都被忽视，甚至被妖魔化了。和印度教、伊斯兰教、基督教、犹太教以及许多其他传统相悖的是，我们不再欢迎陌生人到我们的桌子上。相反，我们建造墙壁，使他们远离我们。

　　也许在过去四年的一个美丽的阳光明媚的下午，你散步到格罗夫街公墓，发现了耶鲁第十七任总统金布鲁斯特的墓碑。布鲁斯特曾经在历史动荡的时期领导了这所大学，他倡导男女同校，并试图在黑豹实验在纽黑文市(美国康涅狄格州港市)举行期间维持和平。

　　布鲁斯特的墓志铭写道：“无罪推定不仅是法律和常识上一个法学概念，它需要对陌生人的慷慨的精神，期望什么是最好的，而不是最坏的。“布鲁斯特熟悉冲突和纷争，他知道人们之间的分歧可以有多么深，他知道误解和恐惧可以怎样离间人们。然而，他期望在其他人中是最好的，这是他的常识。

　　那让那成为我们的共识吧。同情是一个强大的工具。作家和社会评论家Ta-Nehisi Coates曾经呼吁“发自内心的深深的同情”。这种深深的同情心应激励我们，激励我们采取行动，为他人和我们的社会团体服务。

　　2017年，你们刚刚在校园内度过了四年，努力成为受欢迎和被接纳的人，你们与各种背景和行业的人们建立了持久的友谊，当初你们相遇时也彼此陌生，但是你们携手创建了耶鲁这个大家庭。你们唱着歌：

　　四季更迭，云舒云卷

　　白雪皑皑，春意盎然

　　时间流逝，沧海桑田

　　耶鲁情谊，千金不换

　　我敦促你把这些经验带入世界——这个世界需要你们的贡献，你的好奇心，以及你的同情心。

　　我希望你们历尽人间疾苦，换位思考并以天下为己任。热情好客，与人为善，体察人心，你做的就是天使的事情。

  

（来源：普特英语听力网）

2023年6月15日 16:30

 

 

22、如何完成一个出色的英文演讲，高频句型都在这
 

A presentation is a formal talk to one or more people that "presents" ideas or information in a clear, structured way. People are sometimes afraid of speaking in public, but if you follow a few simple rules, giving a presentation is actually very easy. This tutorial guides you through each stage of giving a presentation in English, from the initial preparation to the conclusion and questions and answers. This tutorial is itself set out like a mini-presentation. You can follow it logically by starting at the presentations introduction page and then clicking on the link at the foot of each page, or you can jump direct to the section you want from the list of contents on each page.
演讲是与一个或多个人的正式谈话，以清晰、结构化的方式“呈现”想法或信息。人们有时害怕在公共场合演讲，但如果你遵循一些简单的规则，做演讲其实很容易。本教程将指导您完成用英语进行演示的每个阶段，从最初的准备到结束以及问答。本教程本身就像一个迷你演示文稿。您可以从演示文稿介绍页开始，然后单击每页底部的链接，或者从每页的内容列表中直接跳到所需的部分。

All presentations have a common objective. People give presentations because they want to communicate in order to: inform /train /persuade /sell
所有的演讲都有一个共同的目标。人们做演讲是因为他们想交流，以便：告知/培训/说服/推销

A successful presentation is one of the most effective ways of communicating your message. And because English is so widely used in international business, a working knowledge of the vocabulary and techniques used in an English language presentation is a valuable asset.
成功的演讲是传达信息最有效的方式之一。而且，由于英语在国际商务中的应用如此广泛，掌握英语演讲中使用的词汇和技巧是一笔宝贵的财富。

Can you name the 3 most important things when giving any presentation?
你能说出演讲中最重要的三件事吗？

Number 1 is . . . preparation /Number 2 is . . . preparation /Number 3 is . . . preparation
第一个是...准备/第二个是...准备/第三个是...准备

Preparation is everything.
准备就是一切。
With good preparation and planning you will be totally confident and less nervous. And your audience will feel your confidence. Your audience, too, will be confident. They will be confident in you. And this will give you control. Control of your audience and of your presentation. With control, you will be 'in charge' and your audience will listen positively to your message.

有了良好的准备和计划，你就会完全自信，不再紧张。你的观众会感受到你的自信。你的观众也会很自信。他们会对你充满信心的。这会给你控制权。控制你的听众和你的演讲。有了控制权，你就“掌控”了，你的听众就会积极地倾听你的信息。

Objective
目标

Before you start to prepare a presentation, you should ask yourself: "Why am I making this presentation?" Do you need to inform, to persuade, to train or to sell? Your objective should be clear in your mind. If it is not clear in your mind, it cannot possibly be clear to your audience.
在开始准备演讲之前，你应该问问自己：“我为什么要做这个演讲？”你需要告知、说服、培训还是销售？你的目标应该在你的头脑中清楚。如果你心里不清楚，你的听众就不可能清楚。

Audience
听众
"Who am I making this presentation to?" Sometimes this will be obvious, but not always. You should try to inform yourself. How many people? Who are they? Business people? Professional people? Political people? Experts or non-experts? Will it be a small, intimate group of 4 colleagues or a large gathering of 400 competitors? How much do they know already and what will they expect from you?
“我要向谁做这个演示？”有时这是显而易见的，但并非总是如此。你应该试着告诉自己。有多少人？他们是谁？生意人？专业人士？政治人物？专家还是非专家？会是一个由4位同事组成的小而亲密的团队，还是一个由400名竞争对手组成的大型聚会？他们已经知道多少了？他们对你有什么期望？

Venue
地点
"Where am I making this presentation?" In a small hotel meeting-room or a large conference hall? What facilities and equipment are available? What are the seating arrangements?
“我在哪里做这个演示？”在酒店的小会议室还是大会议厅？有哪些设施和设备？座位安排如何？

Time and length
时间和长度
"When am I making this presentation and how long will it be?" Will it be 5 minutes or 1 hour? Just before lunch, when your audience will be hungry, or just after lunch, when your audience will be sleepy?
“我什么时候做这个报告，需要多长时间？”是5分钟还是1小时？午餐前，你的听众会饿，还是午餐后，你的听众会困？

Method
方法
How should I make this presentation?" What approach should you use? Formal or informal? Lots of visual aids or only a few? Will you include some anecdotes and humour for variety?
我应该如何做这个演示？”你应该用什么方法？正式还是非正式？很多视觉教具还是只有几个？你会提供一些趣闻轶事和幽默吗？

Content
内容
"What should I say?" Now you must decide exactly what you want to say. First, you should brainstorm your ideas. You will no doubt discover many ideas that you want to include in your presentation. But you must be selective. You should include only information that is relevant to your audience and your objective. You should exclude all other ideas. You also need to create a title for your presentation (if you have not already been given a title). The title will help you to focus on the subject. And you will prepare your visual aids, if you have decided to use them. But remember, in general, less is better than more (a little is better than a lot). You can always give additional information during the questions after the presentation.
“我该说什么？”现在你必须决定你到底想说什么。首先，你应该集思广益。毫无疑问，你会发现许多想法，你想包括在你的介绍。但你必须有选择性。你应该只包括与你的听众和你的目标相关的信息。你应该排除所有其他的想法。您还需要为您的演示文稿创建一个标题（如果您尚未获得标题）。这个题目能帮助你集中注意力。如果你决定使用视觉辅助工具，你会准备好的。但请记住，总的来说，少总比多好（少总比多好）。你可以在演讲后的提问中提供更多的信息。

Structure
结构
A well organised presentation with a clear structure is easier for the audience to follow. It is therefore more effective. You should organise the points you wish to make in a logical order. Most presentations are organised in three parts, followed by questions:[/en
]组织良好、结构清晰的演讲更容易让观众听懂。因此更有效。你应该把你想表达的观点按逻辑顺序组织起来。大多数演讲分为三个部分，然后是问题：
[en]Beginning: introduction /welcome your audience /introduce your subject /explain the structure of your presentation /explain rules for questions

开场白：介绍/欢迎听众/介绍主题/解释演讲结构/解释提问规则
Middle：Body of presentation /present the subject itself
中间：呈现主体/呈现主体本身
End：Short conclusion /summarise your presentation /thank your audience /invite questions
结束语：简短总结/总结你的演讲/感谢听众/邀请提问

Questions and Answers
问题和回答

Notes
笔记
When you give your presentation, you should be - or appear to be - as spontaneous as possible. You should not read your presentation! You should be so familiar with your subject and with the information that you want to deliver that you do not need to read a text. Reading a text is boring! Reading a text will make your audience go to sleep! So if you don't have a text to read, how can you remember to say everything you need to say? With notes. You can create your own system of notes. Some people make notes on small, A6 cards. Some people write down just the title of each section of their talk. Some people write down keywords to remind them. The notes will give you confidence, but because you will have prepared your presentation fully, you may not even need them!
当你做演讲时，你应该尽可能的自发。你不应该看你的报告！你应该非常熟悉你的主题和你想要传达的信息，这样你就不需要阅读文本了。读课文很无聊！读一篇课文会让你的听众睡着！所以，如果你没有一个文本阅读，你怎么能记得说你需要说的一切？带着笔记。您可以创建自己的笔记系统。有些人在A6小卡片上做笔记。有些人只写下他们演讲的每一部分的标题。有些人写下关键词来提醒他们。笔记会给你信心，但是因为你已经准备好了你的演讲，你甚至可能不需要它们！

Rehearsal
彩排
Rehearsal is a vital part of preparation. You should leave time to practise your presentation two or three times. This will have the following benefits: you will become more familiar with what you want to say /you will identify weaknesses in your presentation /you will be able to practise difficult pronunciations /you will be able to check the time that your presentation takes and make any necessary modifications
排练是准备工作的重要组成部分。你应该留出时间练习你的演讲两三次。这将有以下好处：你将更加熟悉你想说的话/你将发现你演讲中的弱点/你将能够练习困难的发音/你将能够检查你的演讲所花费的时间并做出任何必要的修改

So prepare, prepare, prepare! Prepare everything: words, visual aids, timing, equipment. Rehearse your presentation several times and time it. Is it the right length? Are you completely familiar with all your illustrations? Are they in the right order? Do you know who the audience is? How many people? How will you answer difficult questions? Do you know the room? Are you confident about the equipment? When you have answered all these questions, you will be a confident, enthusiastic presenter ready to communicate the subject of your presentation to an eager audience.
Easily your most important piece of equipment is...YOU! Make sure you're in full working order, and check your personal presentation carefully - if you don't, your audience will!
准备，准备，准备！准备一切：文字，视觉辅助，时间，设备。排练你的演讲好几次并计时。长度合适吗？你完全熟悉你所有的插图吗？它们的顺序正确吗？你知道观众是谁吗？有多少人？你将如何回答困难的问题？你知道那个房间吗？你对设备有信心吗？当你回答完所有这些问题后，你将成为一个自信、热情的演讲者，随时准备向热切的听众传达你的演讲主题。你最重要的装备就是…你！确保你完全处于工作状态，仔细检查你的个人陈述——如果你不这样做，你的听众会的！

Equipment that you may use:
你可能会用到的工具：
notebook computer
笔记本电脑
The notebook computer is used to display text and graphics during presentations. Basically, it can display anything that you put on your computer screen, including entire presentations generated by presentation software. An excellent tool if used in moderation, but not as an alternative to you—the speaker. It is often used in conjunction with an overhead projector or other projector, which projects the image from the computer screen onto the wall screen.
笔记本电脑用于在演示过程中显示文本和图形。基本上，它可以显示你放在电脑屏幕上的任何东西，包括演示软件生成的整个演示文稿。一个很好的工具，如果使用适度，但不是作为一个替代你的演讲者。它通常与投影仪或其他投影仪一起使用，投影仪将计算机屏幕上的图像投影到墙上的屏幕上。

A good workman never blames his tools.
一个好工人从不责怪他的工具。
overhead projector (OHP) The overhead projector (OHP) displays overhead transparencies (OHTs or OHPTs). It has several advantages over the 35mm slide projector: it can be used in daylight /the user can face the audience /the user can write or draw directly on the transparency while in use
高架投影仪（OHP）高架投影仪（OHP）显示高架透明胶片（OHT或OHPT）。它比35mm幻灯机有几个优点：可以在日光下使用/用户可以面对观众/用户可以在使用时直接在透明胶片上写字或画画

whiteboard
白板
The whiteboard (more rarely blackboard or greenboard) is a useful device for spontaneous writing - as in brainstorming, for example. For prepared material, the OHP might be more suitable.
白板（很少是黑板或绿板）是自发写作的有用工具，例如在头脑风暴中。对于制备的材料，OHP可能更合适。

duster
板擦
The duster is used for cleaning the whiteboard. It is essential that the duster be clean to start with. You may consider carrying your own duster just in case.
掸子是用来清洁白板的。掸子一开始就必须干净。你可以考虑带上你自己的掸子以防万一。

felt marker
毛毡记号笔
Markers are used for writing on the whiteboard (delible - you can remove the ink) or flipchart (indelible - you cannot remove the ink). They are usually available in blue, red, black and green. Again, it's a good idea to carry a spare set of markers in case you are given some used ones which do not write well.
记号笔是用来在白板上写字的（可以去掉墨水），也可以在活动挂图上写字（不能去掉墨水）。它们通常有蓝色、红色、黑色和绿色。再说一次，带一套备用的记号笔是个好主意，以防别人给你一些写得不好的旧记号笔。

flipchart or paper-board
挂图或纸板
The flipchart consists of several leaves of paper that you 'flip' or turn over. Some people prefer the flipchart to the whiteboard, but its use is limited to smaller presentations.
活动挂图由你“翻转”或翻过的几页纸组成。与白板相比，有些人更喜欢挂图，但它的使用仅限于较小的演示文稿。

35mm slide projector
35mm幻灯机
The Slide projector - which must be used in a darkened room - adds a certain drama. Slide projectors have mostly been overtaken by digital electronic media and are rare today. Some slide projectors can be synchronised with audio for audio-visual (AV) presentations. These projectors are typically used for larger presentations. The majority take 35mm slides or transparencies (as seen here), but projectors for 6x6cm slides are also available.
幻灯机——必须在黑暗的房间里使用——增加了某种戏剧性。幻灯放映机大多已经被数字电子媒体所取代，在今天已经很少见了。一些幻灯机可以与音频同步，用于视听（AV）演示。这些投影仪通常用于较大的演示。大多数采用35毫米幻灯片或透明胶片（如图所示），但也提供6厘米6厘米幻灯片的投影仪。

screen
屏幕
Transparencies are projected by an overhead projector or a slide projector onto a screen - in this case a folding screen which can be packed up and transported.
透明胶片通过投影机或幻灯机投射到屏幕上，在这种情况下，就是可以打包和运输的折叠屏幕。

handouts
讲义
Handouts are any documents or samples that you 'hand out' or distribute to your audience. Note that it is not usually a good idea to distribute handouts before your presentation. The audience will read the handouts instead of listening to you.
讲义是你“分发”或分发给听众的任何文件或样本。请注意，在演讲前分发讲义通常不是一个好主意。听众会读讲义而不是听你讲。
'Delivery' refers to the way in which you actually deliver or perform or give your presentation. Delivery is a vital aspect of all presentations. Delivery is at least as important as content, especially in a multi-cultural context.
“发表”是指你实际交演讲、执行或陈述的方式。发表是所有演示文稿的一个重要方面。发表至少与内容同等重要，尤其是在多元文化背景下。

Nerves
神经
Most speakers are a little nervous at the beginning of a presentation. So it is normal if you are nervous. The answer is to pay special attention to the beginning of your presentation. First impressions count. This is the time when you establish a rapport with your audience. During this time, try to speak slowly and calmly. You should perhaps learn your introduction by heart. After a few moments, you will relax and gain confidence.
大多数演讲者在演讲开始时都有点紧张。所以你紧张是正常的。答案是要特别注意你演讲的开头。第一印象很重要。这是你与听众建立融洽关系的时候。在这段时间里，试着慢慢地、平静地说话。你也许应该把你的介绍背下来。几分钟后，你就会放松，获得自信。

Audience Rapport
观众关系
You need to build a warm and friendly relationship with your audience. Enthusiasm is contagious. If you are enthusiastic your audience will be enthusiastic too. And be careful to establish eye contact with each member of your audience. Each person should feel that you are speaking directly to him or her. This means that you must look at each person in turn - in as natural a way as possible. This will also give you the opportunity to detect signs of boredom, disinterest or even disagreement, allowing you to modify your presentation as appropriate.
你需要和你的听众建立一种热情友好的关系。热情是会传染的。如果你很热情，你的听众也会很热情。注意与每一位听众建立眼神交流。每个人都应该感觉到你在直接和他或她说话。这意味着你必须以尽可能自然的方式依次看待每个人。这也会让你有机会发现无聊，不感兴趣，甚至不同意的迹象，让你修改你的陈述适当。

Body Language
肢体语言
What you do not say is at least as important as what you do say. Your body is speaking to your audience even before you open your mouth. Your clothes, your walk, your glasses, your haircut, your expression - it is from these that your audience forms its first impression as you enter the room. Generally speaking, it is better to stand rather than sit when making a presentation. Be aware of and avoid any repetitive and irritating gestures. Be aware, too, that the movement of your body is one of your methods of control. When you move to or from the whiteboard, for example, you can move fast or slowly, raising or reducing the dynamism within the audience. You can stand very still while talking or you can stroll from side to side. What effect do you think these two different approaches would have on an audience?
你不说的至少和你说的一样重要。你的身体甚至在你开口之前就已经在对你的听众说话了。你的衣服，你的走路，你的眼镜，你的发型，你的表情-正是从这些你的观众形成的第一印象，你进入房间。一般来说，做报告时最好站着而不是坐着。注意并避免任何重复和恼人的手势。也要注意，你身体的运动是你控制的方法之一。例如，当你在白板上移动或离开白板时，你可以快速或缓慢地移动，提高或降低观众的活力。你可以一边说话一边站着不动，也可以左右走动。你认为这两种不同的方法会对听众产生什么影响？

Cultural Considerations
文化因素
Because English is so widely used around the world, it is quite possible that many members of your audience will not be native English-speakers. In other words, they will not have an Anglo-Saxon culture. Even within the Anglo-Saxon world, there are many differences in culture. If we hypothetically imagine a German working for an Israeli company making a presentation in English to a Japanese audience in Korea, we can see that there are even more possibilities for cultural misunderstanding. You should try to learn about any particular cultural matters that may affect your audience. This is one reason why preparation for your presentation is so important. Cultural differences can also be seen in body language, which we have just discussed. To a Latin from Southern France or Italy, a presenter who uses his hands and arms when speaking may seem dynamic and friendly. To an Englishman, the same presenter may seem unsure of his words and lacking in self-confidence.
由于英语在世界各地的应用如此广泛，你的许多听众很可能不是以英语为母语的人。换句话说，他们不会有盎格鲁撒克逊文化。即使在盎格鲁撒克逊世界内部，文化也有许多差异。如果我们假设一个为以色列公司工作的德国人用英语向在韩国的日本观众做演讲，我们会发现文化误解的可能性更大。你应该尝试了解任何可能影响你的听众的特定文化问题。这就是为什么你的演讲准备如此重要的原因之一。文化差异也可以从我们刚才讨论的肢体语言中看到。对于一个来自法国南部或意大利的拉丁人来说，演讲时用手和胳膊的演讲者似乎充满活力和友好。对一个英国人来说，同一个演讲者似乎不确定自己的话，缺乏自信。

Voice quality
音质
It is, of course, important that your audience be able to hear you clearly throughout your presentation. Remember that if you turn away from your audience, for example towards the whiteboard, you need to speak a little more loudly. In general, you should try to vary your voice. Your voice will then be more interesting for your audience. You can vary your voice in at least three ways:
当然，重要的是你的听众能够在你的演讲中清晰地听到你的声音。记住，如果你离开你的听众，比如对着白板，你需要大声一点。一般来说，你应该试着改变你的声音。你的声音对你的听众来说会更有趣。您至少可以通过三种方式改变您的声音：
speed: you can speak at normal speed, you can speak faster, you can speak more slowly - and you can stop completely! You can pause. This is a very good technique for gaining your audience's attention. /intonation: you can change the pitch of your voice. You can speak in a high tone. You can speak in a low tone. /volume: you can speak at normal volume, you can speak loudly and you can speak quietly. Lowering your voice and speaking quietly can again attract your audience's interest. The important point is not to speak in the same, flat, monotonous voice throughout your presentation - this is the voice that hypnotists use to put their patients' into trance!
速度：你可以以正常的速度说话，你可以说得更快，你可以说得更慢-你可以完全停止！你可以停下来。这是一个非常好的技巧，以获得您的观众的注意。/语调：你可以改变声音的音调。你可以用高音说话。你可以低声说话。/音量：你可以用正常的音量说话，可以大声说话，也可以安静地说话。小声点说话能再次吸引听众的兴趣。重要的一点是在你的演讲中不要用相同的、平淡的、单调的声音——这是催眠师用来让病人进入恍惚状态的声音！

Visual aids
视觉教具
Of all the information that enters our brains, the vast majority of it enters through the eyes. 80% of what your audience learn during your presentation is learned visually (what they see) and only 20% is learned aurally (what they hear). The significance of this is obvious:
在所有进入我们大脑的信息中，绝大多数是通过眼睛进入的。在你的演讲中，80%的听众是通过视觉（他们看到的）学习的，只有20%的听众是通过听觉（他们听到的）学习的。其意义显而易见：
visual aids are an extremely effective means of communication /non-native English speakers need not worry so much about spoken English - they can rely more heavily on visual aids. It is well worth spending time in the creation of good visual aids. But it is equally important not to overload your audience's brains. Keep the information on each visual aid to a minimum - and give your audience time to look at and absorb this information. Remember, your audience have never seen these visual aids before. They need time to study and to understand them. Without understanding there is no communication. Apart from photographs and drawings, some of the most useful visual aids are charts and graphs, like the 3-dimensional

视觉教具是一种非常有效的交流手段/非英语母语人士不必太担心英语口语-他们可以更依赖视觉教具。花时间创作好的视觉辅助工具是非常值得的。但同样重要的是，不要让听众的大脑负担过重。尽量减少每个视觉辅助工具上的信息，给你的观众时间去看和吸收这些信息。请记住，您的观众以前从未见过这些视觉辅助工具。他们需要时间来学习和理解他们。没有理解就没有交流。除了照片和图画之外，一些最有用的视觉辅助工具是图表和图形，比如三维图形
ones shown here:
这里显示的是：
3D piechart: Piecharts are circular in shape (like a pie). /3D barchart: Barcharts can be vertical (as here) or horizontal. /3D graph: Graphs can rise and fall.
三维饼图：饼图是圆形的（像一个饼）。/三维条形图：条形图可以是垂直的（如这里所示）或水平的。/三维图形：图形可以上升和下降。

Audience Reaction
观众反应
Remain calm and polite if you receive difficult or even hostile questions during your presentation. If you receive particularly awkward questions, you might suggest that the questioners ask their questions after your presentation.
如果你在演讲过程中遇到困难甚至敌对的问题，保持冷静和礼貌。如果你收到特别尴尬的问题，你可以建议提问者在你演讲后问他们的问题。

Language in the speech.
演讲中使用的言语
Simplicity and Clarity
简洁明了
If you want your audience to understand your message, your language must be simple and clear. Use short words and short sentences. /Do not use jargon, unless you are certain that your audience understands it. /In general, talk about concrete facts rather than abstract ideas. /Use active verbs instead of passive verbs. Active verbs are much easier to understand. They are much more powerful. Consider these two sentences, which say the same thing:
如果你想让你的听众理解你的信息，你的语言必须简单明了。使用短词和短句。/不要使用行话，除非你确信你的听众能理解。/一般来说，谈论具体的事实而不是抽象的想法。/用主动动词代替被动动词。主动动词更容易理解。他们更强大。想想这两句话，它们说的是同一件事：
Toyota sold nine million vehicles last year. /Nine million vehicles were sold by Toyota last year.
丰田去年售出900万辆汽车。/丰田去年售出900万辆汽车。
Which is easier to understand? Which is more immediate? Which is more powerful? 1 is active and 2 is passive.
哪个更容易理解？哪个更直接？哪个更强大？1是主动的，2是被动的。

Signposting
信号提示
When you drive on the roads, you know where you are on those roads. Each road has a name or number. Each town has a name. And each house has a number. If you are at house #100, you can go back to #50 or forward to #150. You can look at the signposts for directions. And you can look at your atlas for the structure of the roads in detail. In other words, it is easy to navigate the roads. You cannot get lost. But when you give a presentation, how can your audience know where they are? How can they know the structure of your presentation? How can they know what is coming next? They know because you tell them. Because you put up signposts for them, at the beginning and all along the route. This technique is called 'signposting' (or 'signalling').
当你在路上开车时，你知道你在那些路上的位置。每条路都有一个名字或号码。每个城镇都有一个名字。每家都有一个号码。如果你在100号房，你可以回到50号房，也可以转到150号房。你可以看路标看方向。你可以看你的地图册来详细了解道路的结构。换言之，在道路上行驶很容易。你不能迷路。但是当你做演讲的时候，你的听众怎么知道他们在哪里呢？他们怎么知道你演讲的结构？他们怎么知道接下来会发生什么？他们知道是因为你告诉了他们。因为你在一开始和沿途都为他们竖起了路标。这种技术被称为“路标”（或“信号”）。

During your introduction, you should tell your audience what the structure of your presentation will be. You might say something like this:
在你的介绍中，你应该告诉你的听众你的演讲的结构是什么。你可以这样说：
"I'll start by describing the current position in Europe. Then I'll move on to some of the achievements we've made in Asia. After that I'll consider the opportunities we see for further expansion in Africa. Lastly, I'll quickly recap before concluding with some recommendations."
“我先来描述一下目前在欧洲的状况。接下来我将介绍我们在亚洲取得的一些成就。之后，我将考虑我们看到的在非洲进一步扩张的机会。最后，在总结一些建议之前，我将快速回顾一下。”
A member of the audience can now visualize your presentation like this:
观众现在可以将您的演示形象化为：
Introduction /Welcome /Explanation of structure (now)
介绍/欢迎/解释结构（现在）

Body /Europe /Asia /Africa
主体/欧洲/亚洲/非洲

Conclusion /Summing up /Recommendations
结论/总结/建议

He will keep this image in his head during the presentation. He may even write it down. And throughout your presentation, you will put up signposts telling him which point you have reached and where you are going now. When you finish Europe and want to start Asia, you might say: "That's all I have to say about Europe. Let's turn now to Asia." When you have finished Africa and want to sum up, you might say: "Well, we've looked at the three continents Europe, Asia and Africa. I'd like to sum up now." And when you finish summing up and want to give your recommendations, you might say: "What does all this mean for us? Well, firstly I recommend..."
在演讲过程中，他会一直把这个形象记在脑子里。他甚至可以写下来。在整个演讲过程中，你会竖起路标，告诉他你已经到达了哪一点，你现在要去哪里。当你完成了欧洲，想要开始亚洲，你可能会说：“这就是我要说的关于欧洲的一切。现在我们来谈谈亚洲。”当你讲完非洲并想总结一下时，你可能会说：“好吧，我们看了欧洲、亚洲和非洲三大洲。现在我想总结一下。”当你总结完并想提出建议时，你可能会说：“这一切对我们意味着什么？嗯，首先我建议……”
The table below lists useful expressions that you can use to signpost the various parts of your presentation.
下表列出了一些有用的表达式，您可以使用这些表达式来标示演示文稿的各个部分。

Signposting /Function /Language
路标/功能/语言
Introducing the subject：I'd like to start by... /Let's begin by... /First of all, I'll... /Starting with... /I'll begin by...
介绍主题：我想从。。。/让我们从。。。/首先，我会。。。/从。。。/我先从。。。
Finishing one subject...：Well, I've told you about... /That's all I have to say about... /We've looked at... /So much for...
完成一个主题…：嗯，我告诉过你。。。/这就是我要说的。。。/我们已经看了。。。/就这么多。。。
...and starting another：Now we'll move on to... /Let me turn now to... /Next... /Turning to... /I'd like now to discuss... /Let's look now at...
…开始另一个：现在我们继续。。。/现在让我来谈谈。。。/下一个。。。/转向。。。/我现在想讨论一下。。。/现在让我们看看。。。
Analysing a point and giving recommendations：Where does that lead us? /Let's consider this in more detail... /What does this mean for ABC? /Translated into real terms...
分析一个观点并给出建议：这将把我们引向何方？/让我们更详细地考虑一下。。。/这对ABC意味着什么？/翻译成实际情况。。。
Giving an example：For example,... /A good example of this is... /As an illustration,... /To give you an example,... /To illustrate this point...
举个例子：例如，。。。/一个很好的例子是。。。/举例来说，。。。/举个例子，。。。/为了说明这一点。。。
Dealing with questions：We'll be examining this point in more detail later on... /I'd like to deal with this question later, if I may... /I'll come back to this question later in my talk... /Perhaps you'd like to raise this point at the end... /I won't comment on this now...
处理问题：我们稍后将更详细地研究这一点。。。/我想稍后再处理这个问题，如果可以的话。。。/我稍后会在我的演讲中回到这个问题。。。/也许你想在最后提出这一点。。。/我现在不评论这个。。。
Summarising and concluding：In conclusion,... /Right, let's sum up, shall we? /I'd like now to recap... /Let's summarise briefly what we've looked at... /Finally, let me remind you of some of the issues we've covered... /If I can just sum up the main points...
总结和概括：总之，。。。/好的，让我们总结一下，好吗？/现在我想重述一下。。。/让我们简要总结一下我们所看到的。。。/最后，让我提醒你我们讨论过的一些问题。。。/如果我能总结一下要点。。。
Ordering：Firstly...secondly...thirdly...lastly... /First of all...then...next...after that...finally... /To start with...later...to finish up...
顺序：第一…第二…第三…最后。。。/首先…然后…接下来…之后…最后。。。/开始…稍后…结束。。。
That's all I have to say about the language of presentations. Most presentations are divided into 3 main parts (+ questions):
关于演讲语言，我只想说这些。大多数演示文稿分为3个主要部分（+问题）：
1     INTRODUCTION     (Questions) /2     BODY /3     CONCLUSION /Questions
1引言（问题）/2正文/3结论/问题
As a general rule in communication, repetition is valuable. In presentations, there is a golden rule about repetition:
作为交流的一般规则，重复是有价值的。在演讲中，重复有一条黄金法则：
Say what you are going to say... /say it... /then say what you have just said.
说出你要说的话。。。/说吧。。。/那就说你刚才说的话。
In other words, use the three parts of your presentation to reinforce your message. In the introduction, you tell your audience what your message is going to be. In the body, you tell your audience your real message. In the conclusion, you summarize what your message was. We will now consider each of these parts in more detail.
换句话说，用你演讲的三个部分来强化你的信息。在开场白中，你告诉你的听众你的信息是什么。在主体部分里，你告诉你的听众你真正的信息。在结论中，你总结了你的信息是什么。我们现在将更详细地考虑其中的每一部分。

Introduction
开场白
The introduction is a very important - perhaps the most important - part of your presentation. This is the first impression that your audience have of you. You should concentrate on getting your introduction right. You should use the introduction to:
开场白是你演讲中非常重要的部分，也许是最重要的部分。这是你的听众对你的第一印象。你应该集中精力把你的介绍做好。您应该使用简介：
welcome your audience /introduce your subject /outline the structure of your presentation /give instructions about questions
欢迎你的听众/介绍你的主题/概述你演讲的结构/就问题给出说明
The following table shows examples of language for each of these functions. You may need to modify the language as appropriate.
下表显示了每个函数的语言示例。您可能需要根据需要修改语言。
Function /Possible language
功能/可能的语言
1.Welcoming your audience：Good morning, ladies and gentlemen /Good morning, gentlemen /Good afternoon, ladies and gentleman /Good afternoon, everybody
1.欢迎各位听众：早上好，女士们先生们/早上好，先生们/下午好，女士们先生们/大家下午好
2.Introducing your subject：I am going to talk today about... /The purpose of my presentation is to introduce our new range of...
2.介绍你的主题：我今天要谈谈。。。/我演讲的目的是介绍我们的新系列。。。
3.Outlining your structure：To start with I'll describe the progress made this year. Then I'll mention some of the problems we've encountered and how we overcame them. After that I'll consider the possibilities for further growth next year. Finally, I'll summarize my presentation (before concluding with some recommendations).
3.概述你的结构：首先，我将描述今年取得的进展。然后我会提到我们遇到的一些问题，以及我们是如何克服它们的。在那之后，我将考虑明年进一步增长的可能性。最后，我将总结一下我的演讲（在总结一些建议之前）。
4.Giving instructions about questions ：Do feel free to interrupt me if you have any questions. /I'll try to answer all of your questions after the presentation. /I plan to keep some time for questions after the presentation.
4.关于问题的指示：如果你有任何问题，请随时打断我。/演讲结束后，我会尽力回答你所有的问题。/我计划在演讲后留点时间提问。

Body
主体部分
The body is the 'real' presentation. If the introduction was well prepared and delivered, you will now be 'in control'. You will be relaxed and confident. The body should be well structured, divided up logically, with plenty of carefully spaced visuals. Remember these key points while delivering the body of your presentation: do not hurry /be enthusiastic /give time on visuals /maintain eye contact /modulate your voice /look friendly /keep to your structure /use your notes /signpost throughout /remain polite when dealing with difficult questions
主体部分才是真正的表现。如果介绍准备得很好，你现在就可以“掌控”了。你会放松和自信。身体应该有良好的结构，有逻辑的划分，有大量仔细间隔的视觉效果。在演讲时要记住以下要点：不要着急/要热情/在视觉上花时间/保持眼神交流/调节声音/看起来友好/保持结构/使用笔记/路标/在处理困难问题时保持礼貌

Conclusion
总结部分
Use the conclusion to: Sum up /(Give recommendations if appropriate) /Thank your audience /Invite questions
使用结论：总结/（适当时给出建议）/感谢听众/提出问题
The following table shows examples of language for each of these functions. You may need to modify the language as appropriate.
下表显示了每个功能的语言示例。您可能需要根据需要修改语言。
Function /Possible language
功能/可能的语言
1.Summing up：To conclude,... /In conclusion,... /Now, to sum up... /So let me summarise/recap what I've said. /Finally, may I remind you of some of the main points we've considered.
1.总结：总结，。。。/总之，。。。/总而言之。。。/让我总结一下我所说的。/最后，请允许我提醒你我们考虑过的一些要点。
2.Giving recommendations：In conclusion, my recommendations are... /I therefore suggest/propose/recommend the following strategy.
2.提出建议：总之，我的建议是。。。/因此，我建议采取以下战略。
3.Thanking your audience：Many thanks for your attention. /May I thank you all for being such an attentive audience.
3.感谢观众：非常感谢大家的关注。/请允许我感谢你们所有人是如此细心的听众。
4.Inviting questionsNow I'll try to answer any questions you may have. /Can I answer any questions? /Are there any questions? /Do you have any questions? /Are there any final questions?
4.邀请提问：现在我试着回答你的任何问题。/我能回答任何问题吗？/有什么问题吗？/你有什么问题吗？/还有最后的问题吗？

Questions
提问
Questions are a good opportunity for you to interact with your audience. It may be helpful for you to try to predict what questions will be asked so that you can prepare your response in advance. You may wish to accept questions at any time during your presentation, or to keep a time for questions after your presentation. Normally, it's your decision, and you should make it clear during the introduction. Be polite with all questioners, even if they ask difficult questions. They are showing interest in what you have to say and they deserve attention. Sometimes you can reformulate a question. Or answer the question with another question. Or even ask for comment from the rest of the audience.
提问是你与听众互动的好机会。你可以试着预测会被问到什么问题，这样你就可以提前准备好你的回答。您可能希望在演示过程中随时接受问题，或在演示结束后留出时间回答问题。通常，这是你的决定，你应该在介绍的时候说清楚。对所有提问者都要有礼貌，即使他们问的问题很难。他们对你要说的话很感兴趣，值得关注。有时你可以重新提出一个问题。或者用另一个问题来回答这个问题。甚至向其他观众征求意见。

  

（来源：沪江英语）

2023年7月28日 16:29

 

 

23、全球财富缩水 350万人失去百万富翁身份 Global wealth fall cost 3.5m people ‘dollar millionaire’ status last year

 

瑞士联合银行新发布的年度财富报告显示，全球百万富翁（资产超过100万美元的人）数量从2021年底的6290万人减至2022年底的5940万人。彭博社的调查也显示，世界首富500强在2022年资产缩水合计1.4万亿美元。

 

Photo/Pexels
 

More than 3.5 million people lost their “dollar millionaire” status last year during the first fall in global wealth since the 2008 financial crisis.

去年超350万人失去了百万（美元）富翁身份，这是自2008年金融危机以来全球财富首次缩水。

 

The number of adults with assets of more than $1m fell from 62.9 million at the end of 2021 to 59.4 million at the end of 2022, according to the UBS annual wealth report, published on Tuesday. The Swiss bank said global wealth was depressed by high inflation and the collapse of many currencies against the dollar.

瑞士联合银行8月15日发布的年度财富报告显示，资产超过100万美元的成年人数量从2021年底的6290万人减至2022年底的5940万人。瑞士联合银行称，全球财富缩水源于高通胀和许多货币对美元的贬值。

 

The number of millionaires in the US dropped by 1.8 million to 22.7 million, but there are still far more millionaires in the US than any other country. China had the second highest number with 6.2 million.

美国百万富翁现有2270万人，减少了180万，但美国的百万富翁数量仍然远超其他国家。中国的百万富翁数量为620万人，位居全球第二。

 

Despite the decline, the report found that there were four times as many dollar millionaires as there were at the turn of the century.

尽管百万富翁数量下降，但报告发现，拥有百万美元资产者的数量是本世纪初的四倍。

 

In the UK, the number of millionaires fell by 440,000 to 2.6 million, the third largest fall behind Japan, which dropped from 3.2 million to 2.6 million. Australia had the fourth largest decline, with 360,000 people no longer being classed as millionaires, reducing the total to 1.8 million.

英国的百万富翁数量为260万，减少了44万，降幅排行第三，仅次于日本。日本的百万富翁数量从320万降到了260万。澳大利亚的百万富翁数量降幅排行第四，百万富翁总人数降到180万，减少了36万。

 

At the very top, the number of people with more than $50m each fell by 22,500 to 243,000.

在最富有的阶层，资产超过5000万美元的百万富翁数量降至24.3万，减少了22500人。

 

The richest 500 people in the world lost a combined $1.4tn in 2022, according to separate research for the Bloomberg billionaires index.

彭博社亿万富翁指数的独立调查显示，世界首富500强在2022年资产缩水合计1.4万亿美元。

 

Elon Musk, the world’s richest person and co-founder of Tesla, lost $138bn in 2022, the year in which he completed his $44bn acquisition of Twitter.

世界首富、特斯拉共同创始人埃隆·马斯克在2022年失去了1380亿美元，同一年他完成了耗资440亿美元的推特收购。

 

The Facebook co-founder Mark Zuckerberg, who was once one of the 10 richest people in the world, lost nearly $81bn in net worth and was at $45bn at the end of 2022.

脸书共同创始人马克·扎克伯格曾是世界上最富有的10个人之一，他在2022年底的净资产为450亿美元，缩水了近810亿美元。

 

The super-rich, the reasonably well-off and poor people all had aggregate declines in wealth in 2022, according to UBS’s economists, who recorded “the first fall in net global household wealth since the global financial crisis of 2008”.

瑞士联合银行的经济学家指出，2022年超级富豪、相当有钱的人和穷人的财富总量都出现了缩水，这是“2008年全球金融危机以来全球家庭净财富的首次减少”。

 

The world’s privately held wealth fell by $11.3tn, or 2.4%, to $454tn. Average wealth per adult dropped by $3,200 to $84,718. The bank said: “This outcome represents a break in the almost uninterrupted expansion of household wealth this century.”

全球私有财富降至454万亿美元，减少了11.3万亿美元（2.4%）。成年人的人均财富降至84718美元，减少了3200美元。银行表示：“这一结果代表着本世纪以来家庭财富不间断扩张的中断。”

 

It said the decline would be felt even more sharply in real terms because of soaring inflation around the world. Household finances have been squeezed by the sharp rise in the cost of everything from food to energy.

银行指出，由于全球通货膨胀飙升，财富缩水在现实生活中的感受甚至更强烈。从食物到能源等生活成本的急剧上涨让家庭财政吃紧。

 

The proportion of the world’s wealth held by the richest 1% declined slightly to 44.5%, reversing some of the increase in wealth inequality during the pandemic. To be part of the top 1% requires assets of at least $1,081,342.

全球最富有的1%的人拥有的财富比例为44.5%，相较之前略有下降，逆转了疫情期间财富不平等部分扩大的趋势。要跻身全球最富有的1%，至少必须拥有1081342美元的资产。

 

英文来源：卫报

翻译&编辑：丹妮

 

（来源：中国日报网）

2023年8月25日 23:41

 

 

24、全球安全倡议概念文件
 

The Global Security Initiative Concept Paper

一、背景

I.Background

安全问题事关各国人民的福祉，事关世界和平与发展的崇高事业，事关人类的前途命运。

当前，世界之变、时代之变、历史之变正以前所未有的方式展开，国际社会正经历罕见的多重风险挑战。地区安全热点问题此起彼伏，局部冲突和动荡频发，新冠疫情延宕蔓延，单边主义、保护主义明显上升，各种传统和非传统安全威胁交织叠加。和平赤字、发展赤字、安全赤字、治理赤字加重，世界又一次站在历史的十字路口。

我们所处的是一个充满挑战的时代，也是一个充满希望的时代。我们深信，和平、发展、合作、共赢的历史潮流不可阻挡。维护国际和平安全、促进全球发展繁荣，应该成为世界各国的共同追求。中国国家主席习近平提出全球安全倡议，倡导以团结精神适应深刻调整的国际格局，以共赢思维应对复杂交织的安全挑战，旨在消弭国际冲突根源、完善全球安全治理，推动国际社会携手为动荡变化的时代注入更多稳定性和确定性，实现世界持久和平与发展。

The issue of security bears on the well-being of people of all countries, the lofty cause of world peace and development, and the future of humanity.

Today, our world, our times and history are changing in ways like never before, and the international community is confronted with multiple risks and challenges rarely seen before. Regional security hotspots keep flaring up, local conflicts and turbulence occur frequently, the COVID-19 pandemic persists, unilateralism and protectionism have risen significantly, and traditional and non-traditional security threats are entwined. The deficits in peace, development, security and governance are growing, and the world is once again at a crossroads in history.

This is an era rife with challenges. It is also one brimming with hope. We are convinced that the historical trends of peace, development and win-win cooperation are unstoppable. Upholding world peace and security and promoting global development and prosperity should be the common pursuit of all countries. Chinese President Xi Jinping has proposed the Global Security Initiative (GSI), calling on countries to adapt to the profoundly changing international landscape in the spirit of solidarity, and address the complex and intertwined security challenges with a win-win mindset. The GSI aims to eliminate the root causes of international conflicts, improve global security governance, encourage joint international efforts to bring more stability and certainty to a volatile and changing era, and promote durable peace and development in the world.

 

二、核心理念与原则

II.Core concepts and principles

（一）坚持共同、综合、合作、可持续的安全观。习近平主席2014年首次提出共同、综合、合作、可持续的新安全观，赢得国际社会普遍响应和广泛认同。这一安全观的核心内涵，就是主张秉持共同安全理念，尊重和保障每一个国家的安全；主张重视综合施策，统筹维护传统领域和非传统领域安全，协调推进安全治理；主张坚持合作之道，通过政治对话、和平谈判来实现安全；主张寻求可持续安全，通过发展化解矛盾，消除不安全的土壤。我们认为，只有基于道义和正确理念的安全，才是基础牢固、真正持久的安全。

1. Stay committed to the vision of common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security. In 2014, President Xi Jinping initiated a new vision for common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security, which has been widely recognized and supported by the international community. The essence of this new vision of security is to advocate a concept of common security, respecting and safeguarding the security of every country; a holistic approach, maintaining security in both traditional and non-traditional domains and enhancing security governance in a coordinated way; a commitment to cooperation, bringing about security through political dialogue and peaceful negotiation; and pursuit of sustainable security, resolving conflicts through development and eliminating the breeding ground for insecurity. We believe security will only be firmly established and sustainable when it is underpinned by morality, justice and the right ideas.

（二）坚持尊重各国主权、领土完整。主权平等和不干涉内政是国际法基本原则和现代国际关系最根本准则。我们主张国家不分大小、强弱、贫富，都是国际社会的平等一员，各国内政不容干涉，主权和尊严必须得到尊重，自主选择发展道路和社会制度的权利必须得到维护。应坚持主权独立平等，推动各国权利平等、规则平等、机会平等。

2. Stay committed to respecting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all countries. Sovereign equality and non-interference in internal affairs are basic principles of international law and the most fundamental norms governing contemporary international relations. We believe all countries, big or small, strong or weak, rich or poor, are equal members of the international community. Their internal affairs brook no external interference, their sovereignty and dignity must be respected, and their right to independently choose social systems and development paths must be upheld. Sovereign independence and equality must be upheld, and efforts should be made for all countries to enjoy equality in terms of rights, rules and opportunities.

（三）坚持遵守联合国宪章宗旨和原则。联合国宪章宗旨和原则承载着世界人民对两次世界大战惨痛教训的深刻反思，凝结了人类实现集体安全、永久和平的制度设计。当今世界发生的各种对抗和不公，不是因为联合国宪章宗旨和原则过时了，而是由于其未能得到有效维护和履行。我们呼吁共同践行真正的多边主义，坚定维护以联合国为核心的国际体系、以国际法为基础的国际秩序、以联合国宪章宗旨和原则为基础的国际关系基本准则，维护联合国权威及其在全球安全治理中的主要平台地位。冷战思维、单边主义、阵营对抗、霸权主义与联合国宪章精神相违背，应当受到抵制和反对。

3. Stay committed to abiding by the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. The purposes and principles of the UN Charter embody the deep reflection by people around the world on the bitter lessons of the two world wars. They are humanity’s institutional design for collective security and lasting peace. The various confrontations and injustices in the world today did not occur because the purposes and principles of the UN Charter are outdated, but because they are not effectively maintained and implemented. We call on all countries to practice true multilateralism; firmly uphold the international system with the UN at its core, the international order underpinned by international law and the basic norms of international relations underpinned by the UN Charter; and uphold the authority of the UN and its status as the main platform for global security governance. The Cold War mentality, unilateralism, bloc confrontation and hegemonism contradict the spirit of the UN Charter and must be resisted and rejected.

（四）坚持重视各国合理安全关切。人类是不可分割的安全共同体，一国安全不应以损害他国安全为代价。我们认为，各国安全利益都是彼此平等的。任何国家的正当合理安全关切都应得到重视和妥善解决，不应被长期忽视和系统性侵犯。任何国家在谋求自身安全时都应兼顾其他国家合理安全关切。我们主张秉持安全不可分割原则，倡导自身安全与共同安全不可分割，传统安全与非传统安全不可分割，安全权利与安全义务不可分割，安全与发展不可分割，构建均衡、有效、可持续的安全架构，从而实现普遍安全、共同安全。

4. Stay committed to taking the legitimate security concerns of all countries seriously. Humanity is an indivisible security community. Security of one country should not come at the expense of that of others. We believe all countries are equal in terms of security interests. The legitimate and reasonable security concerns of all countries should be taken seriously and addressed properly, not persistently ignored or systemically challenged. Any country, while pursuing its own security, should take into account the reasonable security concerns of others. We uphold the principle of indivisible security, advocating the indivisibility between individual security and common security, between traditional security and non-traditional security, between security rights and security obligations, and between security and development. There should be a balanced, effective and sustainable security architecture, so as to realize universal security and common security.

（五）坚持通过对话协商以和平方式解决国家间的分歧和争端。战争和制裁不是解决争端的根本之道，对话协商才是化解分歧的有效途径。我们呼吁加强国家间战略沟通，增进安全互信，化解矛盾，管控分歧，消除危机产生的根源。大国应坚持公道正义，承担应尽责任，支持平等协商，根据当事国需要和愿望劝和促谈、斡旋调停。国际社会应支持一切有利于和平解决危机的努力，鼓励冲突各方以对话建互信、解纷争、促安全。滥用单边制裁和“长臂管辖”不但解决不了问题，反而会制造更多困难和复杂因素。

5. Stay committed to peacefully resolving differences and disputes between countries through dialogue and consultation. War and sanctions are no fundamental solution to disputes; only dialogue and consultation are effective in resolving differences. We call on countries to strengthen strategic communication, enhance mutual security confidence, diffuse tensions, manage differences and eliminate the root causes of crises. Major countries must uphold justice, fulfill their due responsibilities, support consultation on an equal footing, and facilitate talks for peace, play good offices and mediate in light of the needs and will of the countries concerned. The international community should support all efforts conducive to the peaceful settlement of crises, and encourage conflicting parties to build trust, settle disputes and promote security through dialogue. Abusing unilateral sanctions and long-arm jurisdiction does not solve a problem, but only creates more difficulties and complications.

（六）坚持统筹维护传统领域和非传统领域安全。当前，安全的内涵和外延更加丰富，呈现更加突出的联动性、跨国性、多样性，传统安全威胁和非传统安全威胁相互交织。我们倡导各国践行共商共建共享的全球治理观，共同应对地区争端和恐怖主义、气候变化、网络安全、生物安全等全球性问题，多管齐下、综合施策，完善规则，携手寻求长远解决之道，推进全球安全治理，防范化解安全困境。

6. Stay committed to maintaining security in both traditional and non-traditional domains. In today’s world, both the intension and extension of security are broadening. Security is more interconnected, transnational and diverse. Traditional and non-traditional security threats have become intertwined. We encourage all countries to practice the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits in global governance, and work together to address regional disputes and global challenges such as terrorism, climate change, cybersecurity and biosecurity. There should be concerted efforts to explore multiple channels, develop a holistic solution, and improve relevant rules, so as to find sustainable solutions, promote global security governance and prevent and resolve security challenges.

上述“六个坚持”彼此联系、相互呼应，是辩证统一的有机整体。其中，坚持共同、综合、合作、可持续的安全观是理念指引，坚持尊重各国主权、领土完整是基本前提，坚持遵守联合国宪章宗旨和原则是根本遵循，坚持重视各国合理安全关切是重要原则，坚持通过对话协商以和平方式解决国家间的分歧和争端是必由之路，坚持统筹维护传统领域和非传统领域安全是应有之义。

These six commitments are interlinked and mutually reinforcing, and are an organic whole of dialectical unity. Among them, the vision of common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security provides conceptual guidance; respecting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all countries is the basic premise; abiding by the purposes and principles of the UN Charter is a primary benchmark; taking the legitimate security concerns of all countries seriously is an important principle, peacefully resolving differences and disputes between countries through dialogue and consultation is a must choice; and maintaining security in both traditional and non-traditional domains is an inherent requirement.

 

三、重点合作方向

III. Priorities of cooperation

实现世界持久和平，让每一个国家享有和平稳定的外部环境，让每一个国家的人民都能安居乐业，人民权利得到充分保障，是我们的共同愿望。各国需要同舟共济、团结协作，构建人类安全共同体，携手建设一个远离恐惧、普遍安全的世界。

It is our common aspiration to achieve lasting world peace, so that all countries can enjoy a peaceful and stable external environment and their people can live a happy life with their rights fully guaranteed. Like passengers aboard the same ship, countries need to work in solidarity to foster a community of shared security for mankind and build a world that is free from fear and enjoys universal security.

为实现上述愿景，中方将在全球安全倡议框架下开展与世界各国和国际、地区组织的双多边安全合作，积极推进安全理念对接和利益共融。我们倡导各方在包括但不限于以下方面积极开展单项或多项合作，与中方的努力互补互促，共同促进世界和平安宁。

To realize these visions, China is ready to conduct bilateral and multilateral security cooperation with all countries and international and regional organizations under the framework of the Global Security Initiative, and actively promote coordination of security concepts and convergence of interests. China calls on all parties to carry out single or multiple cooperation in aspects including but not limited to the following ones, so as to pursue mutual learning and complementarity and to jointly promote world peace and tranquility:

（一）积极参与联合国秘书长“我们的共同议程”报告关于制定“新和平纲领”等建议的工作。支持联合国加大预防冲突努力，充分发挥建设和平架构的作用，帮助冲突后国家开展建设和平工作。进一步发挥中国－联合国和平与发展基金秘书长和平与安全子基金作用，支持联合国在全球安全事务中发挥更大作用。

支持联合国提高维和行动履行授权能力，坚持当事方同意、保持中立、非自卫或履行授权不使用武力的维和行动三原则，坚持政治优先，综合施策，标本兼治。维和行动应获得充足资源，支持为非盟自主和平行动提供充足、可预测、可持续的资金支持。

1.Actively participate in formulating a New Agenda for Peace and other proposals put forth in Our Common Agenda by the UN Secretary-General. Support UN efforts to enhance conflict prevention and fully harness the peace-building architecture to assist post-conflict states in peace-building. Further leverage the Secretary-General’s Peace and Security Sub-Fund of the China-UN Peace and Development Trust Fund and support a bigger UN role in global security affairs.

Support the UN in enhancing capacity for implementing its peacekeeping mandate, uphold the three principles of “consent of the parties, impartiality, and non-use of force except in self-defense and defense of the mandate” for peacekeeping operations, prioritize political solutions, and take a holistic approach to address both symptoms and root causes. Provide peacekeeping operations with adequate resources. Support the provision of sufficient, predictable and sustainable financial assistance to the African Union (AU) for it to carry out autonomous peacekeeping operations.

（二）促进大国协调和良性互动，推动构建和平共处、总体稳定、均衡发展的大国关系格局。大国在维护国际和平与安全上承担特殊重要责任。倡导大国带头讲平等、讲诚信、讲合作、讲法治，带头遵守《联合国宪章》和国际法。坚持相互尊重、和平共处、合作共赢，坚守不冲突不对抗的底线，求同存异、管控分歧。

2.Promote coordination and sound interaction among major countries and build a major country relationship featuring peaceful coexistence, overall stability and balanced development. Major countries shoulder particularly important responsibilities of maintaining international peace and security. Call on major countries to lead by example in honoring equality, good faith, cooperation and the rule of law, and in complying with the UN Charter and international law. Adhere to mutual respect, peaceful coexistence and win-win cooperation, stick to the bottom line of no conflict and no confrontation, seek common ground while reserving differences, and manage differences.

（三）坚决维护“核战争打不赢也打不得”共识。遵守2022年1月五核国领导人发表的《关于防止核战争与避免军备竞赛的联合声明》，加强核武器国家对话合作，降低核战争风险。维护以《不扩散核武器条约》为基石的国际核不扩散体系，积极支持有关地区国家建立无核武器区。促进核安全国际合作，建立公平、合作、共赢的国际核安全体系。

3.Firmly uphold the consensus that “a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought”. Comply with the joint statement on preventing nuclear war and avoiding arms races issued by leaders of the five nuclear-weapon states in January 2022. Strengthen dialogue and cooperation among nuclear-weapon states to reduce the risk of nuclear war. Safeguard the international nuclear non-proliferation regime based on the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and actively support the efforts of countries in relevant regions to establish nuclear-weapon-free zones. Promote international cooperation on nuclear security, so as to build a fair, collaborative and mutually beneficial international nuclear security system.

（四）全面落实第76届联大通过的“在国际安全领域促进和平利用国际合作”决议。

在联合国安理会防扩散委员会、《禁止化学武器公约》、《禁止生物武器公约》等框架下开展合作，推动全面禁止和彻底销毁大规模杀伤性武器，提升各国防扩散出口管制、生物安全、化武防护等方面能力水平。

支持全球常规武器军控进程。支持在尊重非洲国家意愿的前提下开展中国、非洲、欧洲轻小武器管控合作，支持落实“消弭非洲枪声”倡议。积极开展人道主义扫雷国际合作及援助，为雷患国家提供更多力所能及的帮助。

4.Fully implement the resolution of Promoting International Cooperation on Peaceful Uses in the Context of International Security adopted by the 76th session of the UN General Assembly.

Carry out cooperation under such frameworks as the UN Security Council’s 1540 Committee, the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), promote complete prohibition and thorough destruction of weapons of mass destruction, and build up the capacity of all countries in areas including non-proliferation export control, biosecurity and protection against chemical weapons.

Support the process of global conventional arms control. Support cooperation among China, Africa and Europe on small arms and light weapons control under the premise of respecting the will of Africa. Support the implementation of the initiative of Silencing the Guns in Africa. Actively carry out international cooperation and assistance on humanitarian demining and provide help to affected countries as much as one’s ability permits.

（五）推动政治解决国际和地区热点问题。鼓励当事国坚持通过坦诚对话沟通，化解分歧，寻求热点问题的解决之道。支持国际社会在不干涉内政前提下，以劝和促谈为主要方式，以公平务实为主要态度，以标本兼治为主要思路，建设性参与热点问题政治解决。支持通过对话谈判政治解决乌克兰危机等热点问题。

5.Promote political settlement of international and regional hotspot issues. Encourage the countries concerned to overcome differences and resolve hotspots through candid dialogue and communication. Support the international community in constructively participating in the political settlement of hotspots, under the premise of non-interference in internal affairs, mainly through the means of facilitating peace talks, with fairness and practicality as the main attitude, and mainly following the approach of addressing both symptoms and root causes. Support political settlement of hotspot issues such as the Ukraine crisis through dialogue and negotiation.

（六）支持和完善以东盟为中心的地区安全合作机制和架构，秉持协商一致、照顾各方舒适度等“东盟方式”，加强地区国家间的安全对话与合作。支持在澜沧江－湄公河合作框架下推进非传统安全领域合作，通过澜湄合作专项基金实施相关合作项目，努力打造全球安全倡议实验区，共同维护地区和平稳定。

6.Support and improve the ASEAN-centered regional security cooperation mechanism and architecture, and adhere to the ASEAN way of consensus-building and accommodating each other’s comfort level to further strengthen security dialogue and cooperation among regional countries. Support efforts to promote cooperation in non-traditional security areas under the framework of Lancang-Mekong Cooperation (LMC), implement relevant cooperation projects under the LMC Special Fund, and strive to foster a pilot zone for GSI to jointly safeguard regional peace and stability.

（七）落实实现中东安全稳定的五点倡议，倡导相互尊重，坚持公平正义，实现核不扩散，共建集体安全，加快发展合作，共同推动构建中东安全新架构。支持中东国家加强对话、改善关系的积极势头和努力，照顾各方合理安全关切，壮大维护地区安全的内生力量，支持阿拉伯国家联盟等区域组织为此发挥建设性作用。国际社会应采取实际步骤推进巴勒斯坦问题“两国方案”，召开更大规模、更有权威、更有影响的国际和会，推动巴勒斯坦问题早日得到公正解决。

7.Implement the five-point proposal on realizing peace and stability in the Middle East, including advocating mutual respect, upholding equity and justice, realizing non-proliferation, jointly fostering collective security, and accelerating development cooperation, so as to jointly establish a new security framework in the Middle East. Support the positive momentum and the efforts of Middle East countries to strengthen dialogue and improve their relations, accommodate the reasonable security concerns of all parties, strengthen the internal forces of safeguarding regional security, and support the League of Arab States (LAS) and other regional organizations in playing a constructive role in this regard. The international community should take practical steps to advance the two-state solution to the Palestinian question, and convene a larger, more authoritative and more influential international peace conference, so as to achieve a just solution to the Palestinian question at an early date.

（八）支持非洲国家、非洲联盟、次区域组织为解决地区冲突、反对恐怖主义、维护海上安全所作努力，呼吁国际社会向非洲主导的反恐行动提供资金和技术，支持非洲国家增强自主维护和平的能力。支持以非洲方式解决非洲问题，推动非洲之角以及萨赫勒、大湖地区等热点问题和平解决。积极落实“非洲之角和平发展构想”，推动非洲之角和平会议机制化，积极打造合作示范项目。

8.Support the efforts of African countries, the AU and sub-regional organizations to resolve regional conflicts, fight terrorism and safeguard maritime security, call on the international community to provide financial and technical support to Africa-led counter-terrorism operations, and support African countries in strengthening their ability to safeguard peace independently. Support addressing African problems in the African way, and promote peaceful settlement of hotspots in the Horn of Africa, the Sahel, the Great Lakes region and other areas. Actively implement the Outlook on Peace and Development in the Horn of Africa, promote the institutionalization of the China-Horn of Africa Peace, Governance and Development Conference, and work actively to launch pilot projects of cooperation.

（九）支持拉美和加勒比国家积极践行《宣布拉美和加勒比为和平区的公告》承诺，支持包括拉共体在内的区域和次区域组织为维护地区和平安全、妥善处理地区热点问题发挥积极作用。

9.Support Latin American and Caribbean countries in actively fulfilling commitments stated in the Proclamation of Latin America and the Caribbean as a Zone of Peace, and support the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States and other regional and sub-regional organizations in playing an active role in upholding regional peace and security and properly handling regional hotspots.

（十）重视太平洋岛国在气候变化、自然灾害和公共卫生等领域特殊处境和合理关切，支持太平洋岛国为应对全球性挑战所作努力，支持岛国落实其《蓝色太平洋2050战略》。加大提供物资、资金和人才支持，帮助岛国提升应对非传统安全威胁的能力。

10.Pay high attention to the special situation and legitimate concerns of Pacific island countries in regard to climate change, natural disasters and public health, support the efforts of Pacific island countries to address global challenges, and support island countries in implementing the 2050 Strategy for the Blue Pacific Continent. Increase the provision of materials, funds and talents to help island countries improve their ability to deal with non-traditional security threats.

（十一）加强海上对话交流和务实合作，妥善处理海上分歧，携手打击海盗、武装抢劫等海上跨国犯罪，合力维护海洋和平安宁和航道安全。倡导跨境河流上下游国家积极开展国际合作，通过对话协商解决相关争议，保障跨境河流航运安全，合理利用和保护水资源，保护跨境河流生态环境。

11.Strengthen maritime dialogue and exchange and practical cooperation, properly handle maritime differences, and work together to tackle transnational crimes at sea including piracy and armed robbery, so as to jointly safeguard maritime peace and tranquility and sea lane security. Call on upstream and downstream countries along trans-boundary rivers to actively engage in international cooperation, resolve relevant disputes through dialogue and consultation, ensure the safety of shipping on trans-boundary rivers, rationally utilize and protect water resources, and protect the ecological environment of trans-boundary rivers.

（十二）加强联合国在国际反恐斗争中的中心协调作用，支持国际社会全面落实联大和安理会反恐决议及《联合国全球反恐战略》，共同打击所有被安理会列名的恐怖组织和人员。推动全球反恐资源进一步向发展中国家倾斜，加大发展中国家反恐能力建设。反对将恐怖主义与特定国家、民族和宗教挂钩。深入研究和应对新兴技术对国际反恐斗争的影响。

12.Strengthen the UN’s role as the central coordinator in the global fight against terrorism, support the international community in fully implementing the UN General Assembly and Security Council counter-terrorism resolutions and the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, and jointly crack down on all terrorist organizations and individuals designated by the Security Council. Channel more global counter-terrorism resources to developing countries to enhance their counter-terrorism capacity building. Oppose linking terrorism with any particular country, ethnic group or religion. Enhance studies on and responses to the impact of emerging technologies on global counter-terrorism efforts.

（十三）深化信息安全领域国际合作。中方已提出《全球数据安全倡议》，希望推动达成反映各方意愿、尊重各方利益的全球数字治理规则。持续推进落实《中国－阿拉伯联盟数据安全合作倡议》和《“中国+中亚五国”数据安全合作倡议》，共同应对各类网络威胁，构建开放包容、公平合理、安全稳定、富有生机活力的全球网络空间治理体系。

13.Deepen international cooperation in the field of information security. China has put forward the Global Initiative on Data Security and calls for joint efforts to formulate global rules on digital governance that reflect the will and respect the interests of all parties. Follow through on the China-LAS Cooperation Initiative on Data Security and the Data Security Cooperation Initiative of China+Central Asia, jointly address various cyber threats, and work to establish a global governance system on cyberspace featuring openness and inclusion, justice and fairness, security and stability, vigor and vitality.

（十四）加强生物安全风险管理。共同倡导负责任的生物科研，鼓励各利益攸关方自愿采纳《科学家生物安全行为准则天津指南》。共同加强实验室生物安全能力建设，降低生物安全风险，促进生物科技健康发展。

14.Strengthen biosecurity risk management. Jointly advocate responsible bioscience research and encourage all stakeholders to refer to the Tianjin Biosecurity Guidelines for Codes of Conduct for Scientists on a voluntary basis. Jointly strengthen the building of biosecurity capability of laboratories, reduce biosecurity risks and promote the healthy development of biotechnology.

（十五）加强人工智能等新兴科技领域国际安全治理，预防和管控潜在安全风险。中国已就人工智能军事应用和伦理治理发布立场文件，愿与国际社会就人工智能安全治理加强沟通交流，推动达成普遍参与的国际机制，形成具有广泛共识的治理框架和标准规范。

15.Strengthen international security governance on artificial intelligence (AI) and other emerging technologies, and prevent and manage potential security risks. China has issued position papers on regulating military applications and strengthening ethical governance of AI, and stands ready to strengthen communication and exchange with the international community on AI security governance, promote the establishment of an international mechanism with broad participation, and develop governance frameworks, standards and norms based on extensive consensus.

（十六）加强外空领域国际合作，维护以国际法为基础的外空国际秩序。基于国际法开展外空活动，维护在轨航天员的安全和空间设施的长期可持续。尊重并确保各国平等享有和平利用外空的权利。坚决反对外空武器化和军备竞赛，支持谈判缔结外空军控国际法律文书。

16.Strengthen international cooperation on outer space and safeguard the international order in outer space underpinned by international law. Carry out activities in outer space in accordance with international law, safeguard the safety of in-orbit astronauts and the long-term and sustainable operation of space facilities. Respect and ensure the equal right of all countries to use outer space peacefully. Resolutely reject the weaponization of and arms race in outer space, and support the negotiation and conclusion.

（十七）支持世界卫生组织在全球公共卫生治理中发挥领导作用，有效统筹、调动全球资源，共同应对包括新型冠状病毒感染在内的全球性重大传染病。

17.Support the World Health Organization in playing a leading role in global governance in public health, and effectively coordinate and mobilize global resources to jointly respond to COVID-19 and other major global infectious diseases.

（十八）维护全球粮食和能源安全。加强行动协调，维护国际农产品贸易平稳运行，保障粮食生产和供应链畅通，避免将粮食安全问题政治化、武器化。加强国际能源政策协调，为保障能源运输创造安全稳定环境，共同维护全球能源市场和能源价格稳定。

18.Safeguard global food and energy security. Strengthen action coordination to maintain the smooth operation of international agricultural trade, ensure stable grain production and smooth supply chains, and avoid politicizing and weaponizing food security issues. Strengthen international energy policy coordination, create a safe and stable environment for ensuring energy transportation, and jointly maintain the stability of the global energy market and energy prices.

（十九）全面、有效落实《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》。鼓励各国为打击跨国犯罪，缔结或参加有关国际条约、公约或协议，或者作出制度性安排。支持联合国三项禁毒公约，维护国际禁毒体制，倡导国际社会协调一致、责任共担、真诚合作，共同应对毒品问题带来的挑战，构建不受毒品危害的人类命运共同体。在尊重各国主权基础上积极开展执法合作，共同提升执法能力和安全治理水平。支持建立全球培训体系，为发展中国家培训更多适应维护自身安全需要的执法人员。

19.Fully and effectively implement the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Encourage all countries to conclude or join international treaties, conventions or agreements or make institutional arrangements to fight transnational crimes. Support the three international drug control conventions of the UN, safeguard the international drug control system, and advocate coordination, shared responsibility and sincere cooperation in the international community to jointly address challenges posed by the drug problem and build a community with a shared future for mankind that is free from the harm of drugs. Actively conduct law enforcement cooperation on the basis of respecting each country’s sovereignty, so as to jointly improve law enforcement capacity and security governance. Support the establishment of a global training system to train for developing countries more law enforcement officers who are responsive to their countries’ security needs.

（二十）支持各国在气候变化、供应链产业链稳定畅通等领域合作，加快落实联合国2030年可持续发展议程，以可持续发展促进可持续安全。

20.Support the cooperation among countries in addressing climate change and maintaining stable and smooth supply and industrial chains, and speed up the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in order to promote sustainable security through sustainable development.

四、合作平台和机制

IV. Platforms and mechanisms of cooperation

（一）利用联合国大会和各相关委员会、安理会、相关机构以及其他有关国际和地区组织等平台，根据各自职责，围绕和平与安全问题广泛讨论沟通，提出共同倡议主张，汇聚国际社会应对安全挑战共识。

1. Engage in wide-ranging discussions and communication on peace and security at the General Assembly, relevant UN Committees, the Security Council, relevant institutions, and other international and regional organizations based on their respective mandates, and put forward common initiatives and propositions to forge consensus in the international community to address security challenges.

（二）发挥上海合作组织、金砖合作、亚信、“中国+中亚五国”、东亚合作相关机制等作用，围绕彼此一致或相近目标逐步开展安全合作。推动设立海湾地区多边对话平台，发挥阿富汗邻国外长会、非洲之角和平会议等协调合作机制作用，促进地区乃至世界的和平稳定。

2.Leverage the roles of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, BRICS cooperation, the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia, the “China+Central Asia” mechanism, and relevant mechanisms of East Asia cooperation, and carry out security cooperation incrementally to achieve similar or same goals. Promote the establishment of a multilateral dialogue platform in the Gulf region and give play to the role of coordinating and cooperative mechanisms such as the Meeting of Foreign Ministers of the Neighboring Countries of Afghanistan and the China-Horn of Africa Peace, Governance and Development Conference to promote regional and global peace and stability.

（三）适时举办全球安全倡议高级别活动，加强安全领域政策沟通，促进政府间对话合作，进一步凝聚国际社会应对安全挑战合力。

3.Hold high-level conferences on the GSI in due course to strengthen policy communication in the field of security, promote intergovernmental dialogue and cooperation, and further foster synergy in the international community to address security challenges.

（四）支持中非和平安全论坛、中东安全论坛、北京香山论坛、全球公共安全合作论坛（连云港）以及其他国际性交流对话平台为深化安全领域交流合作继续作出积极贡献。鼓励创设全球性安全论坛，为各国政府、国际组织、智库、社会组织等发挥各自优势参与全球安全治理提供新平台。

4.Support the China-Africa Peace and Security Forum, the Middle East Security Forum, the Beijing Xiangshan Forum, the Global Public Security Cooperation Forum (Lianyungang) and other international dialogue platforms in contributing to deepening exchange and cooperation on security. Promote the establishment of more global security forums to provide new platforms for governments, international organizations, think tanks and social organizations to leverage their advantages and participate in global security governance.

（五）围绕应对反恐、网络、生物、新兴科技等领域安全挑战，搭建更多国际交流合作平台和机制，共同提升非传统安全治理能力。鼓励各国高等军事院校、高等警察院校之间加强交流合作。未来5年中方愿向全球发展中国家提供5000个研修培训名额用于培养专业人才，共同应对全球性安全问题。

5.Build more international platforms and mechanisms for exchange and cooperation on addressing security challenges in such areas as counter-terrorism, cybersecurity, biosecurity and emerging technologies, with a view to improving the governance capacity in the domain of non-traditional security. Encourage more exchanges and cooperation among university-level military and police academies. China is willing to provide other developing countries with 5,000 training opportunities in the next five years to train professionals for addressing global security issues.

全球安全倡议秉持开放包容原则，欢迎和期待各方参与，共同丰富倡议内涵，积极探索开展新形式新领域合作。中方愿同世界上所有爱好和平、追求幸福的国家和人民携手同行，协力应对各种传统和非传统安全挑战，并肩守护地球家园的和平安宁，共同开创人类更加美好的未来，让和平的薪火代代相传、平安的钟声响彻人间。

The GSI, following the principle of openness and inclusiveness, welcomes and looks forward to the participation of all parties to jointly enrich its substance and actively explore new forms and areas of cooperation. China stands ready to work with all countries and peoples who love peace and aspire to happiness to address all kinds of traditional and non-traditional security challenges, protect the peace and tranquility of the earth, and jointly create a better future for mankind, so that the torch of peace will be passed on from generation to generation and shine across the world.

  

（来源：新华社）

2023年9月25日 11:07

 

 

25、奥巴马给女儿的一封家书
 

Life is short. It may feel like it takes　forever sometimes, but the reality is that you live, and a short time later, you die. It happens so quickly, many people don’t even realize they had a life until it’s already over.

　　生命如此短暂。我们有时候觉得生命怎么也走不完，实际上，你现在活着，过不了多久，就会死去。人生真是转眼一瞬间的事情，很多人到临死前才意识到这一生已经结束。

 

　　一

　　停止怀疑自己

　　Stop Doubting Yourself

 

　　If you don’t believe in yourself, nobody　will. Success starts in your mind, and if all you’re doing is putting yourself　down and predicting failure, it’ll become a self-fulfilling prophecy. Instead of doubting yourself, think positively. Not only will you be happier and more　successful, you’ll spread it to everyone around you.

　　如果你自己都不相信自己，那没人会相信你。成功源于你的头脑，如果你所做的是不断地看扁自己，预言着未来的失败，这就真的会成为现实。与其怀疑自己，不如积极的考虑问题。不仅会让自己更加开心和成功，你还能够感染到周围的人。

 

　　二

　　停止消极

　　Stop Being Negative

 

　　Now that you’re done doubting yourself, stop doubting others. You don’t like when people are critical of you, so stop being critical of others. Think about how you make other people feel – even if you have good intentions, people don’t like hearing negativity.

　　现在你不要再怀疑自己了，也别再怀疑身边的人。你不希望被人对你挑剔，那么也不要再去挑剔身边的人。想想你给别人带来的什么样的感受吧——即使出发点是好的，别人也不想听到那么多消极的事情呀。

 

　　三

　　停止拖延

　　Stop Procrastinating

 

　　I don’t feel like procrastinating right now– I’ll do it tomorrow. When you procrastinate, you remain stagnant. Whatever you’re putting off doesn’t go away; resolve the problem, and move on. You’ll be much happier in the long run.

　　我现在不想做，还是留到明天吧。一旦开始拖延，其实你已经停滞不前了。你拖延的事情不会自行解决。解决问题，继续前行吧。从长远角度来说你会更加快乐。

 

　　四

　　不要那么刻薄

　　Stop Being Mean

 

　　It’s completely possible to step on　someone’s toes without meaning to – it happens all the time. There’s no need to pile on by purposefully doing mean things, so make a conscious effort to stop being mean. If someone wrongs you, let it go. There’s no need to seek vengeance unless that’s the type of person you want to be.

　　无意踩到别人的情况真的有可能会发生——常常会发生。但没必要去处心积虑地做一些不好的事情，所以要有意识地让自己不要那么刻薄。如果有人对你无理地对待，随他们去好了。没必要去报复，除非你也想成为那一类的人。

 

　　五

　　不要在外吃饭

　　Stop Eating Out

 

　　Eating out is the biggest waste of money. Every so often it’s nice to treat yourself, but eating out for every meal is the quickest way to drain your bank account. Learn how to cook at least a handful of foods you enjoy: It’ll save you money, keep you healthier, and occasionally impress people.

　　在外面吃饭真的非常非常的浪费钱。也许每次对于你而言都是一次犒赏，但每顿都在外面吃反而是花光积蓄的最快方式。至少也去学学怎么做一些自己喜欢的菜：既能省钱，还能让你更健康，还会让其他人眼前一亮。

 

　　六

　　不要再偷懒

　　Stop Being Lazy

 

　　Lazy people are annoying – it’s like pulling teeth getting them to do anything. If I can’t do something as simple as going to a movie with you without having to factor in an hour of convincing you to get your lazy butt out of bed, I’d rather go alone. People have enough trouble motivating themselves; don’t make your friends and family waste their valuable energy motivating you as well.

　　懒人真的很招人烦——得像赶驴磨墨一样逼着他们做事情。如果我想跟你看一场电影，却不得不花一个小时说服你起床，那我宁愿一个人去看。给自己动力都不是件容易的事情，就别让朋友和家人浪费宝贵的精力再来给你动力了吧。

 

　七

　　停止抱怨

　　Stop Complaining

 

　　We all have problems, and sometimes we need to vent to someone. That’s acceptable, but pay attention to how often you’re venting. We all love helping our friends and family, but when all you get from someone is negativity, it’s easier to cut them off than help, especially if they’re always complaining about the same things.

　　我们都有麻烦事，有时候总想跟别人倾诉。这可以理解，但要注意你吐槽的频率。我们都喜欢帮助朋友和家人，但如果从那个人身上我只能感知到负能量，那么还是离得越远越好吧，尤其是当他们在反复抱怨同一件事的时候。

 

　　八

　　别再那么自私

　　Stop Being Selfish

 

　　If you only think about yourself, you’ll soon find yourself by yourself. Stop for a minute and think about how your actions affect other people – did you take the last cup of coffee from the break room? Refill it! Do you live with others? Don’t drink out the milk carton. We share this world 100% of the time, so every action you take can affect other people.

　　如果你只考虑你自己，那么很快你会发现身边只剩下你自己。停一分钟想想你的行为会给别人带来什么影响吧——你是不是从休息室拿了最后一杯咖啡?再倒满呀!你是不是和别人合租?不要喝光所有的牛奶，这个世界是一个完全由大家分享的世界，你所做的每件事都会影响到别人。

 

　　九

　　别再浪费时间

　　Stop Wasting Time

 

　　If you only think about yourself, you’ll soon find yourself by yourself. Stop for a minute and think about how your actions affect other people – did you take the last cup of coffee from the break room? Refill it! Do you live with others? Don’t drink out the milk carton. We share this world 100% of the time, so every action you take can affect other people.

　　如果你只考虑你自己，那么很快你会发现身边只剩下你自己。停一分钟想想你的行为会给别人带来什么影响吧——你是不是从休息室拿了最后一杯咖啡?再倒满呀!你是不是和别人合租?不要喝光所有的牛奶，这个世界是一个完全由大家分享的世界，你所做的每件事都会影响到别人。

 

　　十

　　别再做承诺

　　Stop Making Promises

 

　　Always under-promise and over-deliver. When you make a promise, you’re adding responsibility to your plate that, despite all your best intentions, you may not be able to deliver on. More often than not, your promise is an absolute (i.e. “I promise I’ll always love you”)， and only Sith deal in absolutes. Instead of making a promise with your words, simply be there when people need you, and exceed their expectations with your actions.

　　总是做承诺，总是做不到。每次做承诺都是不禁给自己增添了责任，无论你的出发点有多好，你都不可能完成所有的部分。大部分时候，你的承诺都太过绝对(比如“我发誓我永远爱你”)，也只能在绝对环境中才能实现。与其用语言许下承诺，不如在别人需要你的时候出现，然后用行动达到他们的期望吧。

 

　　十一

　　停止软弱

　　Stop Being a Pushover

 

　　We live in a capitalistic society in which everyone’s trying to sell us something. Everyone’s looking out for themselves in one way or another, and you need to do the same. Stop putting yourself out because you’re too shy to say no.

　　我们处于一个资本主义社会，每个人都在试图向我们推销些什么。每个人都在用不同的方式关注自己，你也要这样做。别因为太害羞、不敢说“不”而任人摆布。

 

　　十二

　　不要听怀恨者的话

　　Stop Listening to Haters

　　No matter what you want to do in life, there’s always someone around to tell you why it can’t and won’t work. I can come up with millions of reasons Twitter won’t work, and yet it’s one of the most popular social media sites on the web. My opinion didn’t stop Twitter’s success any more than it convinced Kobe Bryant to quit the NBA or Josh Hartnett to stop acting. Why would you let someone’s opinion stop you?

　　无论你想干什么，总会有人告诉你不要这么做，没有用的。我可以想出成百万条推特不实用的理由，但它还是互联网上最流行的社交网站之一。我的想法不会阻止推特的成功，就像你无法劝科比退出NBA或乔什·哈奈特不要当演员了一样，都毫无意义。那么为什么要让别人的想法阻止你呢?

 

十三

　　停止浪费

　　Stop Being Wasteful

 

　　You don’t finish your meals, and away food instead. You leave the faucet running when you brush your teeth, pouring precious water down the drain. You drive places you could easily walk, burning gasoline (a non-renewable resource)。 You are wasteful, and it needs to stop.

　　你饭没吃完，然后扔掉食物;刷牙的时候还开着水龙头，就让宝贵的水哗哗的流走;明明可以走到的地方你偏要开车，燃烧汽油(无法再生资源)。如果你浪费了，那就赶紧停止这一恶习。

 

　　十四

　　不要乱扔垃圾

　　Stop Littering

 

　　The only thing I hate more than wasteful people are litterbugs. Litterbugs are my least favorite bug, and there are more than you’d think. If you’ve ever thrown even one piece of gum, paper, candy wrapper, cigarette butt, etc on the ground, you’re a disgusting litterbug, and you should be ashamed of yourself. There are over 7 billion people in the world– if each person only throws one “innocent” piece of garbage on the ground, that’s 7 billion pieces of garbage littering a world in which nobody “did it”。

　　唯一一个让我觉得比浪费的人更可恶的就是垃圾虫。垃圾虫最让我厌恶，而且数量比你想的多很多。如果你曾扔过一块口香糖、一张纸、糖果包装、烟蒂，那么你就是恶心的垃圾虫。你应该感到羞愧。世界上有超过70亿的人——如果每个人都“无辜的”扔一点垃圾，那么全世界就会变成70亿垃圾场，而找不到“罪魁祸首”。

 

　　十五

　　别把每件事太往心里去

　　Stop Taking Everything Personally

 

　　People get offended about the strangest things. Take Kendrick Lamar’s now-infamous verse on “Control” this summer: he called out a list of a dozen rappers he thinks he’s better than (and he’s right)。 The internet went crazy, and rappers all over the industry rushed to their Mics to record a response. The thing is, all K-Dot said is he’s the best rapper. Everyone took it personally, and that’s exactly what he was going for. The lesson to learn from this is that not everything is about you, and if you’re easily upset, someone will use that to their advantage.

　　人们会因为一些奇怪的事情感到被侵犯。就拿Kendrick Lamar这个夏天备受争议的歌曲《Control》为例：他在歌词中挑衅了一些他认为比他弱的说唱歌手(的确是这样)，一石激起千层浪，整个说唱界的歌手都蜂拥录歌作为回击。重点在于，所有的人都认为自己是最好的说唱者，每个人都更看重自己，这就是他的目的所在。这件事教给我们的无非就是不是所有的事都要围着你转，如果你是玻璃心，有人会利用这一点。

 

　　十六

　　不要再说话了

　　Stop Talking

 

　　Sometimes it’s best to just STFU –especially in relationships. I can’t even count how many times I created an issue that didn’t need to be an issue simply because I opened my mouth. Even if what you want to say is important, just shut up and ride it out. You can say more with your actions than words, and you can’t listen when you’re talking.

　　有时候沉默是金——特别在情侣关系里。我都记不清到底多少次因为说错话引发了本可以避免的争端。即使你想说的非常重要，那也闭嘴，自行消化。你可以用行动证明一切，毕竟你自己说话的时候是听不见的。

 

　　十七

　　停一下，深呼吸吧

　　Just Stop, and Breathe…

 

　　No matter what you’re doing in life or how your day is going, there’s always room to just stop for a moment and just breathe. Try it right now to celebrate getting through this list of everything you’re doing wrong.

　　无论你现在在干什么，这一天过得怎么样，你都需要好好停一下深呼吸。不如现在就歇一歇，犒赏自己总算挺过了一些错事。

 

（来源：新东方网）

2023年10月27日 16:32

 

 

26、Attaining Moral Perfection等
 

In the various enumerations of the moral virtues I had met with in my reading, I found the catalogue more or less numerous，as different writers included more or fewer ideas under the same name. I proposed to myself, for the sake of clearness, to use rather more names，

with fewer ideas annexed to each, than a few names with more ideas; and I included under thirteen names of virtues all that at that time occurred to me as necessary or desirable, and annexed to each a short precept, which fully expressed the extent I gave to its meaning.

 

在阅读的过程中，我发现在列举道德品质时，分类繁多，不同的作者对同一个类别的解释多少有些出入，释义有深有浅。为了明确起见，我主张自己多设定几个名称类别，每个名称包含更加简明的含义，而不要分类少而释义多。我提出了十三种品德，这是当时我认为要么必需要么合意的全部品德的名称，每个名称底下我附了一些简单的戒律，充分说明我认为该词应有的含义。

 

These names of virtues, with their precepts, were:

这些品德的名称和相应的戒律如下：

1.TEMPERANCE. Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation.

一、节制。食不过饱；酒不过量。

2.SILENCE. Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation.

二、沉默寡言。言必于人于己有益；避免无益的谈话。

3.ORDER. Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time.

三、生活有秩序。每一样东西应有安放的位置;每件事务当安排好相应的时间。

4.RESOLUTION. Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.

四、决心。当做必做；一旦决定，不可半途而废。

5.FRUGALITY. Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e., waste nothing.

五、俭朴。花钱必须于人或于己有益；比如，不要浪费一分一厘。

6.INDUSTRY. Lose no time; be always employed in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions.

六、勤勉。不浪费时间；每时每刻做有用的事，终止一切不必要的行动。

7.SINCERITY. Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly.

七、诚恳。不恶意骗人；思想要纯洁公正，说话也要如此。

8.JUSTICE. Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty.

八、公正。不做损人之事，不要忘记履行对人有益而且是你应尽的义务。

9.MODERATION. Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve.

九、中庸适度。避免极端；如果对你造成的伤害是应该的，当克制怒火。

10.CLEANLINESS. Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, clothes, or habitation.

十、清洁。身体、衣服和住所力求清洁。

11.TRANQUILLITY. Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable.

十一、镇静。勿因小事或不可避免的事故而惊慌失措。

12.CHASTITY. Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another's peace or reputation.

十二、贞节。除了为了健康或生育后代起见，节制房事，以免伤害身体或损害你自己或他人的安宁或名誉。

13.HUMILITY. Imitate Jesus and Socrates.

十三、谦虚。仿效耶稣和苏格拉底。

 

My intention being to acquire the habitude of all these virtues, I judged it would be well not to distract my attention by attempting the whole at once, but to fix it on one of them at a time; and, when I should be master of that, then to proceed to another, and so on, till I should have gone through the thirteen; and, as the previous acquisition of some might facilitate the acquisition of certain others, I arranged them with that view, as they stand above. Temperance first， it tends to procure that coolness and clearness of head, which is so necessary where constant vigilance was to be kept up, and guard maintained against the unremitting attraction of ancient habits，

and the force of perpetual temptations. This being acquired and established, Silence would be more easy; and my desire being to gain knowledge at the same time that I improved in virtue, and considering that in conversation it was obtained rather by the use of the ears than of the tongue, and therefore wishing to break a habit I was getting into of prattling, punning，and joking，which only made me acceptable to trifling company, I gave Silence the second place. This and the next, Order, I expected would allow me more time for attending to my project and my studies. Resolution, once become habitual, would keep me firm in my endeavors to obtain all the subsequent virtues; Frugality and Industry freeing me from my remaining debt, and producing affluence and independence, would make more easy the practice of Sincerity and Justice, etc., etc. Conceiving then, that, agreeably to the advice of Pythagoras in his Golden Verses, daily examination would be necessary.

既然我的目的是将这些美德变成一种习惯，我认为最好不要同时尝试所有项目，以致分散注意力，最好是一段时间内集中精力执行其中的一项。当我掌握了一个美德后，接着继续实践下一个，如此类推，直到我做到十三项为止。因为先获得的某些美德可能有利于其他美德的养成，依据这个想法，我就按照上面的次序把它们进行了排列。我把节制放在第一，因为它有助于使人头脑冷静，思维清晰，为了经常保持警惕，抵抗旧习惯不断地吸引以及无穷无尽的诱惑的侵扰，这种冷静的头脑和清晰的思维是非常必要的。在获得和养成了这一美德以后，沉默寡言就容易多了。在提高我品德的同时我还想增进知识，我认为在谈话中用耳朵比用嘴更能增长知识，因此我想打破当时我正在形成的喋喋不休、爱说俏皮话、爱戏谑的习惯，这种习惯只会让我结交到一些轻浮的朋友，因此我把沉默寡言放在第二位。我想沉默寡言和下一条生活有秩序的美德会使我有更多时间致力于我的计划和学习。意志坚决一旦成为习惯，将会使我更坚决地努力获得其余的美德。俭朴和勤勉能使我还清剩下的债款，带给我财富和独立，会使诚恳和公正两项美德的实践更加容易，如此等等。接着，按照毕达哥拉斯在《金诗篇》里提出的建议，我认为每日必须进行自我检查。

 

 

 How Could I Love a Race of People Who Hated Me

 

族

There was a pretty strict system of segregation in Atlanta. For a long, long time I could not go swimming, until there was a Negro YMCA. A Negro child in Atlanta could not go to any public park. I could not go to the so-called white schools. In many of the stores downtown, I couldn't go to a lunch counter to buy a hamburger or a cup of coffee. I could not attend any of the theaters. There were one or two Negro theaters, but they didn't get any of the main pictures. If they did get them, they got them two or three years later.

亚特兰大拥有相当严格的种族隔离制度。很长很长一段时间我都不能去游泳，直到一个黑人基督教青年会建成。在亚特兰大，黑人孩子不能去任何公共的公园，不能去所谓的白人学校，在市中心的许多商店里不能去午餐柜台买汉堡或一杯咖啡，不能去任何剧院观看演出。虽然那里有一两个黑人剧院，但他们拿不到任何重大影片的胶片，即使拿到了，那也是影片公映后两到三年的事了。

I had grown up abhorring not only segregation but also the oppressive and barbarous acts that grew out of it. I had seen police brutality with my own eyes, and watched Negroes receive the most tragic injustice in the courts. I can remember the organization known as the Ku Klux Klan. It stands out white supremacy, and it was an organization that in those days even used violent methods to preserve segregation and to keep the Negro in his place, so to speak. I remember seeing the Klan actually beat a Negro. I had passed spots where Negroes had been savagely lynched. All of these things did something to my growing personality.

在成长过程中，我不仅憎恶种族隔离，而且对于由此造成的压迫和野蛮行为深恶痛绝。我曾亲眼看到警察的暴行，目睹黑人在法庭上遭受最为悲惨的不公正待遇。我还记得一个叫做三K党的组织，它坚持白人至上主义。可以这么说，在那些曰子里，这个组织为了保持隔离制度，为了让黑人待在自己的地方，甚至采用暴力的手段。我仍然记得见过三K党鞭打一个黑人，我还到过黑人被滥用野蛮私刑的地方。所有这些事情对我人格的养成都起到了一定的作用。

In my late childhood and early adolescence, two incidents happened that had a tremendous effect on my development. The first was the first empty seats at the front of the store. A young white clerk came up and murmured politely:

在我的童年末期和少年早期发生了两件事情，对我的成长产生了巨大的影响。第一件事发生在商店里，和店前的几个空座位有关。一个年轻的白人店员走过来，礼貌地低声说：

"I'll be happy to wait on you if you'll just move to those seats in the rear."

"如果你挪到后面的座位上，我会很乐意为你服务。"

Dad immediately retorted, "There's nothing wrong with these seats. We're quite comfortable here."

爸爸立即反驳道："坐这些座位有什么不对。我们在这儿很舒服。"

"Sorry，" said the clerk, "but you'll have to move."

"对不起，"职员说，"但你必须得移开。"

"We'll either buy shoes sitting here，" my father retorted, "or we won't buy shoes at all."

"我们要么坐在这儿买鞋，"我爸爸回答说："要么什么也不买。"

Whereupon he took me by the hand and walked out of the store. This was the first time I had seen Dad so furious. The experience revealed to me at a very early age that my father had not adjusted to the system, and he played a great part in shaping my conscience. I still remember walking down the street beside him as he muttered, "I don't care how long I have to live with this system, I will never accept it."

于是他拉着我的手，走出了商店。这是我第一次看到爸爸如此愤怒。那次经历让年少的我认识到父亲并不适应这种制度，他对我善恶观念的形成发挥了至关重要的作用。我现在依然还记得我和他并排走在街上，他喃喃地说："我不在乎我还要在这种制度下生活多久，我永远都不会接受它。"

And he never has. I remember riding with him another day when he accidently drove past a stop sign. A policeman pulled up to the car and said:

而且，他也从未接受过。记得还有一次和他开车外出，他不小心开过了一个停车的标志。一个警察把车开到我们旁边，说道：

"All right, boy, pull over and let me see your license."

"好吧，孩子，靠边停车，让我看看你的驾照。"

My father instantly retorted: "Let me make it clear to you that you aren't talking to a boy. If you persist in referring to me as boy, I will be forced to act as if I don't hear a word you are saying."

我父亲立即反驳道："让我清楚地告诉你，你并不是在和一个孩子讲话。如果你坚持说我是个孩子，我将不得不对你的话充耳不闻。"

The policeman was so shocked in hearing a Negro talk to him so forthrightly that he didn't quite know how to respond. He nervously wrote the ticket and left the scene as quickly as possible.

警察听到一个黑人和他说话如此直率，大吃一惊，一时真不知该如何回应才好。他紧张地写下罚单，尽快离开了现场。

 

 

（来源：可可英语网）

 2023年11月28日 23:29

 

 

27、《携手构建人类命运共同体：中国的倡议与行动》白皮书金句
 

国务院新闻办公室9月26日发布《携手构建人类命运共同体：中国的倡议与行动》白皮书。双语君为大家整理出了以下金句，一起来学习吧！

　　- 1 -

　　（构建人类命运共同体理念）为彷徨求索的世界点亮前行之路，为各国人民走向携手同心共护家园、共享繁荣的美好未来贡献中国方案。

　　The proposal of building a global community of shared future lights the path forward as the world fumbles for solutions, and represents China's contribution to global efforts to protect our shared home and create a better future of prosperity for all.

　　- 2 -

　　“国强必霸”并非绕不开的历史定律，“弱肉强食”不是人类共存之道，“你输我赢”的零和游戏终将玩不转。

　　It is increasingly obvious that the idea that "all strong countries will seek hegemony", the obsession with superior strength, and the zero-sum mentality are in conflict with the needs of our times.

　　- 3 -

　　构建人类命运共同体，不是以一种制度代替另一种制度，不是以一种文明代替另一种文明，而是不同社会制度、不同意识形态、不同历史文化、不同发展水平的国家在国际事务中利益共生、权利共享、责任共担。

　　To build a global community of shared future is to pursue openness, inclusiveness, mutual benefit, equity and justice. The goal is not to replace one system or civilization with another. Instead, it is about countries with different social systems, ideologies, histories, cultures and levels of development coming together to promote shared interests, shared rights, and shared responsibilities in global affairs.

　　- 4 -

　　人类命运共同体理念超越了集团政治的“小圈子”规则，超越了实力至上的逻辑，超越了少数西方国家定义的“普世价值”。

　　Such a vision rises above the exclusive rules of bloc politics, the notion of might makes right, and the "universal values" defined by a handful of Western countries.

　　- 5 -

　　从“本国优先”的角度看，世界是狭小拥挤的，时时都是“激烈竞争”；从命运与共的角度看，世界是宽广博大的，处处都有合作机遇。

　　Viewed from a "country-first" perspective, the world is small and crowded, and locked in "fierce competition"; viewed from the perspective of a shared future, the world is vast, and full of opportunities for cooperation.

　　- 6 -

　　建设一个持久和平的世界，就是告别战争之剑，永铸和平之犁；

　　We should build a world of lasting peace through dialogue and consultation. It means beating the swords of war into the plowshares of peace.

　　建设一个普遍安全的世界，就是告别绝对安全，实现安危与共；

　　We should build a world of common security for all through joint efforts. It means turning absolute security for one into common security for all.

　　建设一个共同繁荣的世界，就是告别赢者通吃，共享发展成果；

　　We should build a world of common prosperity through win-win cooperation. It means bidding farewell to the winner-takes-all mindset and sharing development achievements.

　　建设一个开放包容的世界，就是告别文明优越，实现美美与共；

　　We should build an open and inclusive world through exchanges and mutual learning. It means bidding farewell to the mindset that one civilization is superior to another and starting to appreciate the strengths of other civilizations.

　　建设一个清洁美丽的世界，就是告别竭泽而渔，永享绿水青山。

　　We should make our world clean and beautiful by pursuing green and low-carbon development. It means bidding farewell to the destructive exploitation of resources and preserving and enjoying the lush mountains and lucid waters.

　　- 7 -

　　人类历史上由于执迷强国争霸导致战争频仍、生灵涂炭，教训惨痛而深刻，要从思想上拔除这些诱发战争的引信。

　　Throughout human history, obsession with power and hegemony has led to frequent wars and loss of lives. The lessons are painful and profound, and we need to remove the fuses of war from our minds.

　　- 8 -

　　开放应是双向奔赴，不能是单行道,不能一边要求别的国家开放，一边关闭自己的大门。

　　Opening up should be a two-way journey, not a one-way street; one cannot demand the opening of other countries while closing its own doors.

　　- 9 -

　　民主不是可口可乐，一国生产原浆，全世界一个味道；民主不是装饰品，而是要用来解决实际问题的。

　　Democracy is not Coca-Cola, tasting the same across the world as the syrup is produced in one single country. Democracy is not an ornament, but a solution to real problems.

　　- 10 -

　　构建人类命运共同体既是一个美好愿景，也是一个历史过程，需要一代又一代人接力跑才能实现。

　　Building a global community of shared future is both a salutary vision and a historical process that calls for generations of hard work.

 

　　点击链接阅读白皮书中英文全文

　　中文：http://www.scio.gov.cn/zfbps/zfbps_2279/202309/t20230926_771203.html

　　英文：https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202309/26/WS65124140a310d2dce4bb7dce.html

 

   　编辑：商桢 朱迪齐

　　来源：国务院新闻办公室 新华社

       2023年12月29日 22:33

 

 

28、全球贫富差距进一步扩大 五大富豪财富翻倍 World’s five richest men double their money as poorest get poorer

 

达沃斯论坛开幕前夕，乐施会（Oxfam）发布了年度不平等报告。报告称，自2020年3月新冠疫情暴发以来，全球最富有的五个人的总财富增加了114%，而最贫困的60%的人口财富却缩水了0.2%。

 

 

The world’s five richest men have more than doubled their fortunes to $869bn since 2020, while the world’s poorest 60% – almost 5 billion people – have lost money.

全世界最富有的5个人自2020年以来财富已经翻倍，达到了8690亿美元，而全世界最贫穷的60%（近50亿人）财富却缩水了。

 

The details come in a report by Oxfam as the world’s richest people gather from Monday in Davos, Switzerland, for the annual World Economic Forum meeting of political leaders, corporate executives and the super-rich.

乐施会在富豪云集的达沃斯论坛开幕之际发布了这一报告。一年一度的世界经济论坛1月14日在瑞士达沃斯开幕，出席论坛的有政界领导人、企业高管和超级富豪。

 

The yawning gap between rich and poor is likely to increase, the report says, and will lead to the world crowning its first trillionaire within a decade. At the same time, it warns, if current trends continue, world poverty will not be eradicated for another 229 years.

报告指出，全球贫富鸿沟很可能将继续扩大，首个万亿富翁可能会在十年内出现。与此同时，报告警告称，如果当前趋势持续下去，可能要再过229年全世界才能消除贫困。

 

Highlighting a dramatic increase in inequality since the Covid pandemic, Oxfam said the world’s billionaires were $3.3tn richer than in 2020, and their wealth had grown three times faster than the rate of inflation.

乐施会指出，新冠疫情暴发以来，贫富不均日益凸显。全球亿万富翁的财富比2020年增加了3.3万亿美元，他们的财富增速超出通胀速度三倍。

 

The report finds that seven out of 10 of the world’s biggest corporations have a billionaire as CEO or principal shareholder, despite stagnation in living standards for millions of workers around the world.

报告显示，高达十分之七的全球最大公司拥有一位担任首席执行官或大股东的亿万富翁，尽管世界各地仍有数以百万计的工人生活水平停滞不前。

 

Compiled using data from the research company Wealth X, it says the combined wealth of the top five richest people in the world – Elon Musk, Bernard Arnault, Jeff Bezos, Larry Ellison and Mark Zuckerberg – have increased by $464bn, or 114%. Over the same period, the total wealth of the poorest 4.77 billion people – making up 60% of the world population – has declined by 0.2% in real terms.

报告指出，全世界最富有的5个人——埃隆·马斯克、伯纳德·阿尔诺、杰夫·贝佐斯、拉里·埃尔森和马克·扎克伯格的财富总额增加了4640亿美元，也就是增加了114%。与此同时，全球最贫困的47.7亿人（占世界人口的60%）财富实际缩水了0.2%。该报告采用了调研机构Wealth X的数据。

 

"People worldwide are working harder and longer hours, often for poverty wages in precarious and unsafe jobs,” the report says. “Across 52 countries, average real wages of nearly 800 million workers have fallen. These workers have lost a combined $1.5tn over the last two years, equivalent to 25 days of lost wages for each worker.”

报告称：“世界各地的劳动者工作比以前更辛苦，工作时间也更长，往往从事不稳定和不安全的工作，却只能拿到难以维持基本生活的工资。在52个国家中，近8亿劳动者的平均工资实际上下降了。这些劳动者在过去两年总共减少了1.5万亿美元收入，相当于每名劳动者失去了25天工资。”

 

Mirroring the fortunes of the super rich, it also says business profits have risen sharply despite pressure on households amid the cost of living crisis. It finds 148 of the world’s biggest corporations together raked in $1.8tn in total net profits in the year to June 2023, a 52% jump compared with average net profits in 2018-21.

报告还指出，尽管很多家庭都因生活成本危机而压力重重，企业利润却大幅上升。报告发现，截至2023年6月的这一年，全球最大企业净利润总额达到了1.8万亿美元，相比2018年到2021年的平均净利润暴增了52%。

 

The world’s richest 1% own 59% of all global financial assets – including stocks, shares and bonds, plus stakes in privately held business.

世界上最富有的1%人口拥有全球金融资产的59%，包括股票、股份、债券和非上市公司的股份。

 

Aleema Shivji, Oxfam’s interim chief executive, said: “These extremes cannot be accepted as the new norm, the world can’t afford another decade of division. Extreme poverty in the poorest countries is still higher than it was pre-pandemic, yet a small number of super-rich men are racing to become the world’s first trillionaire within the next 10 years.

乐施会的临时首席执行官阿莱玛·希夫吉表示：“我们不能接受这种极端情况成为新常态，世界承受不起又一个分裂的十年。最贫困国家的极端贫困状况比疫情前还要更严重，而为数不多的超级富豪则在竞争成为未来十年世界首个万亿富翁。”

 

（来源：中国日报）

2024年1月16日 23:35

 

 

29、今日立春：关于立春的9个小常识 24 Solar Terms: 9 things you may not know about Start of Spring

 

The traditional Chinese solar calendar divides the year into 24 solar terms. Start of Spring, the first solar term of the year, begins this year on Feb 4 and ends on Feb 18.

中国传统二十四节气的第一个节气是立春，今年的立春从2月4日开始，2月18日结束。

 

Start of Spring lifts the curtain of spring. After that everything turns green and full of vigor; people clearly see that the daytime is becoming longer and the weather is becoming warmer.

立春拉开了春天的帷幕。立春之后，万物吐绿，生机勃勃，人们可以明显地发现白天变长了，天气变暖和了。

 

Here are nine things you should know about Start of Spring.

一起来了解关于立春的9个小常识。

 

 

Start of Spring and Spring Festival

立春和春节

 

As a solar term, Start of Spring had already entered people's lives in the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC). At that time, there were eight solar terms. According to some experts, the 24 solar terms were used for the first time in books during the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 24), when the Start of Spring was set as the Spring Festival. In 1913, the first day of the first month of the lunar year was mandated as the Spring Festival.

早在春秋时期（公元前770至476年），立春节气就进入了百姓生活。当时只有8个节气。据专家介绍，二十四节气的说法是在西汉时期（公元前206年至公元24年）首次在典籍中出现的，当时立春就是春节。1913年，农历一月的第一天被定为春节。

 

 

 

Flying a kite

放风筝

 

Spring is the best season for kite-flying. As a traditional folk activity, it has a history of more than 2,000 years. It can help build one's health and prevent diseases. It also has the effect of promoting blood circulation and speeding up metabolism. A breath of fresh air outside can discharge the foul smell accumulated in winter.

春天是最适合放风筝的季节。这项传统民间活动已经有两千多年的历史。放风筝有助于增进健康、预防疾病，还能促进血液循环，加速新陈代谢。呼吸户外的新鲜空气可以帮助身体排出冬季聚集的浊气。

 

 

Erecting the egg

竖蛋

 

In China, it is said that the egg can be set upright on the first day of the Start of Spring, Spring Equinox day and Autumn Equinox day. It is believed that if someone can make the egg stand on the first day of Start of Spring, he will have good luck in the future.

中国有个民间说法，鸡蛋在立春、春分和秋分节气的第一天可以竖起来。据认为，如果一个人能在立春日这天把鸡蛋竖起来，他就能交好运。

 

According to astronomers and physicists, setting the egg upright has nothing to do with time, but with mechanics. The most important thing is to shift the egg's center of gravity to the lowest part of the egg. In this way, the trick is holding the egg until the yolk sinks as much as possible. For this, people should choose an egg about 4 or 5 days old, whose yolk is inclined to sink down.

天文学家和物理学家指出，鸡蛋竖起来和时间无关，和力学有关。最重要的是把鸡蛋的重心调整到鸡蛋最低的部位。诀窍就是握着鸡蛋，直到蛋黄尽可能下沉。人们应该选择一个放置了4到5天的鸡蛋，这样的鸡蛋蛋黄容易下沉。

 

 

Wearing fabric swallows

佩燕子

 

Wearing fabric swallows is a custom in some regions in Shaanxi. Every Start of Spring, people like to wear a swallow made of colorful silk on their chests. The custom originated during the Tang Dynasty (618-907). The swallow is a harbinger of spring and a symbol of prosperity and happiness.

在陕西部分地区，立春有佩燕子的习俗。每年立春日，那里的人们喜欢在胸前佩戴用彩绸剪成的“燕子”。这一习俗起源于唐朝（618至907年）。燕子是春天的使者，象征着繁荣和幸福。

 

 

 

Biting the spring

咬春

 

In many parts of China, people observe the custom of "biting the spring" on the first day of Start of Spring. They eat spring pancakes, spring rolls, or a few mouthfuls of carrots.

在中国的许多地区，人们在立春日有“咬春”的习俗。人们吃春饼、春卷或咬几口萝卜。

 

 

 

Making a Spring Ox

糊春牛

 

This custom in Shaanxi is practiced right before the Start of Spring. The local government hires some skilled artisans and gathers them to build the frame of an ox out of bamboo strips and the legs with wood. Then they paste some paper and paint onto it—and, voila! The image of an ox is complete. It is said that if more red and yellow paper is used, then there will be a good harvest that year; if black paper is pasted, then the year will be poor. When the paper ox is ready, there is a ritual to paint the eyes. After that, people will set up an altar for it and worship it.

陕西人有立春前糊春牛的风俗。当地政府会聘请一些能工巧匠，让他们聚在一起，用竹篾绑成牛的骨架，然后用木头作为腿，接着糊上纸张并涂上颜料，这样一个牛的形象就完成了。民间认为，如果糊上更多的红黄色纸，那么当年的农作物将会获得丰收；如果糊上黑色的纸，则预示着当年收成不佳。春牛制作完成后，会有一个开光点睛的仪式，然后人们会设立香案并顶礼朝拜。

 

 

 

Posting spring calligraphy and paintings

贴书画

 

The custom of posting calligraphy and paintings on one's door in the spring first appeared during the Tang Dynasty (618-907). People would do so to welcome spring and pray for good luck on the first day of Start of Spring.

春天在门上贴书画作品的风俗最早起源于唐朝时期（618至907年）。人们在立春日贴书画来迎接春天，祈求好运。

 

 

 

Appreciating plum blossoms

赏梅

 

Plums blossom from the 12th lunar month to the second month of the next year. The plum blossom, as it fights against the cold, is the most highly regarded. In China, the plum blossom, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum are praised as the four gentlemen of Chinese flowers.

梅花的花期从农历12月持续到来年农历2月。凌寒盛放的梅花备受赞赏和喜爱。在中国，梅兰竹菊被誉为花中四君子。

 

 

 

Welcoming spring

迎接春天

 

People in China began holding a special ceremony on the first day of Start of Spring about 3,000 years ago. They made sacrifices to Gou Mang, the god of Spring, who is in charge of agriculture. By the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), greeting spring had become an important folk activity. In Beijing, government officials welcomed spring in the wild field near Dongzhimen (the east gate of Beijing).

中国大约在三千年前就开始在立春日这天举行迎春仪式。人们会祭祀掌管农业的春神句芒。清代（1644至1911年）年间，迎春成了重要的民间活动。在北京，政府官员在东直门附近的空地上举行迎春仪式。

 

 

英文来源：中国日报网

2024年2月19日 23:14

 

 

30、《浮生六记》英译 - “事如春梦了无痕”

原文：天之厚我，可谓至矣。东坡云：“事如春梦了无痕”，苟不记之笔墨，未免有辜彼苍之厚。（沈复 - 浮生六记 卷一 闺房记乐）

翻译关键词：厚，事如春梦了无痕

译文：So altogether I must say that the gods have been unusually kind to me. Su Tungp'o said: "Life is like spring dream which vanishes without a trace." I should be ungrateful to the gods if I did not try to put my life down on record. (林语堂 译)
 

 

翻译笔记：
沈复的《浮生六记》是清代笔记文学中极有影响力的一部随笔自传，但是估计大多数人知道这本书都是通过林语堂的译本。读过《生活的艺术》就明白为什么林语堂如此推崇《浮生六记》，还将其翻译成英文，因为沈复的生活艺术和审美正契合于林语堂所赞同的那种中国传统文人情趣。

闺房记乐：Wedded Bliss
上面的句子选自《浮生六记》(Six Chapters Of A Floating Life)卷一“闺房记乐”，林语堂对这个标题的翻译是wedded bliss。如果是我们来翻的话，大可不必纠结于“闺房”，按照意思可以译成Happiness of married life，只不过bliss是一个程度更高的词，大家一时会想不到去用它。原文中只有一个“乐”字，翻译成happiness、joy、pleasure等，意思上来说都可以，如何取舍就看原文语气了。通读全篇就会看出沈复和妻子芸娘的感情相当深厚，所以这里用bliss绝不为过。同样表示“极度幸福、开心”的词还有ecstasy、rapture，不过bliss的感觉更加宁静，而这两个词有种兴奋的意味在里面。

天之厚我，可谓至矣
不要看到文言句式的就觉得很高深，其实这句话翻译成大白话不过就是说，老天爷对我太好了，好得不能再好了。按这个意思来，我们看到译文其实也就是很简单的一句话：the gods have been unusually kind to me，连一个高级的词都没有，句式也很直白，唯一要注意的是这里的gods，小写，复数，表示“神仙”，不是“上帝”。突出语气的一个关键点在unusually，这里这个副词是全句的重心。

我们试试自己翻译这句，可以说：The gods couldn't be any kinder to me. 或者：The gods have bestowed too much favor upon me. 某蕉一直习惯将译文复杂化，总是琢磨着要不要来个特别点的句子结构，或者用一两个高级点的词，卖弄的本性啊~林语堂的译文简单利落，这才是我们应该学习的。

嗯嗯，还是多嘴说一句，译文中的kind，也可以用partial，“偏爱”来替换。（就是不甘心用kind这么简单的小词么……没救了没救了……）

事如春梦了无痕
诗的翻译……是不是会吓退很多人啊？其实这句诗算很简单的了，意思也很明确，看译文：Life is like spring dream which vanishes without a trace，这中间唯一难点的词是vanish，也是不太能想到去用的词。我们自己简单点翻译的话，说成：Life is like a spring dream which goes away without a trace，也未尝不可。因为这里不是要求专门去翻译全首诗，诗句在这里是引用的，所以不比遵循诗歌翻译中的一些准则，我们这里把贴合上下文的一个意思翻译出来就可以了。要是真的翻译原诗：人似秋鸿来有信，事如春梦了无痕，还得考虑这对偶句的格式和押韵啥的，那就有得头疼了。

有辜彼苍之厚
前面一个“厚我”，这里又出现一个“厚”，不同的句子有不同处理，前一个是动词，后一个是名词，是不是要按照前面的翻译成kindness呢？那么“辜负”怎么翻才能和后面这和kindness的宾语搭配？fail the kindness？又复杂了，看译文中只是用一个ungrateful，轻轻松松表明语义。看来翻译的时候确实不能太纠结于原文的结构，一个个谓语宾语对照着翻，那是行不通的。这里就可以记住了，以后碰到什么类似于“辜负、有负于”的句子，是不是也可以考虑用be ungrateful to去翻译呢？

 

（来源：沪江英语）

2024年4月30日 01:33